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1.
夏半年青藏高原东部大气热源时间变化特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文利用１９８３－１９９２年夏半年逐日控空资料，计算了青藏高原东部大气热源和水汽汇，讨论了高原东部热源平均值的日变化，季节内变化，季节变化和年际变化。结果表明，热源和水汽汇铅直廓线存在明显的日变化，夏半年平均热源日变化振幅为１－２℃／Ｄａｙ，水汽汇为１－１．５℃／Ｄａｙ，热源铅直积分显示准双周振动特征，各半夏半年热源滤波曲线表明，７，８月份准双周振动较弱，５，６和９月份较强。 相似文献
2.
水汽空间分布对大气船舶重力波影响的数 值试验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用中尺度数值模式ARPS模拟研究了水汽在山脉重力波和大气船波的产生和演变中的作用。研究发现水汽和非绝热效应对大气船波的影响与水汽的空间分布有关,大气船波的产生和演变对水汽的空间分布具有极端的敏感性,在一定条件下水汽的引入有可能减少大气船波的活动。对于3层模式结构的气流过山而言,如果初始的水汽分布在中层大气,则水汽和非绝热效应对大气船波的影响较小,而如果初始的水汽分布在中下层大气,则引入水汽后减少了大气船波的强度,但是如果初始的水汽分布在整个模式大气层,则水汽的引入减少了大气船波的活动。 相似文献
3.
利用太阳光度计反演渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽总量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用CE-318型太阳光度计936nm水汽吸收通道的太阳辐射观测值和太阳光度计在该通道的透过率与水汽量关系，采用瞬态法反演了渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽总量。结果表明：利用太阳光度计936nm通道可以反演晴空大气柱水汽总量，其局限性是要在晴空下使用；渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽含量时间分布极不均匀；不同季节晴空日的水汽含量日变化有所不同。 相似文献
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黑河实验（HEIFE）的一些研究成果 总被引：49，自引：23，他引：49
本文回顾了黑河实验（ＨＥＩＦＥ）的执行情况，总结了到目前为止的主要研究成果。得到了干旱地区陆面过程地表参数、地表能量平衡特征和湍流通量参数化的结果。同时得到了干旱地区陆面过程的物理机制同湿润地区有质的差异这一认识：同湿润地区不同，干旱地区地表蒸散和植被过程并不是地表能量平衡中的控制因子，因为感热并不输送到自由大气仅是大气边界层的强迫因子；而潜热输送给自由大气并且潜热的释放是大气环流的主要能源，但干旱地区很少或没有水汽和潜热输送到自由大气，所以干旱地区自由大气不能从地面得到热能；地表反射率大和向上长波辐射强致使净辐射亏损大；基于以上原因，干旱地区可能是一个水汽输送和热能的“汇”。这些结果使我们能更好地理解干旱地区的陆面过程。黑河实验的结果以系统的观测事实证实了绿洲的冷岛效应，临近绿洲沙漠的逆湿现象，即夏季白天常常是绿洲有感热向下输送，临近绿洲的沙漠有水汽向下输送。这些结果揭示了绿洲和沙漠环境相互作用的较完整图像 相似文献
7.
大气水汽变化的反馈作用是影响平衡气候系统敏感性的最大反馈作用之一,能够放大其他温室气体增暖的效应,并可能导致极端天气气候事件的发生趋多趋强。因此,全面分析大气水汽的时空分布特征及其长期变化趋势,评估大气水汽反馈的区域气候效应,对于我们深入认识和理解全球变暖背景下区域气候响应的机理具有重要意义。综合国内外最新研究,已基本能够确定水汽反馈效应为一种使得全球增暖加快近一倍的强烈正反馈,并已能够估计其大致变化范围,但是此估计仍存在较大不确定性。随着卫星和探空技术的发展,目前已有的长期水汽资料日趋丰富,但资料之间也存在一些不确定性问题,同时单个资料本身也存在非均一性问题。最新的气候系统模式已能够大致模拟大气水汽的反馈效应,但近年的进展速度却并不令人乐观。我国的水汽观测和水汽反馈效应的研究也已取得长足进步,可以基本确定为水汽变化与地面温度存在正反馈关系,而与降水的关系虽然也较为密切,但因区域气候变化仍存在较大的不一致性。 相似文献
8.
