共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
Flood management decision-makers face significant challenges as the climate changes. The perceptions of those affected by floods are critical to the successful implementation of adaptation responses; risk perceptions are affected by how information is communicated and, in turn, perceptions influence expectations on flood risk managers to respond. The links between flood experience, risk perception, and responses by individual households were examined in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand, through a household survey, a workshop and interviews with local government practitioners. Two propositions were tested: (1) that flood experience can influence flood risk perceptions; and (2) that flood experience can stimulate increased risk reduction and adaptation actions where changing climate risk is likely. Perceptions of responsibility for flood management were also examined. The study found that previous flood experience contributes to heightened perception of risk, increased preparedness of households, greater willingness to make household-level changes, greater communication with councils, and more advocacy for spatial planning to complement existing structural protection. Flood-affected households had a stronger preference for central government and communities having flood risk responsibilities, in addition to local government. Those who lacked experience were more likely to be normalised to their prior benign experiences and thus optimistic about flood consequences. These results suggest that harnessing positive aspects of experience and communication of changing risk through engagement strategies could help shift the focus from citizens’ expectation that governments will always provide protection, to a citizen–local government–central government dialogue about the changing character of flood risk and its implications, and build a ‘risk conscious’ society in which ‘sharing and bearing’ is considered desirable. 相似文献
2.
Jiang Kejun Chen Sha He Chenmin Liu Jia Kuo Sun Hong Li Zhu Songli Pianpian Xiang 《Natural Hazards》2019,97(3):1277-1295
The salinization of freshwater-dependent coastal ecosystems precedes inundation by sea level rise. This type of saltwater intrusion places communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure at substantial risk. Risk perceptions of local residents are an indicator to gauge public support for climate change adaptation planning. Here, we document residential perspectives on the present and future threats posed by saltwater intrusion in a rural, low-lying region in coastal North Carolina, and we compare the spatial distribution of survey responses to physical landscape variables such as distance to coastline, artificial drainage density, elevation, saltwater intrusion vulnerability, and actual salinity measured during a synoptic field survey. We evaluate and discuss the degree of alignment or misalignment between risk perceptions and metrics of exposure to saltwater intrusion. Risk perceptions align well with the physical landscape characteristics, as residents with greater exposure to saltwater intrusion, including those living on low-lying land with high concentrations of artificial drainages, perceive greater risk than people living in low-exposure areas. Uncertainty about threats of saltwater intrusion is greatest among those living at higher elevations, whose properties and communities are less likely to be exposed to high salinity. As rising sea levels, drought, and coastal storms increase the likelihood of saltwater intrusion in coastal regions, integrated assessments of risk perceptions and physical exposure are critical for developing outreach activities and planning adaptation measures.
相似文献3.
Coping with floods in the city of Dresden,Germany 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
During August 2002 and again in March 2005 as well as in April 2006 the city of Dresden was hit by floods. The flood in 2002
was an extreme event, only comparable to flooding in 1862 and 1890 in Dresden. The flood discharge in 2006 was the second
highest discharge since 1940 at the Dresden gauge although its return period was only about 15 years. This special situation
enables a comparison of the preparedness of authorities and households in the flood endangered city of Dresden in 2002 after
a long period of relatively low flood discharges and in 2005/2006 just a few years after a severe flood event. Before August
2002, the flood risk awareness and flood preparedness of authorities and households in Dresden was low. The inundation channels
and the Elbe riverbed had not been maintained well. Just 13% of the households had undertaken building precautionary measures.
The severe flood situation as well as the low flood preparedness led to tremendous damage, e.g., losses to residential buildings
amounted to 304 million €. After 2002, the municipal authorities in Dresden developed a new flood management concept and many
households were motivated to undertake precautionary measures. Building precautionary measures had been actually undertaken
by 67% of the households before the floods in 2005 and 2006. Flood damage was significantly lower, due to the less severe
flood situations and the much better preparedness. It is an important challenge for the future to keep preparedness at a high
level also without recurrent flood experiences. 相似文献
4.
