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1.
Stream-sediment and soil geochemical data from the Upper and Lower Coastal Plains of South Carolina (USA) were studied to determine relationships between soils and stream sediments. From multi-element associations, characteristic compositions were determined for both media. Primary associations of elements reflect mineralogy, including heavy minerals, carbonates and clays, and the effects of groundwater. The effects of groundwater on element concentrations are more evident in soils than stream sediments. A “winnowing index” was created using ratios of Th to Al that revealed differing erosional and depositional environments. Both soils and stream sediments from the Upper and Lower Coastal Plains show derivation from similar materials and subsequent similar multi-element relationships, but have some distinct differences. In the Lower Coastal Plain, soils have high values of elements concentrated in heavy minerals (Ce, Y, Th) that grade into high values of elements concentrated into finer-grain-size, lower-density materials, primarily comprised of carbonates and feldspar minerals (Mg, Ca, Na, K, Al). These gradational trends in mineralogy and geochemistry are inferred to reflect reworking of materials during marine transgressions and regressions. Upper Coastal Plain stream-sediment geochemistry shows a higher winnowing index relative to soil geochemistry. A comparison of the 4 media (Upper Coastal Plain soils and stream sediments and Lower Coastal Plain soils and stream sediments) shows that Upper Coastal Plain stream sediments have a higher winnowing index and a higher concentration of elements contained within heavy minerals, whereas Lower Coastal Plain stream sediments show a strong correlation between elements typically contained within clays. It is not possible to calculate a functional relationship between stream sediment–soil compositions for all elements due to the complex history of weathering, deposition, reworking and re-deposition. However, depending on the spatial separation of the stream-sediment and soil samples, some elements are more highly correlated than others. 相似文献
2.
Moutaz A. Al-Dabbas Salih Muhammad Awadh Ayad Abed Zaid 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(5):1799-1810
The Euphrates Formation (Lower Miocene) in the Central Iraq consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates. Two hundred ten samples were collected from 21 wells (1E to 21ED) at Bahar Najaf area, and 18 samples were collected at Wadi Asadi in Baghdadi area, from Euphrates Formation. Four microfacies are identified, namely mudstone, wackestone, packstone, and rare grainstone with ten submicrofacies. The allochems in the Euphrates Formation are dominated by bioclasts. Peloids, ooids, and intraclasts are less abundant. The common fossils in the Euphrates Formation are miliolids, algae, ostracods, Miogypsina, and abundant shells of pelecypods and gastropods. Calcite and dolomite are the predominant mineral components of the Euphrates Formation. The carbonates of the Euphrates Formation have been affected by a variety of diagenetic processes such as micritization, dissolution, neomorphism, cementation, stylolitization, dolomitization, dedolomitization, and silicification. The Euphrates Formation was deposited in open to restricted platforms which indicated lagoonal environment with warm and restricted open circulation. In fact, prevalence and abundance of micrite provide an evidence of a shallow marine of low-energy environment and, in some places, may be approaching to be stagnant environment. The average of CaO in Najaf area (51.5 %) is slightly lower than that in Baghdadi area (53.3 %), which was reflected in calcite content found being 91 % in Najaf and 94 % in Baghdadi. Dolomite and gypsum appeared as minor minerals beside calcite, so low concentration of MgO (0.83 % in Najaf; 0.63 in Baghdadi) and SO3 (0.55 % in Najaf; 0.53 % in Baghdadi) was reflected information of small amounts of dolomite (2 % in Najaf; 1.6 % in Baghdadi) and gypsum (0.7 % in Najaf and 0.6 in Baghdadi) in the Euphrates Formation. The insoluble residue in Najaf area (4.37 %) is relatively higher than that in Baghdadi area (1.9 %), indicating that the Euphrates Formation in Najaf Area has deposited in an environment closer to the shoreline. Concentrations of the trace elements Sr, Mn, and Fe which support the conclusion that reminds the Euphrates Formation had been deposited in a shallow marine environment of quiet energy, with the likelihood that the shoreline was the nearest to Najaf rather than to Baghdadi. 相似文献
3.