利用三向风标探测资料，分析了安宁县辐射雾中的扩散参数，结果表明：平均风速对水平风向脉动标准差起着重要作用，是影响水平湍流扩散的关键因子；雾中的横向和铅直方向扩散参数分别相当于ＰａｓｑｕｉｌｌＢ类和Ｄ类稳定度下的扩散参数，表明在辐射雾出现期间，虽然铅直方向上的扩散能力不强，但有较强的水平扩散能力。 相似文献
9.
文中利用包括水汽凝结过程的湿大气原始方程模式，研究了高空西风急流和低空南风急流中冷锋环流和垂直运动场的演变，计算结果显示:水汽凝结过程的加入，使锋区垂直运动和锋面环流大大增强，上升运动随时间发生剧烈的变化；湿过程对锋面环流的作用发生在水汽饱和并发生凝结之后，未饱和水汽的存在对锋面环流没有什么作用；与干大气模式中高空西风急流是造成冷锋环流演变的主要因子情况不同，低空南风急流在湿大气中对锋面环流有极为重要的作用，其作用至少与高空西风急流相等；在激发锋区重力波上，低空南风急流的作用可能更加明显；水汽凝结湿过程的加入，不论是在高空西风急流下还是在低空南风急流中，都能在锋区激发出波长约为300 km的重力波，并以大于锋面移速的相速传入暖区。 相似文献
10.
文章介绍了在卫星上利用近红外辐射探测整层大气水汽含量的原理和方法。分析了在近红外波段中，940nm吸收带更有利于水汽探测的原因，并且列举若干飞机测量的实例，说明这种探测方法的效果。结论指出：这种方法有可能用于卫星探测，补充热红外和微波探测水汽的不足。 相似文献
11.
ESTIMATION OF ARTIFICIAL PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT RESOURCE CONDITION AND CLOUD SEEDING POTENTIAL BY GROUND-BASED REMOTE SENSING DATA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
段英 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1999,(1)
In this paper,the data of continuous atmospheric vertical integral vapour and liquid watercontent during April-June of 1992-1994 obtained by a ground-based dual-channel microwaveradiometer are used to analyse the statistical characteristics of atmospheric vapour and liquid watercontent,and the relative distribution characteristics of vapour and liquid water content in cloudyatmosphere,the correlative relation of integral liquid water content L and ground precipitationintensity I.and precipitation transform rate of precipitation system.Finally,the weathermodification condition of precipitus stratiform clouds and seeding potential is analyzed anddiscussed. 相似文献
12.
ESTIMATION OF ARTIFICIAL PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT RESOURCE CONDITION AND CLOUD SEEDING POTENTIAL BY GROUND-BASED REMOTE SENSING DATA* 
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下载免费PDF全文 Duan Ying 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1999,13(1):103-114
In this paper,the data of continuous atmospheric vertical integral vapour and liquid water content during April-June of 1992-1994 obtained by a ground-based dual-channel microwave radiometer are used to analyse the statistical characteristics of atmospheric vapour and liquid water content,and the relative distribution characteristics of vapour and liquid water content in cloudy atmosphere,the correlative relation of integral liquid water content L and ground precipitation intensity I.and precipitation transform rate of precipitation system.Finally,the weather modification condition of precipitus stratiform clouds and seeding potential is analyzed and discussed. 相似文献
13.
A mathematical relation between deformation and vertical vorticity tendency is built by introducing the frontogenesis function and the complete vertical vorticity equation, which is derived by virtue of moist potential vorticity. From the mathematical relation, it is shown that properly configured atmospheric conditions can make deformation exert a positive contribution to vortex development at rates comparable to other favorable factors. The effect of deformation on vortex development is not only related to the deformation itself, but also depends on the current thermodynamic and dynamic structures of the atmosphere, such as the convective stability, moist baroclinicity and vertical wind shear(or horizontal vorticity). A diagnostic study of a heavy-rainfall case that occurred during 20–22 July 2012 shows that deformation has the most remarkable effect on the increase in vertical vorticity during the rapid development stage of the low vortex during its whole life cycle. This feature is mainly due to the existence of an approximate neutral layer(about 700 h Pa) in the atmosphere where the convective stability tends to be zero. The neutral layer makes the effect of deformation on the vertical vorticity increase significantly during the vortex development stage, and thus drives the vertical vorticity to increase. 相似文献
14.