Miguel Esteban Jeremy Bricker Ricardo San Carlos Arce Hiroshi Takagi NamYi Yun Warathida Chaiyapa Alexander Sjoegren Tomoya Shibayama 《Natural Hazards》2018,93(3):1507-1528
Awareness about the threats posed by different types of coastal disasters has increased throughout the world, as people are exposed to the nature of these hazards through media reports on events in distant countries. This has resulted in coastal residents being aware about the destructive power of tsunamis, despite no such events having taken place in their country in recent times. Regardless of this increased awareness, it has been hypothesized that there is still need for local governments to enact adequate policies to raise the awareness of local residents, for example, by holding regular evacuation drills. The present research presents a comparative assessment of tsunami awareness in two tourist destinations in Japan and the USA, which was derived through structured questionnaire surveys of beach users in the city of Kamakura and various coastal cities in Florida. The results show how despite relatively high level of awareness tsunamis still pose a considerable risk to each of the communities, for example, due to shortcoming in evacuation knowledge and infrastructure. 相似文献
5.
Tsunami risk perception and preparedness on the east coast of New Zealand during the 2009 Samoan Tsunami warning 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Mieke Couling 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(1):973-986
Several coastal communities on the North Island of New Zealand were evacuated during the 2009 Samoan Tsunami warning. This study aimed to explore the risk perception and preparedness levels of a small cohort of people living in an at-risk area. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews from fifteen residents evacuated from the town of Pauanui on the Coromandel Peninsula. Thematic content analysis showed common themes and gaps where emergency management systems were deficient. This study found that participants had inaccurate risk perception, a high reliance on warning systems, low levels of preparedness and lacked knowledge about natural warning signs of tsunamis. The themes identified are useful indicators of where current systems are failing people but need to be expanded to generalise results. The event, on which this study is based, provided a unique opportunity to explore people’s reactions to a predicted tsunami. The study confirmed the findings of prior studies that people in at-risk places are not necessarily well informed or prepared. The paper contributes further knowledge to inform the advance of public education and community engagement with respect to tsunami preparedness. 相似文献
6.
Many regions of the world are experiencing an increase in frequency and intensity of floods. There has been increasing understanding among emergency preparedness and natural disaster planners that rapid urbanization is enhancing the risk from river flooding in urban areas. Many regions of Canada have been exposed to particularly severe floods over the course of the last few years, much of this due to land-use change. This study aims at understanding the risk of flooding for the City of Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which is located in the Fraser River Delta. The paper presents a fast, efficient and reliable method that can be used to produce vegetation maps from advanced very high resolution radiometer images and SPOT vegetation maps. A 10-day maximum normalized difference vegetation index maps were produced to assess the dynamics of the urbanization process in Vancouver. Remotely sensed data show a significant decrease in vegetation cover in the Metro Vancouver City between 1984 and 2012. The proposed method can be used as an effective tool for raising early land-use change awareness and assist with flood risk management. Flood risk management has a substantial impact on human health and well-being in urban areas, and this flood risk information will be used to assess the impact of flooding and explore the complex relationship between land-use change, urbanization, flooding and impact on urban dwellers. 相似文献
7.
During Typhoon Morakot which hit Taiwan from 6 to 9 August, 2009, Kaohsiung City was highly affected by devastating debris-flows and flooding. Recorded casualties were 699 deaths and 1,766 damaged homes, mostly in the mountainous areas of Kaohsiung City. Due to a largely malfunctioning or absent early-warning system, residents in those mountainous villages were required to rely on individual- and/or community-based capacities to evacuate and respond to debris-flow-related disasters. Hence, this study investigates the response behaviour of selected debris-flow-affected communities in Kaohsiung City, based on a preparedness awareness action and affect model. Key results from the survey highlight that only 13.8 % of the households received formal (institutional) early warning, whereas 86.2 % households had to rely on their intrinsic senses and indigenous knowledge to recognise the onset of debris-flows in their villages during Typhoon Morakot. Among those households who did not receive formal early warning, 10 % of the households received previous disaster education, 17 % had previous disaster experience, and 73 % did have neither disaster education nor disaster experience. Furthermore, households with disaster education were among those who were best prepared and knew best how to evacuate and respond to debris-flow-related disasters followed by households with disaster experiences. Finally, findings from the survey and selected key informants’ interviews identified that the response behaviour of communities ought to be enhanced through the following measures: conduction of hydro-meteorological-related disaster education, improved participatory risk communication and enhanced recognition of communities as vital actors during a disaster to provide local knowledge and support to relief operations. 相似文献
8.