Hajer Farroukh T. Mnif F. Kamoun L. Kamoun F. Bennour 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(23):760
Phosphogypsum and cement have been reported to improve the physicochemical properties of clayey soils. The present study aimed to investigate the behavior of various soils with different particle sizes and chemical and mineralogical compositions in the presence of phosphogypsum and cement mixed at various proportions. These hydraulic binders were assayed on three different soil samples, and their effects were examined using a battery of standardized tests, including the Atterberg limit, uniaxial compressive strength, Californian Bearing Rate (CBR) test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microstructure observation (SEM), and X-ray diffraction tests. The results revealed a significant effect associated with the variation of phosphogypsum content in the soils. Keeping the cement content constant in the mixture, the continuous addition of phosphogypsum was noted to allow shifting the domain of plasticity to the highest water contents, which reduces the sensitivity of the soil to water and to increase the strength of soil. An increase of CBR index with the addition of phosphogypsum and cement is obtained. This treatment could have positively influenced the optimum moisture content and the maximal dry density. The mixture of soil-phosphogypsum and cement could give new forms such as ettringite and hydrate indicators of the improvement of the mechanical properties of the soil. This improvement varies from one soil to another, depending on its granularity and its mineralogy. The mineralogical composition of the soil, particularly kaolinite, amount, and size grading, have direct effects on the physical and mechanical properties of the soils under investigation. 相似文献
4.
如何评价土结构性对天然沉积饱和土的力学性状的影响是一个非常重要的研究课题。Burland在第30届郎肯讲座论文中导入孔隙指数对各种重塑土的压缩曲线进行归一化，提出固有压缩曲线用于评价天然沉积土的压缩性状。通过对广泛沉积在日本九洲岛的有明粘性土进行试验研究，探讨了灵敏有明粘性土的特征，提出一个比Burland孔隙指数更为简单实用的评价天然沉积土力学性状的指标——归一化含水量，定义为含水量与液限之比。根据大量的试验结果，得出了天然沉积有明粘性土的Burland孔隙指数与归一化含水量的相关关系，提出了对应于归一化含水量的固有压缩曲线。 相似文献
5.
《Applied Geochemistry》1993,8(3):273-283
A new model for base cation release due to chemical weathering of soil minerals has been developed based on transition state theory, and included in the integrated soil chemistry model PROFILE. The data required for model application can be operationally determined on soil samples, making the model generally applicable and independent of any type of calibration. The model considers the contribution to the weathering rate from 12 groups of the most common primary and secondary minerals of soils, reacting in separate reactions with H+-ion, H2O, CO2 and organic acids expressed as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The weathering rate sub-model couples the effects of dissolved Al and base cations on the reaction mechanisms. The model takes into account changes in soil temperature, different chemical conditions, the effect of vegetation interactions with the soil and N transformations. The kinetic coefficients and reaction orders are based on a complete re-evaluation of weathering data available in the literature, and additional kinetic data determined by the authors.Data from 23 different independent determinations of the field weathering rate from 15 sites in Scandinavia, Central Europe and North America were compiled and used to verify the model. The model is capable of estimating the release rate of base cations due to chemical weathering from information on soil mineralogy, texture and geochemical properties of the order of ±20% of the rate determined by independent methods. The results indicate that small amounts of dark minerals like epidote and hornblende, and the plagioclase content, largely determine the field weathering rate. 相似文献
6.
A. M. A. Ismail 《GeoJournal》1991,23(3):233-237
This study is mainly about the relationship of the moisture holding and release capacity of soils with their texture, particularly the clay fraction. Soil samples collected from various sites in the Sudan Gezira were analysed for physical and chemical properties and moisture characteristics. Generally the soils were clayey except the recent alluvium which was loamy. The pH was alkaline and the electric conductivity < 1.0 dS m–1. The studied soils were calcareous and very poor in organic matter, their intermediate to high water holding capacity being due mainly to the presence of large quantities of clay. Matric potentials of –0.4 to –1.5 MPa reduced soil moisture for all types of soils but the effects were not necessarily quantitatively equal. Permanent wilting point — moisture content at – 1.5 MPa — varied widely (10.5 – 22.0%) amongst the different soils and this was mainly attributed to texture and mineralogy of the soil clays. Bulk density decreased with increase in clay content. Calcium carbonate content was found to have no apparent relationship with the moisture content of these soils. The amount of silt fraction seems to have an overriding effect on the relationship between soil moisture availability in the recent alluvium soil and its subsequent release to growing plants. The results are discussed in relation to the phenomenon of mid-day stress observed in all grown crops of the Sudan Gezira. 相似文献
7.
