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1.
本文使用中国科学院常熟和鹰潭生态实验站和气象站的观测资料，应用区域酸沉降模式系统（RegADMS）和大叶阻力相似模型来研究华东地区不同下垫面条件上的大气硫沉降问题，定量估计了农田下垫面上大气硫化物的沉降通量。SO2和硫酸盐的干沉降速率使用大叶阻力相似模型来估计，使用与降水量有关的参数化方案来确定湿沉降系数。结果表明，常熟地区农田下垫面的大气硫沉降通量为19．0gm^-2 a^-1，其中干沉降占42％；而位于江西红壤地区的鹰潭站的大气硫沉降通量为10．4gm^-2a^-1，其中干沉降占83％。比较发现，两地硫干沉降通量绝对值相差不大，但其在总沉降通量中所占的份额有较大差异；常熟站的硫湿沉降通量比鹰潭站要大9．23gm^-2a^-1，该差异是由两地污染状况和气象条件的不同造成。华东地区的年硫沉降总量为1．88Mt（1Mt=10^6t），其中72．8％沉降在农田下垫面上。硫沉降中43％是干沉降，57％是湿沉降。 相似文献
2.
我国和东亚地区硫化物跨边界输送态势研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文利用污染物三维欧拉长距离输送实用模式,较详细地模拟了我国和东亚地区硫化物跨地区、跨边界输送态势,分析了东亚地区硫化物输送通量随高度、季节变化的分布特点,讨论了不同地区边界上硫化物的跨边界输送通量及流的收支平衡,并给出了我国和周边国家和地区之间硫化物的相互输送量。结果表明,我国向外输送的硫化物占周边国家和地区总硫沉降的比例并不大,各地区硫沉降的主要来源是自身排放;硫化物长距离输送中硫酸根的输送占重要地位,各地区硫酸根沉降中的外来比例较大。我们初步总结出一个东亚地区硫化物输送的概念模式：在低层,夏季主要自西南向东北输送,冬季长江以北自北向南输送,长江以南由西南向北输送,并在长江中下游地区形成一个较强的硫化物辐合带,在高层,无论冬夏均由西向东输送,并随高空带变化,中层为二者的过渡,春秋季的情形界于冬夏之间,偏向冬季。 相似文献
3.
用STEM—Ⅱ模式研究东亚地区春季沙尘气溶胶对硫化物输送和沉降的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用ＳＴＥＭ－ＩＩ三维区域尺度大气化学模式,研究了１９９４年３月１日至１４日东亚地区春季沙尘气溶胶对硫化物输送和沉降的影响。结果表明,ＳＯ２和ＳＯ２４的大值区主要出现在我国东部地区。在模拟时段,日本地区火山源的排放对该地区大气中Ｓ分布的贡献达１０％～３０％。并与当时飞机的观测结果相吻合。模拟区域内ＳＯ２和ＳＯ２４的收支的分析研究表明,在硫的总排放量中,从东边界面流出去的输送通量最大,并出现在３０～４００Ｎ带的２～６ｋｍ高度上,这是与该地区最大的人为排放源所在地相一致的。最后,给出了模拟时段整个对流层大气ＳＯ２－４气溶胶含量的分布,还仨算了ＳＯ２－４气溶胶对地气系统的直接辐射强迫和温度变化的影响。 相似文献
4.
A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
P. J. RASCH J. FEICHTER K LAW N. MAHOWALD J. PENNER C. BENKOVITZ C. GENTHON C. GIANNAKOPOULOS P. KASIBHATLA D. KOCH H. LEVY T. MAKI M. PRATHER D. L. ROBERTS G.&#;J. ROELOFS D. STEVENSON Z. STOCKWELL S. TAGUCHI M. KRITZ M. CHIPPERFIELD D. BALDOCCHI P. McMURRY L. BARRIE Y. BALKANSKI R. CHATFIELD E. KJELLSTROM M. LAWRENCE H. N. LEE J. LELIEVELD K. J. NOONE J. SEINFELD G. STENCHIKOV S. SCHWARTZ C. WALCEK D. WILLIAMSON 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2000,52(4):1025-1056
We report on results from a World Climate Research Program workshop on representations of scavenging and deposition processes in global transport models of the atmosphere. 15 models were evaluated by comparing simulations of radon, lead, sulfur dioxide, and sulfate against each other, and against observations of these constituents. This paper provides a survey on the simulation differences between models. It identifies circumstances where models are consistent with observations or with each other, and where they differ from observations or with each other. The comparison shows that most models are able to simulate seasonal species concentrations near the surface over continental sites to within a factor of 2 over many regions of the globe. Models tend to agree more closely over source (continental) regions than for remote (polar and oceanic) regions. Model simulations differ most strongly in the upper troposphere for species undergoing wet scavenging processes. There are not a sufficient number of observations to characterize the climatology (long‐term average) of species undergoing wet scavenging in the upper troposphere. This highlights the need for either a different strategy for model evaluation (e.g., comparisons on an event by event basis) or many more observations of a few carefully chosen constituents. 相似文献
5.