Traditional approaches to risk communication ignore the emotional, cognitive and social factors that interact to influence the meaning people attribute to hazards and protective actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the emotional and cognitive factors predicting preparedness intention and community’s preparedness for flood hazards. A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and July 2015, in Dire Dawa town, Ethiopia. Using stratified systematic random sampling, a structured questionnaire was administered to individuals aged 18 and over in 660 households. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) (STATA version 13.0). The study participants’ mean age was 34 years, ranging from 18 to 80 (SD?=?12) with equal gender balance. SEM analysis revealed that the total effects of preparedness intention (path coefficient (β)?=?0.202, 95% CI: [0.036, 0.369]), past flood disaster experience (β?=?0.034, 95% CI: [0.008, 0.061]), trust (β?=?0.100, 95% CI: [0.059, 0.142]), anxiety (β?=?0.026, 95% CI: [0.018, 0.034), positive outcome expectancy (β?=???0.139, 95% CI: [??0.253, ??0.026]), negative outcome expectancy (β?=?0.105, 95% CI: [0.062, 0.149]), perceived flood likelihood (β?=?0.049, 95% CI: [0.012, 0.086]) and consequence (β?=???0.040, 95% CI: [??0.077, ??0.003]) on community preparedness for flood hazards were statistically significant. The main implication of these findings is that people affected by hazard events in the past experience more anxiety and are more likely to participate in community preparedness activities than those who were not affected. 相似文献
9.
Why do people not learn from flood disasters? Evidence from Vietnam’s northwestern mountains 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Iven Schad Petra Schmitter Camille Saint-Macary Andreas Neef Marc Lamers La Nguyen Thomas Hilger Volker Hoffmann 《Natural Hazards》2012,62(2):221-241
This article explores how the causes and impacts of a flood event as perceived by local people shape immediate responses and future mitigation efforts in mountainous northwest Vietnam. Local flood perception is contrasted with scientific perspectives to determine whether a singular flood event will trigger adjustments in mitigation strategies in an otherwise rarely flood-affected area. We present findings from interdisciplinary research drawing on both socioeconomic and biophysical data. Evidence suggests that individual farmers?? willingness to engage in flood mitigation is curbed by the common perception that flooding is caused by the interplay of a bundle of external factors, with climatic factors and water management failures being the most prominent ones. Most farmers did not link the severity of flooding to existing land use systems, thus underlining the lack of a sense of personal responsibility among farmers for flood mitigation measures. We conclude that local governments cannot depend on there being a sufficient degree of intrinsic motivation among farmers to make them implement soil conservation techniques to mitigate future flooding. Policy makers will need to design measures to raise farmers?? awareness of the complex interplay between land use and hydrology and to enhance collective action in soil conservation by providing appropriate incentives and implementing coherent long-term strategies. 相似文献
10.