利用石膏产状研究汶东盐湖相沉积与烃源岩特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
根据石膏矿物类型和产状以及其它相标志,对汶东凹陷汶ZK16 钻孔的古近系盐湖相地层进行了沉积相分析,并结合有机地球化学分析,对不同沉积相的烃源岩开展了地球化学评价。汶东凹陷石膏矿物组合较好的反映了古盐湖沉积环境、水深、盐度和底水含氧量等的变化,不同的石膏矿物组合对应着不同的沉积相和不同质量的烃源岩,其中干化泥坪相和盐化泥坪相石膏矿物组合以分散胶结状和结核状为主,其烃源岩有机质丰度较低,发育非烃源岩到差烃源岩;干盐湖相石膏矿物组合以肠状石膏和透镜状石膏为主,烃源岩有机质丰度较高,发育好到优质烃源岩;而深水盐湖相石膏矿物以纹层状石膏为主,烃源岩有机质丰度高,总体达到优质烃源岩的标准。据此,建立了盐湖相烃源岩的发育模式。该模式对于中国第三系盐湖烃源岩,特别是高演化程度的盐湖相烃源岩原始烃源岩类型研究具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
8.
Daniel G. Strawn Patrick Hickey Andrew Knudsen Leslie Baker 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(1):109-122
To remediate Pb contaminated soils it is proposed that phosphorus can be amended to the soils to transform the Pb into poorly
soluble Pb-phosphate mineral phases. However, remediation strategies must account for variable Pb speciation and site-specific
factors. In this study soil mineralogy and Pb speciation in soils from P-amended field trials at sites within the Coeur d’Alene
River Basin in Idaho, USA were investigated. The soils are contaminated from mining activities and are enriched with Fe and
Mn. Selective extraction of the soils indicated that the Fe oxides are poorly crystalline. XRD of the soil clay size fractions
identified quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, siderite, lepidocrocite, and chlorite minerals. Amendment with P fertilizer dissolved
the siderite. No Pb–phosphate minerals were detected by XRD. Electron microprobe analysis showed direct correlations between
Pb, Fe, and Mn in the unamended soils, and negative correlations between Pb and Si. Lead and Mn were strongly correlated.
In the amended soils Fe and P were strongly correlated. Results indicate that the Pb is associated with poorly crystalline
Fe and Mn oxides, and that added P is primarily associated with Fe oxide phases. Comparisons of pore water Pb concentrations
with chloropyromorphite and plumbogummite solubility suggest that in the phosphate-amended soils the pore waters are undersaturated
in these phases, whereas several of the control soil pore waters were oversaturated, indicating the added phosphate suppressed
the Pb solubility. Results from this research provide insight into the geochemistry occurring in the P-remediated soils that
will help in making management and remediation decisions. 相似文献
9.
为研究CaO的赋存形态及含量对钙矾石固化/稳定化重金属铅污染土效果的影响,采用高铝水泥提供AlO2-,纯石膏或磷石膏提供SO42-,高铝水泥、石膏、普通硅酸盐水泥或生石灰提供CaO,制备不同组分固化剂配比的固化土,测试试样强度和孔隙溶液pH值等宏观物理力学指标,通过醋酸缓冲溶液法测试试样的铅溶出量,对比分析不同固化剂固化土的矿物成分与微观结构特征。结果表明,钙矾石固化/稳定化重金属铅污染土效果显著;钙矾石对孔隙的填充作用带来的增强效果不能代替水化硅酸钙胶结土颗粒的胶结作用,普通硅酸盐水泥对试样的强度更有利,但其后期强度增幅不大,而生石灰有利于固化土强度的持续增长;生石灰较普通硅酸盐水泥对钙矾石的形成、稳定和重金属Pb2+的固化/稳定化更有利;磷石膏和纯石膏对试样的pH值、无侧限抗压强度及钙矾石固化/稳定化重金属Pb2+的效果影响较小;固化土体微观结构特征表明,CaO含量对钙矾石生成形态及作用效果影响显著。当CaO含量较低时,早期生成的钙矾石将向单硫型硫铝酸钙转化。研究成果可丰富重金属污染场地原位处理技术,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。 相似文献
10.
