共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Torrential rainfall responses to radiative and microphysical processes of ice clouds during a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ice clouds are an important component in precipitation systems. The radiative processes of ice clouds directly impact radiation in heat budget and the microphysical processes of ice clouds directly affect latent heat and net condensation through deposition processes, which may eventually change surface rainfall. Thus, torrential rainfall responses to radiative and microphysical processes of ice clouds during a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006) are investigated with the analysis of sensitivity experiments. The two-dimensional cloud-resolving model is integrated for 3 days with imposed zonally uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapor advection from NCEP/GDAS data. One sensitivity experiment excludes the radiative effects of ice clouds and the other sensitivity experiment excludes ice microphysics and associated radiative and microphysical processes. Model domain mean surface rain rate is barely changed by the exclusion of radiative effects of ice clouds due to the small decrease in net condensation associated with the small reduction in latent heat as a result of the offset between the increase in radiative cooling and the decrease in heat divergence. The exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds decreases the mean rain rate simply through the suppression of latent heat as a result of the removal of deposition processes. The total exclusion of ice microphysics decreases the mean rain rate mainly through the exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds. 相似文献
2.
华北一次暴雨过程中潜热对中尺度系统和降水影响的数值研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对2005年7月22日的发生于华北的暴雨中尺度对流系统,在用中尺度ARPS模式数值模拟和分析云场、动力场以及微物理过程释放的潜热垂直分布和作用特征的基础上,通过改变主要微物理过程潜热做敏感性数值试验,研究和分析了潜热对云系发展演变、云系宏观动力场、水汽场、云场和降水的影响,总结出云暖区潜热的影响途径。结果表明,在对流云团中,5000 m以上微物理过程起加热作用,以下起冷却作用。不同物理过程潜热加热的云层高度不同:高层起加热作用的主要为水汽凝结、云冰初生和雪凝华增长、霰撞冻云水过程;中层起加热/冷却作用的主要为水汽凝结、霰/雹融化过程;低层雨水的蒸发过程起冷却作用。微物理过程潜热通过影响云系和降水发展过程、云系动力场,进而影响水汽场、云场和降水。忽略霰/雹融化潜热,相当于增加云系暖区潜热,促进了低层气旋性环流的形成,增强了低层动力场的辐合,使得低层辐合区增多、增强;中低层水汽通量辐合区增多、面积扩大,明显地促进了对流云系的发展,增大了含水量和覆盖范围,云系的降水量显著增加,强降水区覆盖范围扩大。即使减少20%的凝结潜热,云系的发展也受到极大抑制,没有气旋性环流生成,低层辐合区缩小、强度降低,水汽通量辐合区也同样缩小、强度降低,云系对流发展减弱、含水量降低,因此,降水量大为减小,降水范围也显著缩小。此外,微物理过程潜热还影响到此次中尺度对流系统发展演变过程,改变了云系的形态、影响到系统的移动和系统中对流云团的发展强度和分布情况。 相似文献
3.
The effects of vertical wind shear, radiation and ice microphysics on precipitation efficiency （PE） were investigated through analysis of modeling data of a torrential rainfall event over Jinan, China during July 2007. Vertical wind shear affected PE by changing the kinetic energy conversion between the mean and perturbation circulations. Clou~radiation interaction impacted upon PE, but the relationship related to cloud radiative effects on PE was not statistically significant. The reduction in deposition processes as- sociated with the removal of ice microphysics suppressed efficiency. The relationships related to effects of vertical wind shear, radiation and ice clouds on PEs defined in cloud and surface rainfall budgets were more statistically significant than that defined in the rain microphysical budget. 相似文献
4.
应用MM5中尺度模式,选用4种不同云微物理方案(Dudhia简单冰相方案、Reisner混合相方案、Reisner2霰方案和Schultz微物理方案),对2002年7月12-13日祁连山区降水过程进行了数值模拟试验。模拟结果的对比分析表明,不同云微物理方案在祁连山区降水的模拟中对降水落区的模拟均偏南;除Reisner2霰方案外,其他3种方案对降水中心落点的模拟影响不大,降水中心强度对云微物理方案不敏感;显式降水和参数化降水对云微物理方案有不同程度的依赖性;云微物理过程通过影响动力条件发生发展的时间和强度,来影响强降水发生的时间和强度。通过各云微物理参数的分析发现,各物理过程中微物理参数参与降水的过程不同:对Dudhia简单冰相方案来说,雨水和云水是形成降水的主要过程;Reisner混合相方案中降水的形成主要是由于雨水、云水、雪和霰的碰并过程,冰晶的碰并相对较弱;在Reisner2霰方案中,雨水、云水、冰晶、雪和霰均参与碰并碰冻过程;Schultz微物理方案中冰晶、雪和霰的碰并过程更为重要。 相似文献
5.