锋生作用对2011年梅汛期湖北暴雨的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用常规气象资料、湖北人工气象站和自动气象监测站雨量资料、NCEP再分析0.5°×0.5°等资料,对锋生函数在2011年6月中上旬梅雨期三次暴雨过程中的作用进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)2011年湖北梅雨在单阻型环流场形成和维持的过程中,先后出现了三种不同特征的暴雨过程。三次过程均在中层出现锋生。(2)中层锋生主要由垂直锋生造成,有利于对流不稳定的发生。低层锋生主要由水平锋生造成,有利于水汽输送和辐合抬升。当中层和低层均有锋生,且中层为垂直锋生、低层为水平锋生时,有利于降雨强度的加强。(3)先出现中层锋生后出现低层锋生可能为短时降雨,先出现低层锋生后出现中层锋生可能为长历时降雨。(4)低层的垂直锋消与水平锋生完全抵消说明低层水平辐合不够强,且对流稳定,不利于强降雨的发生。 相似文献
15.
我国大气中平均水汽含量与水分平衡的特征 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
本文利用我国1960—1969年整编的100余个台站高空资料及200多个气象站地面资料(除降水量站),根据大气中水分平衡方程,计算并分析了我国全年和各月的降水量、蒸发量、大气水汽含量及其变化量、地气间水分交换量和大气水汽输送量的时空分布,提供了我国大气中水分平衡气候特征。 相似文献
16.
Attenuation Correction Procedures for Water Vapour Fluxes from Closed-Path Eddy-Covariance Systems 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Benjamin R. K. Runkle Christian Wille Michal Gažovič Lars Kutzbach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,142(3):401-423
Evapotranspiration is a source of water vapour to the atmosphere, and as a crucial indicator of landscape behaviour its accurate
measurement has widespread implications. Here we investigate errors that are prevalent and systematic in the closed-path eddy-covariance
measurement of latent heat flux: the attenuation of fluxes through dampened cospectral power at high frequencies. This process
is especially pronounced during periods of high relative humidity through the adsorption and desorption of water vapour along
the tube walls. These effects are additionally amplified during lower air temperature conditions. Here, we quantify the underestimation
of evapotranspiration by a closed-path system by comparing its flux estimate to simultaneous and adjacent measurements from
an open-path sensor. We apply models relating flux loss to relative humidity itself, to the lag time of the cross-correlation
peak between the water vapour and vertical wind velocity signals, and to models of cospectral attenuation relative to the
cospectral power of simultaneous sensible heat-flux measurements. We find that including the role of temperature in modifying
the attenuation–humidity relationship is essential for unbiased flux correction, and that physically based cospectral attenuation
methods are effective characterizers of closed-path instrument signal loss relative to the unattenuated flux value. 相似文献
17.
A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere 总被引：42，自引：2，他引：42
Jean-François Louis 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,17(2):187-202
A scheme for the representation of the vertical eddy fluxes of heat, momentum and water vapour in a forecast model is presented. An important feature of the scheme is the dependence of the diffusion coefficients on the static stability of the atmosphere. Two tests are presented, using the scheme in a one-dimensional model: the simulation of the diurnal cycle, and the transformation of a polar air mass moving over the warm sea. 相似文献
18.