Afeez Adefemi Bello 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(2):481-498
Laboratory investigations were carried out on reddish brown tropical soils from Moniya, Ibadan Southwestern Nigeria to determine
the basic unconfined compressive strength of the soil samples which is an important factor to be considered when considering
materials as liners in waste containment structure. Clay mineralogy, major element geochemical analyses were carried out by
means of X-ray diffractometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry respectively. The engineering tests such as sieve size analyses,
Atterberg limits, natural moisture contents, specific gravity and compaction using four different compactive efforts namely
reduced proctor, standard proctor, West African standard and modified proctor. The tests were carried out in line with the
procedures of the British standard 1377 of 1990 and Head of 1992. The soils were found to contain kaolinite as the major minerals
with some mixtures of smectite, muscovite, halloysite, quartzite, biotite and aluminium phosphate. Values of the unconfined
compressive strength obtained within 12.5 and 22.5% moulding water contents equal to or greater than 200 kN/m2 which is the minimum acceptable value required for containment facilities. The maximum dry density, Mg/m3 ranged between 1.68 and 1.98 while Optimum moisture content, % ranged between 12.3 and 21.2. Hence, unconfined compressive
strength values were found to be greater than 200 kN/m2 at dry unit weight of 16.20 kN/m3 especially when WAS and modified proctor compactive efforts were used which met the minimum required unconfined compressive
strength of 200 kN/m2 for hydraulic barriers in waste containment facilities. 相似文献
11.
Understanding the undrained strength of fine-grained soils has been of interest to geotechnical researchers from many practical considerations. In several civil engineering applications, water content of soil is quite high being near or above the liquid limit of soils, and understanding the factors responsible for imparting the strength of soil at high water contents is of great significance. Recently, it has been reported in the literature that the shear strength of soils at these limiting water contents has significant variation. However, the reasons and the factors that probably influence for this variation have not been reported in the literature. This experimental investigation is an attempt in the direction of understanding the reasons for the variation in the undrained strength at higher limiting water content, namely liquid limit considering the various influencing factors like clay mineralogy and fine-sand content present in soil used for determining liquid limit. The results from this study are quite revealing and have been explained based on the mechanisms controlling the undrained strength at liquid limit. 相似文献
12.
Ahmed S. Mohammed Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(1):71-83
In this study, the compressive and tensile behavior of polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil was investigated. Based on the information in the literature, a field soil was contaminated with up to 4 % (40,000 ppm) of calcium sulfate in this study. In addition to characterizing the behavior of sulfate contaminated CL soil, the effect of treating the soil with a polymer solution was investigated and the performance was compared to 6 % lime treated soil. In treating the soil, acrylamide polymer solution (15 g of polymer dissolved in 85 g of water) content was varied up to 15 % (by dry soil weight). Addition of 4 % calcium sulfate to the soil decreased the compressive and tensile strengths of the compacted soils by 22 and 33 % respectively with the formation of calcium silicate sulfate [ternesite Ca5(SiO4)2SO4)], magnesium silicate sulfate (Mg5(SiO4)2SO4) and calcium-magnesium silicate (merwinite Ca3Mg(SiO4)2). With the polymer treatment the strength properties of sulfate contaminated CL soil was substantially improved. Polymer treated sulfate soils had higher compressive and tensile strengths and enhanced compressive stress–strain relationships compared to the lime treated soils. Also polymer treated soils gained strength more rapidly than lime treated soil. With 10 % of polymer solution treatment, the maximum unconfined compressive and splitting tensile strengths for 4 % of calcium sulfate soil were 625 kPa (91 psi) and 131 kPa (19 psi) respectively in 1 day of curing. Similar improvement in the compressive modulus was observed with polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil. The variation of the compacted compressive strength and tensile strength with calcium sulfate concentrations for the treated soils were quantified and the parameters were related to calcium sulfate content in the soil and polymer content. Compressive stress–strain relationships of the sulfate soil, with and without lime and polymer treatment, have been quantified using two nonlinear constitutive models. The constitutive model parameters were sensitive to the calcium sulfate content and the type of treatment. 相似文献
13.