Ying Zhang Claudio Cassardo Chengzhi Ye Marco Galli Naima Vela 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2011,47(1):63-77
Landfall tropical cyclones are a major kind of severe weather affecting China. The typhoon Sepat, declassified as tropical storm after its landfalling, caused a continuous heavy rainfall event over China mainland from 19th to 25th August, 2007. The storm cyclone resided over the Hunan province for 60 hours, causing observed accumulated precipitation larger than 300 mm in a large area of the Hunan province and leading severe flood events. This event was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the surface layer scheme UTOPIA. The model was able to reproduce the main characteristics of the event, including the typhoon track and the rainfall field and timing. In addition, three sets of sensitivity experiments have been performed. In the first one, the effects of different land surface schemes (RUC, NOAH and UTOPIA) coupled with WRF on the precipitation, sensible and latent heat flux fields associated with the Typhoon Sepat (2007) were investigated. The second set of sensitivity experiments analyzed the role of the surface fluxes (sensible and latent heat flux) on the typhoon evolution. The third set of sensitivity experiments regarded the initialization of the soil moisture content. These experiments showed that both latent and sensible heat fluxes sustained this landfalling typhoon, maintaining the spiral structure of rain belt. Among the two fluxes, the latent heat one played a major role in determining the intensity, the track and the rainfall distribution of the typhoon. In addition, the correct initialization of the soil moisture content has reveled a fundamental parameter to be initialized in order to correctly evaluate the distribution and intensity of the rain field. The intercomparison between the three different land surface schemes coupled with WRF showed that the WRF-UTOPIA and WRF-NOAH outputs seem comparable between each other and physically most realistic than those of WRF-RUC. These analyses were helpful to understand the evolution and the development of the landfalling typhoon, and demonstrated that WRF-UTOPIA and WRF-NOAH could be considered a good tool for managing the risk evaluation connected with the occurrence of such events at regional scale. 相似文献
6.
By using the Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model (AREM),the basic structure and cloud features of Typhoon Rananim are simulated and verified against observations.Five sets of experiments are designed to investigate the effects of the cloud microphysical processes on the model cloud structure and precipitation features.The importance of the ice-phase microphysics,the cooling effect related to microphysical characteristics change,and the influence of terminal velocity of graupel are examined.The results indicate that the cloud microphysical processes impact more on the cloud development and precipitation features of the typhoon than on its intensity and track.Big differences in the distribution pattern and content of hydrometeors,and types and amount of rainfall occur in the five experiments,resulting in different heating and cooling effects.The largest difference of 24-h rain rate reaches 52.5 mm h-1.The results are summarized as follows:1) when the cooling effect due to the evaporation of rain water is excluded,updrafts in the typhoon's inner core are the strongest with the maximum vertical velocity of-19 Pa s-1 and rain water and graupel grow most dominantly with their mixing ratios increased by 1.8 and 2.5 g kg-1,respectively,compared with the control experiment; 2) the melting of snow and graupel affects the growth of rain water mainly in the spiral rainbands,but much less significantly in the eyewall area; 3) the warm cloud microphysical process produces the smallest rainfall area and the largest percentage of convective precipitation (63.19％),while the largest rainfall area and the smallest percentage of convective precipitation (48.85％) are generated when the terminal velocity of graupel is weakened by half. 相似文献
7.
利用GRAPES模式研究气溶胶对云和降水过程的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
在GRAPES中尺度模式的双参数微物理方案中加入了气溶胶活化参数化过程,实现了对云滴数浓度的预报。选取不同季节两个降水过程进行模拟,并分别开展了不同气溶胶背景下的两个试验进行对比分析,研究气溶胶对云和降水可能的影响。结果表明:气溶胶浓度增加后,因为活化产生了更多尺度较小的云滴,抑制了云雨的自动转化,使大气中滞留了更多的云水,暖云降水减小;另一方面,云水的增加会使冰相粒子,尤其是雪和霰通过碰并云水等过程而增大,最后融化成雨增加冷云降水,同时冰相粒子增加会释放更多的潜热,促进上升气流的发展,进一步增加冷云降水。气溶胶对降水的影响存在空间不一致性,暖云较厚的地方暖雨过程受到的抑制明显,使地面降水减小,冷云厚度相对较厚时,冷云降水的增加会大于暖云降水的抑制,使地面降水增加。同时由于在云降水发展的不同阶段冷暖云的变化,气溶胶对降水的影响也存在着时间不一致性。 相似文献
8.