积云对二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶作用的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用一个冰雹云模式与云化学模式耦合而成的二维积云化学模式,研究对流云的输送、微物理转化、云内化学过程、湿清除对SO2及硫酸盐气溶胶的作用。云化学模式的结果表明,由于SO2在向上输送的过程中可溶解于云水和雨水中,从而阻止了SO2向上部的转移,因此对气相SO2来说,云的输送是一个相当无效的过程,而液相清除起主要作用。硫酸盐气溶胶的收支分析表明,降水清除了1.67 mol的SO2-4,占气溶胶总量的64%,其中液态降水清除了0.72 mol,固态降水清除了0.95 mol,说明了冰相过程在硫沉降中的重要性。 相似文献
6.
The role of trace gases and aerosol particles in the control of sulfur and nitrogen levels in atmospheric precipitation is estimated on the basis of the enrichment factor in the precipitation of these elements relative to particulate matter in the air. By using air and precipitation chemistry data obtained at a Hungarian background air pollution station (K-puszta) it is found that the fraction of ammonium, nitrate and sulfate in precipitation, due to the removal of particulate matter is at least 59, 27 and 31%, respectively. The relationship between wet depositions and air concentrations of different species is determined statistically by applying daily data set. The regression equations obtained make the estimation of the sub-cloud scavenging ratios possible and they give some information on the magnitude of in-cloud scavenging processes. The results show that the in-cloud scavenging is a determining factor for precipitation sulfate, while it is relatively unimportant in the case of ammonium. The sub-cloud scavening of NO2 and SO2 is not too significant. However, for HNO3, and NH3 it is an effective process. The sub-cloud scavenging ratio of sulfur and nitrogen-containing particles varies around 0.25×106. 相似文献
7.
G. P. AYERS LEONG CHOW PENG LIM SZE FOOK CHEAH WAI KONG R. W. GILLETT P. C. MANINS 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2000,52(1):60-73
Wet‐only rainwater composition, acid‐precursor gas mixing ratios and aerosol loading were determined from weekly‐averaged samples at Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, over the five year period from March 1993 to March 1998. Annual deposition fluxes of acidic sulfur and nitrogen species estimated from these data show this site to be heavily impacted by acidic deposition, with total oxidised sulfur plus nitrogen deposition in the range 277–480 meq m−2 yr−1 . Average contributions were 56% as sulfur species, 44% as nitrogen species, with wet deposition in this region of high rainfall accounting for 67% of total deposition. Thus total acid deposition fluxes were equivalent to levels that provided motivation for emissions reduction programs in both Europe and North America. The possibility of adverse environmental effects in Malaysia caused by acid deposition therefore merits serious consideration and assessment. 相似文献
8.
Extensive ambient concentration and flux measurements have been performed in the heavily polluted region of Cubatão/Brazil. Substantial contribution of anthropogenic sources to the local reduced sulfur burden has been observed. As a result of this atmospheric sulfur burden average gas exchange between vegetated soils and the atmosphere shows net deposition. Based mainly on own field measurements a local budget for H2S, COS, and CS2 has been made up in order to calculate anthropogenic emissions. All major sources and sinks in the chosen atmospheric reservoir (24×20×1 km) have been taken into account. Due to the small reservoir size fluxes across its boundaries are dominant sources and sinks. The differences between outflux and influx therefore account for the unknown anthropogenic emissions which have been determined to be 80±10 (H2S), 66±15 (COS), and 29±6 Mmol year-1 (CS2). Other sources and sinks like natural emissions, chemical conversion, and dry deposition turned out to be of minor importance on a local scale. In fact, inside the investigated reservoir natural emissions were below 0.5% of anthropogenic emissions. Anthropogenic emissions of H2S, COS, and CS2 quantified in this work have been compared with global emission estimates for these compounds made by other authors. We conclude that global anthropogenic emissions of reduced sulfur compounds especially of COS and CS2 are currently under-estimated. 相似文献
9.
