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青藏高原东南三江流域广泛存在堆积体斜坡,该类斜坡极易演化为滑坡灾害。以四川巴塘下归洼斜坡为例,通过振动台模型试验研究地震诱发的堆积体滑坡动力响应特征与破坏模式。试验结果表明,在地震作用初期,由于孔隙被挤密,斜坡的自振频率增大;在茂县波激励下,斜坡肩部动力响应最强烈。高幅值茂县波激励下,因斜坡整体刚度降低,放大效应减弱。Hibert谱描述了地震波在斜坡中的传播特征,向斜坡顶部传播时,地震波高频能量显著增强,地震波经过堆积层后,放大效应减弱。在足以致使堆积层滑动的强震作用下,坡表一定深度下动力响应呈现一致剧烈现象,斜坡上部会形成“脱离体”,“脱离体”在地震作用下上下颠簸运动;在临滑时,坡表出现最强烈的动力响应。斜坡的破坏模式为：地震初期,在重力和地震耦合作用下,坡表土体剥落;随地震幅值增加,坡肩与堆积层发生明显相对位移,堆积层表面出现裂缝;最终,坡脚发生明显相对位移,随后堆积层偏离基岩加速滑塌。基于地震信号特征的斜坡堆积层滑落过程可分为三阶段：(1)稳定阶段;(2)临滑阶段;(3)滑移阶段。 相似文献
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基于室内试验获取黄土滑坡的静力和动力力学强度参数,建立低角度黄土滑坡破坏大型物理模拟试验模型,结合FLAC3D有限差分软件,分析黄土滑坡的动力响应规律和宏观破坏特性,阐明在地震作用下黄土滑坡的失稳演化规律,揭示黄土滑坡滑体运动迁移路径。结果表明：低角度黄土-泥岩滑坡在地震荷载作用下地震波水平方向和垂直方向均出现明显的放大效应;在黄土层内部,随着斜坡高度增加,坡肩和斜坡后缘加速度放大效应较为明显,对比坡脚、坡腰和坡肩处剖面上加速度放大系数,下伏泥岩对地震波产生一定的放大效应。松弛拉张裂隙,土体强度降低,接触面和坡肩、斜坡后缘处的拉张裂缝形成弧形滑移面,上覆黄土层由内向外依次连带下滑,坡肩处土体的下滑力和地震力促使坡腰土体大面积长距离滑动,最大滑动涉及范围长达200 m左右,土体下滑至坡脚发生堆积并产生隆起。数值模拟结果和振动台试验结果在动力响应和宏观变形破坏特征均呈现较高的吻合度。 相似文献
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《世界地震工程》2015,(1)
斜坡的坡体结构是控制斜坡变形破坏模式、影响斜坡动力特性的重要因素。为了进一步了解"坡体结构面如何影响边坡地震动力响应规律"这一问题,对均质斜坡(无结构面)和水平层状岩质斜坡(含水平结构面)两种类型的岩质斜坡进行了大型振动台试验研究,并着重对比分析了有无结构面对岩质斜坡峰值加速度动力响应规律的影响。研究结果表明:水平层状斜坡坡表和坡内加速度动力响应基本上都大于均质斜坡,即水平层状岩质斜坡存在层面放大作用,但水平结构面对斜坡加速度动力响应放大作用的程度与地震波类型、频率、振动强度和激振方向有关,总的来说,水平层面对Z向地震波的放大作用大于对X向地震波;在本试验研究中,频率仅影响层面放大系数量值的变化,而地震波类型及其振动强度和激振方向则对其分布形式和量值均有显著影响。 相似文献
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设计并完成1∶10的孤立山体大型振动台模型试验。试验模型尺寸为4.4m×4.4m×1.8m(长×宽×高),该模型表面共包含30°、45°、50°及60°四个不同坡度的坡面。通过输入不同类型、幅值、频率的地震波,探讨地震作用下孤立山体模型的地震动力响应规律以及地震动参数对其的影响。采用三维局部坐标系,即山体的临空面方向L、坡面走向方向M及竖直方向N来对试验结果进行分析。试验结果表明:随着坡面角度的增大,临空面方向、竖直方向峰值加速度的高程放大效应逐渐增强,当坡面角度为45°,加速度放大效应突然增大,当坡面角度为50°,加速度放大效应渐趋平缓,而边坡走向方向的峰值加速度高程放大效应基本上不随坡面角度的增大而变化,其台阶也相对较为平缓;随着输入PGA的增大,临空面方向、坡面走向方向及竖直方向峰值加速度的高程放大效应逐渐减小,表现出"量级饱和"特性。试验结果有助于揭示边坡在地震作用下的失稳机制,为边坡工程的抗震设计提供有益的参考。 相似文献
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地震作用下节理岩质边坡稳定性影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震灾害调查表明,在基岩山区地震滑塌主要发育在局部强度相对较大、节理较发育的厚层或块状岩体中.以岩石中含两组节理的岩质边坡为例,输入实际的地震记录,采用离散单元法进行数值模拟,分别探讨坡高、地震烈度、坡角及节理倾角组合对节理岩质边坡稳定性的影响.结果表明:地震作用下坡体中质点的加速度、速度具有高程放大效应;节理岩质边坡稳定性随着坡高、坡角和地震烈度的增加而降低;两组节理不同组合的岩质边坡,其稳定性变化较为复杂,受节理倾角与坡角的关系、节理的倾向、两组节理之间夹角等因素的影响.节理岩质边坡在地震作用下是受拉区逐渐向受剪区扩展而最终导致边坡失稳破坏,是受拉和受剪的复合破坏.上述初步结论为评价山区节理较发育的岩质边坡在地震作用下的稳定性提供一定的依据. 相似文献