不同微物理方案对台风“彩虹”(2015)降水影响的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文以GFS资料为初始场,利用WRF（v3.6.1）模式对2015年第22号台风“彩虹”进行了数值研究。采用CMA（中国气象局）台风最佳路径、MTSAT卫星、自动站降水为观测资料,对比了4个微物理方案（Lin、WSM6、GCE和Morrison）对“彩虹”台风路径、强度、结构、降水的模拟性能。模拟发现上述4个云微物理方案都能较好地模拟出“彩虹”台风西行登陆过程,但是其模拟的台风强度、结构及降水存在较大差异;就水成物而言,除GCE方案对雨水的模拟偏高以外,其他方案对云水、雨水过程的模拟较为接近,其差异主要存在于云冰、雪、霰粒子的模拟上。本文对比分析了WSM6和Morrison两个方案模拟的云微物理过程,发现WSM6方案模拟的雪和霰粒子融化过程显著强于Morrison方案,但是冰相粒子间转化过程的强度明显弱于Morrison方案。云微物理过程的热量收支分析表明:WSM6方案模拟的眼区潜热更强,暖心结构更为显著,台风中心气压更低。细致的云微物理转化分析表明,此次台风降水的主要云微物理过程是水汽凝结成云水和凝华为云冰;生成的云水一方面被雨水收集碰并直接转化为雨水,另一方面先被雪粒子碰并收集转化为霰,然后霰粒子融化成雨水;而生成的云冰则通过碰并增长转化为雪。小部分雪粒子通过碰并收集过冷水滴并淞附增长为霰粒子,随后融化为雨水,大部分雪粒子则直接融化形成地面降水。 相似文献
9.
高分辨率GRAPES模式中云微物理方案对强降水的模拟和诊断研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用高分辨率GRAPES—Meso中双参数云微物理方案,对我国两次强降水过程进行数值模拟,并与模式中WSM6和NCEP5方案进行对比分析,结合多种观测资料,诊断评估方案的预报性能.同时研究伴随强对流性降水中的关键云物理过程。个例研究表明,对流发展旺盛的云团中,冰相粒子尤其是霰粒子对对流的发展与降水起着主导作用,霰的融化是强降水的主要来源,而周围的层状云区域霰粒子的分布极少,主要受雪的融化与暖云降水的影n向。双参数方案模拟的雨带走向、范围和降水强度与实况拟合较好,同时在对流单体的最大回波高度与强度、冰晶的分布与云砧结构等方面也具有一定优势,但冰晶含量和回波顶高度略低于观测,这都为双参数方案的优化与业务应用提供重要的支持。 相似文献
10.
本文应用WRF-Chem模式耦合人为排放源,模拟了2011年8月13日的一次强降水过程,研究了正常（试验Norm）和两种极端情况（试验High和试验Low）下3种排放强度的人为污染气溶胶对微物理过程和降水的影响。结果表明:不同排放强度下降水开始的时间没有变化,低排放情况下降水区域未发生变化,暴雨前期试验Low的降水增强,后期减弱,降水中心强度减弱,周边降水增强,降水分散;高排放情况下降水区域明显减小,降水强度和各个量级的降水区域都减少。雨水和霰含量的变化是导致降水发生变化的原因,不同强度的污染气溶胶通过影响微物理过程影响大气的热力和动力过程,大气动力过程的变化反过来又通过微物理过程影响降水粒子的增长,从而影响地面降水。影响机理可概括为:当污染气溶胶的排放浓度增强,水汽凝结和冰晶凝华增长过程的减弱导致微物理过程的大气加热减弱,可用于发展对流的能量减少,上升运动减弱,对流强度的减弱抑制了了雨水和霰收集云水的增长,导致了可降水粒子含量的减少,降水减弱。 相似文献
11.
Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on diurnal variations of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall are examined with the equilibrium simulation data from three experiments conducted with a two-dimensional cloud resolving model with imposed temporally and zonally invariant winds and sea surface temperature and zero mean vertical velocity. The experiment without ice radiative effects is compared with the control experiment with ice microphysics (both the ice radiative and microphysical effects) to study effects of ice radiative effects on diurnal rainfall variations whereas it is compared with the experiment without ice microphysics to examine ice microphysical effects on the diurnal rainfall variations. The ice radiative processes mainly affect diurnal cycle of convective rainfall whereas the ice microphysical processes have important impacts on the diurnal cycles of both convective and stratiform rainfall. Turning off the ice radiative effects generally enhances convective rainfall during the morning and evening and suppresses convective rainfall in the afternoon whereas turning off the ice microphysical effects generally suppresses convective and stratiform rainfall during the morning and enhances convective and stratiform rainfall in the afternoon and evening. The ice radiative and microphysical effects on the diurnal cycle of surface rainfall are mainly associated with that of vapor condensation and deposition, which is controlled by air temperature through saturation specific humidity. The ice effects on the diurnal cycle of local temperature tendency are largely explained by that of latent heating since the diurnal cycle of radiation is insensitive to the ice effects. 相似文献
12.
SENSITIVITY OF LANDFALLING TYPHOON STRUCTURE AND PRECIPITATION TO VARYING CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Typhoon KROSA in 2007 is simulated using GRAPES, a mesoscale numerical model, in which a two-parameter mixed-phase microphysics scheme is implanted. A series of numerical experiments are designed to test the sensitivity of landfalling typhoon structure and precipitation to varying cloud microphysics and latent heat release. It is found that typhoon track is sensitive to different microphysical processes and latent heat release. The cloud structures of simulated cyclones can be quite different with that of varying microphysical processes. Graupel particles play an important role in the formation of local heavy rainfall and the maintenance of spiral rainbands. Analysis reveals that the feedback of latent heat to dynamic fields can significantly change the content and distribution of cloud hydrometeors, thus having an impact on surface precipitation. 相似文献
13.
本文以ERA5（ECMWF Reanalysis v5）再分析资料为初始场,利用WRF（The Weather Research and Forecasting）模式对2020年4月19～20日的一次大范围暴雪天气过程进行数值模拟研究。模式采用不同云微物理参数化方案进行敏感性试验,并与实测数据（自动站降水数据、雷达基数据）进行对比,分析了此次暴雪天气过程不同阶段的降水、雷达反射率、动热力和水凝物的时空演变和三维细致结构特征。研究表明:Morrison方案更好的模拟出了本次暴雪天气过程,表现在模拟的雷达回波强度、范围及形态更与实况一致,模拟出的降水量的相关系数和均方根误差都优于其他方案;其微物理细致结构表现为强上升运动和低层正涡度的长时间维持,以及7 km以上高层较多的冰晶、中低层较少的霰粒子和雨水粒子。从热动力场上看,bin（SBM fast）方案在600 hPa高度以下存在明显的涡度波列,这主要是因为bin方案将粒子群分档处理,没有捆绑不同粒子类型运动,更能细致描述出不同粒子的下沉拖曳作用。从云微物理特征上看,不同方案模拟的雪、霰、云水以及雨水粒子的比质量都较为接近,而对冰晶比质量的模拟不管在量级还是在分布范围上都存在很大的差异,这种差异决定了不同微物理方案模拟的雷达回波和降水量级和相态的差异。 相似文献
14.
15.
Abstract Three examples of cyclogenesis off the east toast of North America are studied using an 8‐level primitive equations model. The model includes input of sensible and latent heat from the sea surface, both parameterized convective and large‐scale precipitation and release of latent heat, surface frictional drag and orography. The grid size is 190 km. Twenty‐four‐hour prognoses were made for four time periods with similar results: orography and fluxes of sensible and latent heat from the ocean were of little consequence, while the effect of the land‐water roughness contrast was significant. The lack of appreciable orographic influences is attributable to the fact that the Lows studied crossed the Appalachians south of the highest terrain. The cyclones formed along well‐developed frontal systems where the difference between air or dew‐point temperature and sea temperature in the warm sector was small or negative. Consequently fluxes of both sensible and latent heat near the Low centres during cyclogenesis were small. They were large, as expected, in the cold air flowing out over the water to the rear of the cyclones. However, the Laplacian of the flures did not favour intensification at the Low centres. Moreover, heating in the cold air destroys available potential energy. It is true that the warm sector air probably had an initial vertical temperature and moisture distribution conducive to precipitation and release of latent heat. However, this arose due to fluxes prior to deepening. The dramatic effect of frictiona drag was associated with a decrease in low‐level mass convergence as the Lows moved from rough land to smooth sea. 相似文献
16.