Assessment of flood hazard,vulnerability and risk of mid-eastern Dhaka using DEM and 1D hydrodynamic model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Floods are regular feature in rapidly urbanizing Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. It is observed that about 60% of the
eastern Dhaka regularly goes under water every year in monsoon due to lack of flood protection. Experience gathered from past
devastating floods shows that, besides structural approach, non-structural approach such as flood hazard map and risk map
is effective tools for reducing flood damages. In this paper, assessment of flood hazard by developing a flood hazard map
for mid-eastern Dhaka (37.16 km2) was carried out by 1D hydrodynamic simulation on the basis of digital elevation model (DEM) data from Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission and the hydrologic field-observed data for 32 years (1972–2004). As the topography of the area has been considerably
changed due to rapid land-filling by land developers which was observed in recent satellite image (DigitalGlobe image; Date
of imagery: 7th March 2007), the acquired DEM data were modified to represent the current topography. The inundation simulation
was conducted using hydrodynamic program HEC-RAS for flood of 100-year return period. The simulation has revealed that the
maximum depth is 7.55 m at the southeastern part of that area and affected area is more than 50%. A flood hazard map was prepared
according to the simulation result using the software ArcGIS. Finally, to assess the flood risk of that area, a risk map was
prepared where risk was defined as the product of hazard (i.e., depth of inundation) and vulnerability (i.e., the exposure
of people or assets to flood). These two maps should be helpful in raising awareness of inhabitants and in assigning priority
for land development and for emergency preparedness including aid and relief operations in high-risk areas in the future. 相似文献
11.
Public perception of flood hazard and flood risk in Iceland: a case study in a watershed prone to ice-jam floods 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Understanding and improving the public perception has become an important element in the management of flood risk worldwide.
In Iceland, studying perception of flood hazard and flood risk is, however, in its early stages. This paper presents a case
study on the public perception of flood hazard and flood risk in an Icelandic town prone to ice-jam floods. Awareness of the
population regarding historical inundations, self estimation of flood risk and worry is considered. The factual knowledge
of the residents is deconstructed in flood hazard parameters accessible to the lay population: number of events, dates, genesis
and boundaries. The performance of the respondents is rated for each parameter and the influence of several predictors evaluated.
The research shows three significant patterns: there is poor awareness and little worry about historical inundations in the
area; experience of the past flooding events in town is the most effective source of knowledge; awareness, risk estimation
and worry are not correlated. 相似文献
12.
Flood disasters and its consequent damages are on the rise globally. Pakistan has been experiencing an increase in flood frequency and severity along with resultant damages in the past. In addition to the regular practices of loss and damage estimation, current focus is on risk assessment of hazard-prone communities. Risk measurement is complex as scholars engaged in disaster science and management use different quantitative models with diverse interpretations. This study tries to provide clarity in conceptualizing disaster risk and proposes a risk assessment methodology with constituent components such as hazard, vulnerability (exposure and sensitivity) and coping/adaptive capacity. Three communities from different urban centers in Pakistan have been selected based on high flood frequency and intensity. A primary survey was conducted in selected urban communities to capture data on a number of variables relating to flood hazard, vulnerability and capacity to compute flood risk index. Households were categorized into different risk levels, such as can manage risk, can survive and cope, and cannot cope. It was found that risk levels varied significantly across the households of the three communities. Metropolitan city was found to be highly vulnerable as compared to smaller cities due to weak capacity. Households living in medium town had devised coping mechanisms to manage risk. The proposed methodology is tested and found operational for risk assessment of flood-prone areas and communities irrespective of locations and countries. 相似文献
13.
Preliminary Rock-Slope-Susceptibility Assessment Using GIS and the SMR Classification 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
This paper aims to examine the impact of large-scale structuraladjustments (like the Greater Dhaka Flood Protection Project, GDFPP) on local living environment.It focuses the importance of environmental factors in flood hazard mitigation, and examines theenvironmental attitudes of the floodplain residents arising from the large-scale structural adjustments.Based on `perceived natural hazard research perspectives', this paper examines: (i) the reasons for persistentfloodplain occupation, and (ii) the importance of environmental factors in the choice, motivations and decision-makingof floodplain residents.This research used data collected from 300 households situated inthe eastern part of Dhaka. The face-to-face household survey data provided individuals' responses to a structuredquestionnaire on hazards and environment. Survey concerned urban floodplains, and looked fordata on housing, household characteristics, and residents' attitudes. Results of interview surveys wereused to: (i) explore the reasons of floodplain occupation, and (ii) residents' attitudes to tolerable levelof flood risk and willingness to accept environmental change resulting from the proposed structural embankments inthe eastern perimeter of Dhaka City, Bangladesh.Findings revealed that floodplain occupation (by theindividuals' decision-making) was a result of overall reaction to the Government's structuraladjustment policies that resulted from institutional, locational and socio-economic factors. The attitude survey results provided residents' perception to hazards and environment to be dependenton the socio-economic factors – but in a complex manner, many factors are interrelated.In addition to support for structural embankments, the study sample displayed a common concernand widespread environmental awareness. In terms of any `trade-off' between thebenefits (resources) from the embankments and costs (hazards) due to the detrimental impact on environment, the residents of Dhaka, despite some concern forsacrificing embankments for environment, tended to show a generalconsensus for embankments. 相似文献
14.