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通过详细的野外调查，并结合遥感解译、室内试验以及数值模拟等手段，对矮子沟巨型古滑坡的基本特征、形成机制及运动演化过程进行了深入研究。矮子沟古滑坡的形成条件为：滑坡剪出口与坡脚之间存在巨大的高差，为滑坡的形成创造了良好的临空条件；顺向岸坡结构以及坡体内发育的多组控制性结构面是滑坡发生的结构基础；玄武岩系中的凝灰岩软弱夹层削弱了岩体的完整性，地表水及地下水长期入渗，水的软化作用降低了软弱夹层的抗剪强度；地震作用是造成岩体最终滑动失稳的关键因素。该滑坡的动力学过程可划分为四个阶段：(1)启程活动阶段。斜坡地形效应使得地震波在斜坡上部表现出异常放大现象，当短时间内积聚的振动能量超过岩土体的强度时，易形成高位滑坡，滑坡的变形破坏机制为拉裂-滑移；(2)近程活动阶段。近3.82×108 m3的滑坡物质高位高速下滑，与矮子沟右岸坡体发生猛烈碰撞后进一步碎裂解体；(3)高速远程碎屑流阶段。碎屑流继续沿矮子沟高速运动约3 km；(4)堆积堵江阶段。滑坡物质最终形成体积为2.73×108 m3的巨型堰塞坝，堵塞金沙江并... 相似文献
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在斜坡的动力响应分析中,地震动的激振方向是影响斜坡动力响应规律的主要因素之一.本文以“5·12”汶川地震灾区典型斜坡岩性及结构为模拟特征,通过对水平层状岩质斜坡开展振动台模型试验,探究地震动方向对斜坡动力响应规律的影响.以输入峰值加速度0.3g的正弦波和天然波为例,着重对比分析斜坡模型在水平向、竖直向及合成向激振波作用下的加速度动力响应规律.研究结果表明:水平向上,在不同频率的地震动作用下,斜坡的中上部的加速度动力响应较之下部更为显著,X向地震动作用下斜坡的加速度动力响应沿高程呈较强的线性增大特征,而Z向地震动作用下斜坡的动力响应却表现出明显的非线性,且斜坡在合成向天然波作用下的响应规律表现出明显的P-△效应;竖直向上,Z向地震动作用下斜坡坡表和坡内的加速度响应值会随着频率的增加而不断减小,出现逐渐衰减和频散的现象. 相似文献
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为探究特厚煤层开采对上覆黄土斜坡的破裂效应,以彬长矿区斜坡为例,运用物理模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析黄土斜坡中裂隙的产状和力学特征。结果表明：由于煤层开采,在上覆黄土斜坡中产生的裂隙可分为与坡面近垂直的裂隙和与坡面平行的裂隙两组,表现出了明显分异性和序次;与坡面近垂直裂隙首先出现,具有拉张裂隙特征,起到了切割坡体的作用;与坡面近平行裂隙是由坡面近垂直裂隙逐渐派生的,具有剪切裂隙特征,控制着黄土斜坡中潜在滑面的形成。两组裂隙呈网状分割坡体,使斜坡土体结构碎裂化和散体化。 相似文献
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以甘肃省平凉市的典型黄土塬斜坡为原型,开展含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡与不含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡的振动台对比模型试验,研究不同强度地震作用下两种黄土斜坡的变形失稳特征。结果表明:两种不同结构的斜坡在不同强度地震作用下的破坏特征显著不同,裂隙的存在降低了含裂隙斜坡的抗震稳定性。随着输入地震波幅值的增加,含裂隙斜坡的变形破坏过程为:坡顶裂隙处先后发生裂隙前缘崩塌、坡面溜土、临空面方向大位移、坡面中部和坡脚鼓胀、剪切滑移、发生多级滑动,同时坡体后缘产生新的拉张裂隙;无裂隙斜坡的破坏过程为:坡顶形成拉张裂缝、坡面溜土、坡脚鼓胀、发生单级滑动。两种结构边坡的变形破裂包括倾倒—拉裂与剪切—滑移两种模式,斜坡的变形演化是两种模式相互作用的结果。 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,(4)
正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and 相似文献
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George W. Housner 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2008,7(2):I0001-I0001
Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States. 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2014,(4)
正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study 相似文献
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JianCheng Shi 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(10):2281-2282
正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases 相似文献
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Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC. 相似文献