We examine the sensitivities of heterogeneous sulfate chemistry in a mid-latitude and tropical storm using a cloud resolving model. Both thermodynamic environments show unstable conditions favorable for development of intensive convection, with more CAPE in tropical compared to mid-latitude storm. Compared with the observed severe storms, modeled results show a relatively good agreement with the radar and surface chemical observations. Microphysical evaluation indicates that the accretion and autoconversion appear to be most important processes in such considered clouds. This sensitivity simulation is an upper bound for conversion of S (IV) to sulfate. The tropical convective storm produces for about 2.5 times more sulfate compared to mid-latitude storm and converts more SO2 to sulfate, increasing wet deposition of sulfur. The results for a midlatitude run indicate that aerosol nucleation and impact scavenging account for between 18.9% and 28.9% of the in-cloud sulfate ultimately deposited. As a result of greater rainfall efficiency, tropical storm shows about two times higher sub-cloud scavenging rate than mid-latitude storm. The oxidation of S (IV) to SO4 ?2 in cloud droplets and in precipitation is found to be dominant in both convective storms accounting almost with the same percentage contribution of 45.4% and 46.3% to sulfur deposition, respectively. In-cloud oxidation contribute a larger fraction of the total amount of sulfur deposited in tropical case (29.2%) when compared to the mid-latitude case (11.8), respectively. Neglecting aqueous-phase chemistry in ice-phase hydrometeors in both convective clouds led to overpredict deposition of about 40% to 33% relative to the base runs. 相似文献
10.
In the present study, the wet and dry depositions of particulate NO3−, SO42−, Cl− and NH4+ were measured using a wet/dry sampler as a surrogate surface. Gas phase compounds of nitrogen, sulfur and chloride (HNO3, NH3, SO2 and HCl) were measured by an annular denuder system (ADS) equipped with a back up filter for the collection of particles with diameter ≤ 5 μm. Ambient concentrations of NO, NO2 and SO2 were also taken into consideration. Sampling was conducted at an urban site in the center of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece. The presence of the aerosol species was examined by cold/warm period and the possible compounds in dry deposits were also considered. Dry deposition fluxes were found to be well correlated with ambient particle concentrations in order to be used for the calculation of particle deposition velocity. Average particulate deposition velocities calculated were 0.36, 0.20, 0.20 and 0.10 cm s− 1 for Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and NH4+, respectively. Total dry deposition fluxes (gas and particles) were estimated at 3.24 kg ha− 1 year− 1 for chloride (HCl + p-Cl), 9.97 kg ha− 1 year− 1 for nitrogen oxidized (NO + NO2 + HNO3 + p-NO3), 5.32 kg ha− 1 year− 1 for nitrogen reduced (NH3 + p-NH4) and 15.77 kg ha− 1 year− 1 for sulfur (SO2 + p-SO4). 70–90% total dry deposition was due to gaseous species deposition. The contribution of dry deposition to the total (wet + dry) was at the level of 60–70% for sulfur and nitrogen (oxidized and reduced), whereas dry chloride deposition contributed 35% to the total. The dry-to-wet deposition ratio of all the studied species was found to be significantly associated with the precipitation amount, with nitrogen species being better and higher correlated. Wet, dry and total depositions measured in Thessaloniki, were compared with other countries of Europe, US and Asia. 相似文献
11.
The range of chemical, biological, and meteorological processes contributing to the net exchange of trace chemical species between the atmosphere and the underlying surface is examined, in the context of a multiple-resistance exchange model. For those chemical species known to be always depositing, the resistance model provides a means to formulate appropriate deposition velocities in a convenient manner; however, extension to other situations is not straightforward. Field data indicate that the multiple-resistance approach is appropriate for application to assess the dry deposition of ozone and sulfur dioxide, but is not as appropriate for nitrogen dioxide. Data obtained over agricultural crops suggest that canopy factors frequently dominate the overall exchange process. A trial program of dry deposition measurement based on application of parameterized deposition velocities was initiated late in 1984, and has demonstrated shortcomings in under-standing concerning several factors, most importantly the roles of surface emissions and wetness, and the scaling-up of laboratory results to describe vegetative canopies. 相似文献
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利用次网格技术模拟华东地区大气硫氮沉降 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
采用数值模拟方法,在区域酸性沉降模式系统中引入次网格处理技术。通过4种次网格方案模拟结果的相互比较,选择最优方案,然后利用最优次网格方案,选取华东地区为例,进一步模拟研究大气硫氮沉降的空间分布。结果表明,就干沉积速率而言,以细网格方案(水平分辨率25 km)为参照,采用次网格方案比粗网格方案(水平分辨率75 km)有明显改进,其中“次网格风速与摩擦速度之积为常数”为最优次网格方案。华东地区硫的年总沉降量是1.92 mt(1 mt=106ton),氮的年总沉降量是0.65mt。华东地区硫化物(SO2、硫酸盐SO42-)干沉降量占总沉降量的49%,氮化物(NO、NO2、硝酸盐NO3-)干沉降量占总沉降量的80%,可见干沉降在大气沉降中具有重要地位。华东地区总的大气硫、氮沉降量中,70%以上到达有植被覆盖的土壤生态系统,这将对农田、草地和森林的硫素和氮素平衡有重要影响。此外,华东部分地区的硫沉降已经超过了临界负荷,而氮沉降尚未出现超临界负荷的现象。 相似文献
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利用广东省深圳市30个自动气象站观测数据对深圳市近10年的气候变化趋势进行了分析,结果表明:（1）深圳市2011—2020年的平均气温增长率约1.47 ℃/(10 a),比上一个10年显著增加,气候变暖并未停滞;（2）受城市化的影响,深圳市气温日较差在较大范围内呈减小趋势,但在少数地区却反常地呈现了上升趋势;（3）深圳的地面风速总体呈下降趋势,其中发达地区风速下降更快;（4）2011—2020年深圳市的平均相对湿度呈上升趋势,最高每年增长1.33%;（5）统计深圳各区不同时次的极端降雨量数据可以发现,未发展地区的极端降雨量增速较大,年总降水量的增长率也较高,增长率最高为42.41 mm/a,而其他地区的6 h以内的滑动降水量极大值均呈下降趋势;（6）利用多个自动气象站长时间序列数据,可以对深圳局地气候变化特征进行更加精细化的分析,这对国家基本站而言是一种有益的补充,有助于更加深刻地发掘城市化与气候变化的关系。 相似文献
16.