超微粒子水泥加固软土试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用和研发各种固化材料,对软土进行固化和改性,以改善其工程特性是当今国际上研究的热点课题。通过室内试验,研究了一种新型超微粒子水泥材料（ALOFIX-MC,简称MC）加固软土的效果,分析了其加固和改性机制。试验中,MC以0 %、1 %、2 %、3 %、4 %和5 %的掺量分别掺入到水泥掺量15 %和石膏掺量2 %的软土试样中,配制了6组试样。室内无侧限抗压强度试验结果表明,在15 %掺量的普通水泥土中掺入少量MC就可以显著提高软土的强度和稳定性。扫描电镜（SEM）分析表明,MC的胶结填充作用和MC对水泥水化的促进、孔隙的填充以及其本身的表面吸水作用对加固效果有重要影响。研究成果为进一步提高水泥土的工程性质和减少常规水泥土中水泥掺量提供了一条新的途径。 相似文献
14.
Heavy metal pollution and soil magnetic susceptibility in urban soil of Beni Mellal City (Morocco) 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Mohamed El Baghdadi Ahmed Barakat Mohamed Sajieddine Samir Nadem 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(1):141-155
The assessment of anthropogenic impact in the urban environment can be evaluated according to heavy metal contents of soils such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Fe. These elements have more affinity to establish metallic bond with ferrous material leading to enhancement of soil magnetic susceptibility. The objective of this study was to undertake joint magnetic and geochemical investigations of road-side urban soil materials to address the environmental pollution of Beni Mellal city that has been subjected to environmental stress, due to population overpressure and related urbanization. Twenty three soils magnetic susceptibility profiles were made along 5 km peripheral national road (N8) in Beni Mellal. The magnetic survey reported here for the first time on this City’s topsoils tries to establish the link between magnetic properties and the content of heavy metals. High magnetic susceptibility values and high contents of heavy metals were found near the paved edge of the road and within the place reserved as large engine park. Magnetic extracts of highly polluted areas and unpolluted soil (olive plantation) were analyzed by SEM coupled with RDX in order to discriminate anthropogenic magnetic spherules and pedo-lithogenic magnetite-like minerals. Magnetic mineralogy determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests the presence of hematite, magnetite and goethite in highly polluted areas. The iron oxides and especially goethite are efficient in incorporating and/or adsorbing foreign ions. 相似文献
15.
采用磷酸镁水泥（MPC）对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理。基于无侧限抗压强度试验和渗透试验,研究了MPC添加量、水土比对固化污染土强度及渗透特性的影响规律。结果表明,固化土的强度随MPC添加量增加而增大,渗透系数减小;水土比对固化土的强度及渗透特性的影响均存在临界值,为0.45。低于临界值时,固化土的强度随着水土比的增加而增加,渗透系数随着水土比的增加而减小。压汞试验（MTP）结果表明,随MPC添加量的增大,固化土孔隙体积减小,水土比不超过临界值时,固化土孔隙体积随着水土比的增大而减小。扫描电镜试验结果表明,随着MPC添加量的增加,土颗粒团聚化越明显,胶结程度加强;水土比不超过临界值时,土颗粒团聚体增多。镁钾磷酸盐晶体（MKP）主要通过减少孔径大于1 ?m的孔隙体积来影响固化土的强度和渗透特性。 相似文献
16.
Cement stabilization of soil is a useful method to improve the mechanical behaviors and engineering performance of soils in geotechnical design and construction projects involving weak or liquefiable soils. Among the factors affecting the strength of cement-stabilized soils, water content and water–cement ratio are important but less well understood because of controversial views. This paper presents a systematic laboratory study to investigate the effects of water content and water–cement ratio on the unconfined compressive strength, with good control of the packing density and void ratio of the tested specimens. The effects of void ratio and cement content are also investigated. The strength of the cement-stabilized sand continuously decreased with increasing water–cement ratio within the range of 0.5 to about 3. A general equation is suggested to evaluate the unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized soil. Finally, a new conceptual characterization chart is proposed with consideration of the effects of cement content, water content, and water–cement ratio.
相似文献17.
在大连新港油罐区的建设中,发现了一种具有高孔隙性、高含水量、高塑性、中低压缩性的特殊土。作者对这种土及其母岩的矿物学、岩石学、地球化学、物理化学和工程特性进行了系统研究,揭示了该区红粘土及其工程特性的形成机理,该区红粘土乃是蒙脱石化的粗玄岩,在中温带气候区红土花作用的产物。 相似文献
18.