The 2014 Iyonada Earthquake, which occurred at 02:06 JST on 14 March, measured 6.2 on the Richter scale and originated in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. To elucidate tsunami evacuation behavior, we examined two coastal communities in Kochi Prefecture, Okitsu and Mangyo, where residents evacuated to high ground in anticipation of a tsunami. In the event of a Nankai megathrust earthquake and tsunami, it is expected that a huge tsunami will be generated and these communities will be severely damaged. Before the Iyonada Earthquake, we had previously collected data about tsunami preparedness and evacuation plans from the residents of these communities, and after the earthquake, we conducted in-depth interviews and questionnaire surveys with the residents regarding the actual evacuation behaviors that they took. This enabled us to compare evacuation plans with evacuation behaviors. Results indicate that many residents responded quickly to the earthquake, either by immediately evacuating to emergency shelters on high ground or by preparing themselves for evacuation. Additionally, the earthquake revealed great differences between the prior evacuation plans and the actual situation of residents’ evacuation, such as specific triggers that significantly led residents to evacuate and the use of vehicles in evacuation. 相似文献
15.
16.
《Geoforum》2017
Understanding the complexity of vulnerability to disasters, including those triggered by floods, droughts and epidemics is at the heart of disaster risk reduction. Despite its importance in disaster risk reduction, there remains a paucity of approaches that contribute to our understanding of social vulnerability that is hidden in dynamic contextual conditions. The study demonstrates an accessible means to assessing the spatial variation of social vulnerability to flood hazards and related for the context of Muzarabani district in northeast Zimbabwe. The study facilitated local identification with residents of variables contributing to social vulnerability and used the principal component analysis (PCA) technique to develop a social vulnerability index (SoVI). Using ArcMap10.2 geographic information systems (GIS) tool, the study mapped composite SoVI at the ward level. The results showed that Muzarabani district is socially vulnerable to hazards. The social vulnerability is influenced by a variety of economic, social and institutional factors that vary across the wards. Quantifying and visualising social vulnerability in Muzarabani provides useful information for decision makers to support disaster preparedness and mitigation programmes. The approach shows how spatially distributed multivariate vulnerability, as grounded in interpretations at local level, can be quantitatively derived for contexts such as those of Muzarabani. The study findings can inform disaster risk reduction communities and cognate disciplines on quantitative assessments for managing hazard vulnerability where these have hitherto not been developed. 相似文献
17.
The objective of analyzing hazard and risk in an area is to utilize the result in selecting appropriate landslide risk reduction strategies. However, this does not happen always, and most often results of the hazard and risk analysis remain at an academic level. The under or non-utilization of results in pre-disaster planning could be due to several reasons, including difficulties in understanding the scientific content/meaning of the models, and lack of information on the practical significance and utility of the models. In this study, an attempt is made to highlight the uses of hazard and risk information in different landslide risk reduction strategies along a transportation corridor in Nilgiri, India. At first, a quantitative analysis of landslide hazard and risk was made. The obtained information was then incorporated in risk reduction options such as land use zoning, engineering solutions, and emergency preparedness. For emergency preparedness, the perception of the local Nilgiri communities toward landslide risk was evaluated and simplified maps were generated for the benefit and understanding of end users. A rainfall threshold-based early warning system was presented, which could be used in risk awareness programs involving public participation. The use of quantitative risk information in the cost-benefit analysis for the planning of structural measures to protect the road and railway alignments was also highlighted, and examples were shown how the transport organizations could implement these measures. Finally, the study provided examples of the utility of hazard and risk information for spatial planning and zoning, indicating areas where the landslide hazard is too high for planning future developments. 相似文献
18.