Helmut Kraus 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1993,66(3):219-235
The Prandtl-layer concept, assuming constant turbulent fluxes in the lowest meters or decameters of the atmosphere under horizontal homogeneous and steady-state conditions, is widely used; and it is also one of the fundamentals of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Thus, surface-layer condensation processes-essentially formation of shallow fog layers-implying convergence and divergence of turbulent fluxes of water vapour, liquid water content and sensible heat, cannot be treated within this concept. This paper tries to overcome this restriction by a modified Monin-Obukhov theory, which deals with constant fluxes of total water content and moist static energy (instead of water vapour and sensible heat). It shows that surface-layer fog situations (under steady-state and horizontally homogeneous conditions and neglecting radiational effects) can be treated by this modified theory, which yields turbulent vertical fluxes of sensible heat, water vapour and liquid water content and their divergences.The paper also derives a simple formula for the divergence of the turbulent flux of water vapour (E/z) under saturation conditions, which elucidates convergence ofE very close to the ground and divergence ofE higher up independent of whether the stratification is stable or unstable, i.e., whether there is fog over cold or warm ground. Model computations with the modified Monin-Obukhov theory are in full accordance with this formula. Thus a steam-fog case can be given as a demonstration of vertical profiles of turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, water vapour and liquid water content and their divergences. 相似文献
19.
The distribution of precipitation field from the typhoon Haitang (2005)
during its landing on Fujian province shows obvious asymmetric feature. Based on
the NCEP/NCAR FNL (Final Analysis) data, this study reveals the contributions of
atmospheric factor to the asymmetrical distribution characteristics of
precipitation associated with the typhoon, through the analysis of water vapor
condition, vertical ascending motion condition, the calculation of the dry Q
vector and its decomposition, and adiabatic heating in the air column of 1000hPa
-600hPa (lower atmosphere) and 500hPa-100hPa (upper atmosphere). The results are
as follows: (1) In the lower atmosphere, the humidity on both sides of typhoon
path can be equivalent, while it is more wet on the right side than left in the
upper atmosphere, which obviously presents asymmetric distribution
characteristics. (2) Both range and intensity of the vertical motion on the right
side are wider and stronger than counterparts on the left side no matter in the
lower or upper atmosphere. (3) In the upper atmosphere, forcing role of
atmosphere in vertical upward motion on the right side of typhoon path is the
same as that on the left, while it is significantly different in the lower
atmosphere, which is significantly broader in scope and stronger in the
intensity, along with obvious asymmetric distribution characteristics. In
addition, the further analysis of the Q vector decomposition indicates that the
forcing effect of mesoscale weather systems on vertical upward motion is stronger
than that of large scale weather systems in the lower atmosphere. (4) The
adiabatic heating always exists on both lower and upper atmosphere, and the range
and intensity of the adiabatic heating forcing showed asymmetric distribution on
both lower and upper atmosphere. (5) In a summary, the upper atmosphere humidity
conditions, the forcing role of lower atmosphere in vertical upward motion,
especially, to mesoscale weather system, and adiabatic heating in the lower
atmosphere, all show similar asymmetric distribution characteristics to that of
precipitation field from the typhoon Haitang (2005), that is to say, the
atmospheric factors as mentioned above are all contributed to genesis of the
asymmetric distribution characteristics of precipitation. 相似文献
20.
海洋边界层高度是表征海洋上空大气的水汽、热量、物质等垂直分布的重要特征量,同时在气候、污染、模式预报上有关键作用。然而,利用海洋边界层高度观测对数值天气预报模式进行诊断的研究很少。因此,本文利用2019—2020年GPS掩星资料计算出的海洋边界层高度的分布特征,对CMA GFS全球模式的预报性能进行分析,同时借助ERA5再分析资料对CMA GFS模式的偏差进行讨论。主要结论如下：①CMA GFS全球模式在西太平洋、南太平洋、南大西洋绝大部分海域预报的边界层高度比较合理;②模式在热带辐合带海域和南太平洋辐合带存在高估预报,初步分析与模式对热带深对流的抬升凝结高度的预报偏高有关。③模式和ERA5在南半球层积云所在区域均存在边界层高度预报偏低,初步分析可能是模式对南半球层积云顶辐射冷却驱动的湍流扩散偏小造成。④模式在有云的大气下主要呈现为预报偏高,中心值在200 m左右,而在晴空区域模式预报较为合理,偏差值范围较小,ERA5也存在类似的特点。 相似文献