17.
不同云微物理方案对“7.21”特大暴雨模拟的对比试验 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用中尺度数值模式WRF v3.5.1中的17种不同云微物理过程参数化方案,对2012年7月21—22日北京特大暴雨过程进行了对比试验。模拟结果表明:不同云微物理方案对不同量级降水的模拟效果各有优势。NSSL 1-momlfo方案对中雨和大暴雨两个等级降水的模拟效果最好,降水中心值最接近实况;Eta(Ferrier)和Kessler方案分别对大雨和暴雨等级降水的模拟效果最好。总体上,能够较好地模拟出本次特大暴雨过程的方案依次为:NSSL 1-mom、NSSL 1-momlfo和Milbrandt 2-mom方案,而WDM6方案的模拟效果最差。云中水成物演变特征表明,模拟较好的方案中液态水、云冰和霰的含量较多,且随时间演变与地面降水强度的变化相一致。另外,模拟较好的方案中冰相粒子多,过冷水的范围大、含量高,有利于各相态粒子相互转化,促进冰相过程发展,致使降水量增多。 相似文献
18.
热带飑线结构和演变的数值模拟研究第一部分：云分辨模式 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用风暴尺度、云分辨的数值模式ＡＲＰＳ模拟了 １９９３年２月 ２２日 ＴＯＧＡＣＯＡＲＥ试验期间在赤道南太平洋观测到一次热带海洋飑线过程的发生发展过程，验证该模式的模拟热带对流系统的能力，并详细地分析了该次飑线的结构特征和动力学形成机制。通过数值敏感性试验研究了不同的云微物理过程对热带飑线的结构和发展演变过程的影响，所考虑的云微物理过程分为包含六种水相态的冰相过程和 Ｋｅｓｓｌｅｒ暖雨过程。模拟结果表明，云分辨模式ＡＲＰＳ采用合适的物理过程可以较成功地模拟出热带飑线的三维结构及其演变过程。数值敏感性试验结果表明，在对流上升过程中，由于与冻结作用有关的冰相微物理过程能释放更多的潜热，这种潜热能产生垂直方向上的浮力梯度从而较明显地加强系统的深对流，有利于对流系统组织性的对流带的长时间维持；相比之下，暖雨过程中飑线的生命周期缩短，而系统倾斜结构更明显，层状云区的发展比较旺盛。 相似文献
19.
Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations of tropical convection: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Summary Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations of tropical convection are investigated based on hourly
data from a 2D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere simulation. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity
and zonal wind derived from TOGA COARE for a 50-day period. The diurnal composites are carried out in weak diurnal SST variations
(case W) and strong diurnal SST signals (case S). The ice water path is larger than the liquid water path in case W than it
is in case S. The difference is enhanced in the morning in case W and in the early afternoon in case S when the surface rain
rates reach their peaks. Further comparison of cloud microphysics budgets, associated with rainfall peaks, between cases S
and W shows that solar heating in case S warms air to reduce the contribution of vapor deposition to cloud growth, which decreases
ice water path compared to those in case W. While the collection of cloud water by rain is a major contributor to the surface
precipitation in both cases, the melting of precipitation ice (sum of snow and graupel) contributes less to the rainfall in
case S than in case W. 相似文献
20.
利用WRF模式中三种云微物理参数化方案(Lin、Eta和WSM6)对青藏高原一次强降水过程进行模拟试验,将模拟降水结果与实测资料进行对比,以评估不同云微物理参数化方案对该区域降水过程的模拟性能。结果表明:三种方案均能够模拟出此次降水天气过程的发生,但在主要降水区域和降水强度两方面仍与实测资料存在偏差;在水凝物方面,三种方案对冰粒子的模拟较接近,Lin和WSM6方案模拟的雪粒子差异较大,但霰粒子无明显差异。进一步对比分析了Lin和WSM6方案模拟的云微物理转化过程,结果表明:这两种方案都表现出了霰向雨水转化的特点。在Lin方案中,通过水汽向霰粒子凝华、霰碰并水汽凝华生成的雪粒子以及霰碰并云水这三种过程生成的霰粒子最终融化为雨水。而在WSM6方案中,一方面水汽凝结成云水,云水被雪和霰粒子碰并收集转化为霰,之后霰融化为雨水;另一方面水汽凝华为冰粒子,一部分冰转化为雪,雪直接融化为雨水或转化为霰融化为雨水,另一部分冰转化为霰,霰融化为雨水。 相似文献