Comprehensive hazard mitigation involves (1) understanding natural systems, (2) assessment of interactions within and between social systems and the built environment, and (3) understanding geo-spatial processes. To achieve this, local emergency managers must recognize variability in vulnerable populations exposed to hazards and develop place-based emergency plans accordingly. In this study, we assess whether cities in Los Angeles County are subject to disproportionally greater earthquake losses modeled from a M7.8 earthquake on the San Andreas fault. Furthermore, we analyze whether the variation in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics across cities is associated with the earthquake losses. We were able to explain 23.2?% of variance in economic losses by looking at the percentage of minority residents, income, and renter residents in a city [F(3,84)?=?8.47; p?<?.001]. Cities with primarily minority residents had greater economic losses when compared to cities with primarily White residents (b?=?1.01; p?<?.001). When looking at the association between demographic predictors and potential casualty rate, the percentage of Hispanic residents was positively associated with the potential casualty rate. We argue that knowledge of the relationship between earthquake hazard and the demographic characteristics of people in the area at risk is essential to mitigate the local impact from earthquakes. In other words, we apply social vulnerability assessment as part of a comprehensive risk management framework to accelerate recovery after an event. Local policy makers and the private sector can use this approach to gain a better understanding of a city??s social vulnerability and adapt their preparedness efforts accordingly. 相似文献
19.
Tekeli-Yeşil Sıdıka Dedeoğlu Necati Braun-Fahrlaender Charlotte Tanner Marcel 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(1):427-446
Awareness and perception of risk are among the most crucial steps in the process of taking precautions at individual level
for various hazards. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting better knowledge and greater risk perception about
earthquakes among residents of Istanbul. A field survey was carried out, and a total of 1,123 people were interviewed in two
districts of Istanbul with different seismic risk levels and from three (low, moderate and high) socio-economic levels (SEL).
The findings showed that although the level of knowledge regarding earthquakes and preparedness for them was promising, it
could be improved. The results indicated that future preparedness programmes should target people with lower educational and
socio-economic levels. The media were the leading source of information among the respondents. Location of the home was a
strong influence on individuals having above average earthquake knowledge and even more on high risk perception. Socio-economic
parameters (educational level, economic status, SEL of the sub-district and tenure of the home), gender and attitude score
were other factors influencing greater risk perception with regard to earthquakes. 相似文献
20.
Clifford Amoako 《GeoJournal》2018,83(5):949-965
In the last five decades, many informal communities in Accra, Ghana have suffered from annual flood hazards. Residents of these communities appear to have successfully resisted evictions by city authorities; survived flood hazards and poor environmental health conditions. These flood affected households continue to survive with increasing housing and population densities in the face of these annual floods. Are they becoming resilient? Have residents built adaptive capacities through learning experiences from previous flood occurrences and evictions attempts? What has produced and continued to shape their responses to flooding? What can be learned from this supposed grassroots resilience to inform flood management in urban Africa? Using case studies of three informal communities of Glefe, Agbogbloshie and Old Fadama, this paper explores the gradual and evolving adaptive capacities and social resilience to flood hazards among poor urban dwellers. The paper reveals the depth of understanding and embodied nature of flood experiences among affected slum dwellers and how these are gradually being transformed into adaptive capacities and shaping their responses. In the absence of efficient state flood interventions, there are emerging and enduring flood responses and adaptation practices shaped by residents’ social networks, political alliances and sense of place. These responses translates into continuous re-structuring of housing units, construction of communal drains, creation of local evacuation teams and safe havens. Urban policy contributions that can be learned from these emerging grassroots capacities for flood vulnerability management have been proposed. 相似文献