Total sulfur deposition was determined above a Norway spruce forest, in Hungary. Two methods were applied, on one hand dry + wet deposition measurements and on the other, throughfall and stemflow deposition estimations have been carried out. Results show: total depositions are 3.3 and 3.2 g S m–2 yr–1 determined by dry + wet and throughfall deposition methods, respectively. The share of the dry deposition in the total S-load is 73%. The agreement between the results of the two different methods is good and suggests the needlessness of complicated dry + wet flux measurements, i.e. the total and dry deposition of sulfur compounds to forests can be determined by simple throughfall and wet deposition measurements. 相似文献
17.
Burton Alonza Gray Yuhang Wang Dasa Gu Alan Bandy Lee Mauldin Antony Clarke Becky Alexander Douglas D. Davis 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2011,68(1):27-53
The Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment (PASE) is the first sulfur-budget field experiment to feature simultaneous flux
measurements of DMS marine emissions and SO2 deposition to the ocean surface. We make use of these data to constrain a 1-D chemical transport model to study the production
and loss pathways for DMS and SO2 over the equatorial Pacific. Model results suggest that OH is the main sink for DMS in the boundary layer (BL), and the average
DMS-to-SO2 conversion efficiency is ~73%. In an exploratory run involving the addition of 1 pptv of BrO as a second oxidant, a 14% increase
in the DMS flux is needed beyond that based on OH oxidation alone. This BrO addition also reduces the DMS-to-SO2 conversion efficiency from 73% to 60%. The possibility of non-DMS sources of marine sulfur influencing the estimated conversion
efficiency was explored and found to be unconvincing. For BL conditions, SO2 losses consist of 48% dry deposition, while transport loss to the BuL and aerosol scavenging each account for another 19%.
The conversion of SO2 to H2SO4 consumes the final 14%. In the BuL, cloud scavenging removes 85% of the SO2, thus resulting in a decreasing vertical profile for SO2. The average SO2 dry deposition velocity from direct measurements (i.e., 0.36 cm sec−1) is approximately 50% of what is calculated from the 1-D model and the global GEOS-Chem model. This suggests that the current
generation of global models may be significantly overestimating SO2 deposition rates over some tropical marine areas. Although the specific mechanism cannot be determined, speculation here
is that the dry deposition anomalous results may point to the presence of a micro-surface chemical phenomenon involving partial
saturation with either S(IV) and/or S(VI) DMS oxidation products. This could also appear as a pH drop in the ocean’s surface
microfilm layer in this region. Finally, we propose that the enhanced SO2 level observed in the lower free troposphere versus that in the upper BuL during PASE is most likely the result of transported
DMS/SO2-rich free-tropospheric air parcels from the east of the PASE sampling area, rather than an inadequate representation in the
model of local convection. 相似文献
18.
基于成都市1991至2020 年太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、气温、蒸发、日照时数等气象资料,采用线性趋势、Maan-KendaⅡ等方法研究太阳辐射的年、月、日变化特征,以及太阳总辐射的变化对气温、蒸发等气候因子的影响。结果表明：太阳总辐射、直接辐射逐年增多趋势明显,线性倾向率分别为29.69、20.25 MJ·m-2/a;太阳总辐射2010 年出现突变,突变年后较突变年前年平均太阳总辐射增多497.22 MJ·m-2。散射系数呈逐年减小趋势,线性倾向率为每10 年减少0.6。太阳总辐射与气温、蒸发、日照时数呈正相关,均通过显著性检验。太阳总辐射每增加10 MJ·m-2/a,年平均气温升高0.006℃,日照时数增加1.7 h,蒸发量增大1.2 mm。对太阳辐射增加的原因分析,人类活动造成的气溶胶含量减少可能是太阳辐射增加的一个原因。 相似文献
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