The thermal properties of soils can be considered one of the most important parameters for many engineering projects designing. In detail, the thermal conductivity plays a fundamental role when dimensioning ground heat exchangers, especially very shallow geothermal (VSG) systems, interesting the first 2 m of depth from the ground level. However, the determination of heat transfer in soils is difficult to estimate, because depends on several factors, including, among others, particle size, density, water content, mineralogy composition, ground temperature, organic matter. The performance of a VSG system, as horizontal collectors or special forms, is strongly correlated to the kind of sediment at disposal and suddenly decreases in case of dry-unsaturated conditions in the surrounding soil. Therefore, a better knowledge of the relationship between thermal conductivity and water content is required for understanding the VSG systems behavior in saturated and unsaturated conditions. Key challenge of ITER project, funded by European Union, is to understand how to enhance the heat transfer of the sediments surrounding the pipes, taking into account the interactions between the soil, the horizontal heat exchangers and the surrounding environment. In detail, changes of soil moisture content in the same climatic conditions and under the same thermal stress for five different soil mixtures have been monitored in the ITER test site. The relationship with precipitation and natural/induced ground temperature variations, reaching also water freezing point, are here discussed. 相似文献
19.
MUKESH R K MANHAS A K TRIPATHI A K RAINA M K GUPTA S K KAMBOJ 《Journal of Earth System Science》2011,120(1):123-144
The peteromineralogical characterization of the soil was carried out for the 12 soil profiles exposed in the Shorea robusta dominated forests of the Siwalik forest division, Dehradun. The quartz was observed as the dominating light mineral fraction
(64–80%) in all the profiles studied. Biotite, hornblende, zircon, tourmaline, rutile and opaques comprising of iron minerals
constituted the heavy mineral fraction (20%). The mineralogy of both the sand and clay fractions revealed a mixed mineralogy.
The clay minerals in the order of their dominance were vermiculite, illite, kaolinite and mixed layer minerals. The presence
of vermiculite and illite in appreciable quantities indicates that these were synthesized from the K-rich soil solution, as
orthoclase and micas were present in significant quantities in the sand minerals. The mineral suites identified in the study
shows that the geological, climatological and topographical factors of the region collectively played a dominant role in their
formation and transformation. After critical appraisal of the results, it may be deduced that the mineralogical composition,
physicochemical properties and total elemental analysis of the soils do not show any deficiency of the bases and other plant
nutrients in general. The inherent fertility of the soil is good as indicated by the sand and clay mineralogy of the soil
and the biotite and feldspar together with the mica is an important source of nutrients for the vegetation in the soils of
the Doon valley. 相似文献
20.
Geochemical coupling of uranium and phosphorous in soils overlying an unmined uranium deposit: Coles Hill, Virginia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The mineralogy and geochemistry of soils developed over the unmined Coles Hill uranium deposit (Virginia) were studied to determine how phosphorous influences the speciation of uranium in oxidizing soil/saprolite systems typical of the eastern US. Results from this study have implications for both uranium remediation (e.g. in situ stabilization) and uranium resource exploration (e.g. near-surface geochemical sampling). The primary uranium ore (coffinite and uraninite hosted in quartzo-feldspathic gneiss) weathers to saprolites containing the same uranium concentration as the underlying ore (approximately 1000 mg U/kg saprolites). In these water saturated (below water table) saprolites the uranium is retained as uranyl phosphates of the meta-autunite group (mainly meta-uranocircite). Above the water table the soils overlying the deposit contain approximately 200 mg uranium per kg soil (20 times higher than uranium concentrations in similar soils formed from unmineralized rocks adjacent to the deposit). In these unsaturated zone soils uranium is retained by two processes: (1) incorporation into barium–strontium–calcium aluminum phosphate minerals of the crandallite group (mainly gorceixite), and (2) sorption of uranium with phosphorous onto iron oxides that coat the surfaces of other soil minerals.Thermodynamic calculations suggest that the meta-autunite group minerals present in the saprolites below the water table are not stable in the unsaturated zone soils overlying the deposit due to the drop in soil pH from 6.0 down to 4.5. Mineralogical observations suggest that, once exposed to the unsaturated environment, the meta-autunite group minerals react to form U(VI)-bearing aluminum phosphates and U(VI) surface complexes or nano-precipitates associated with ferric oxides. These results therefore indicate that models predicting U(VI) speciation in phosphate amended soils must simultaneously account for variations in pH, ion activities (aluminum appears to be particularly important) and surface complexation with iron oxide mineral surfaces. 相似文献