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1.
Two simple constitutive laws appropriate for elastic–plastic deformation up to peak load of low porosity rocks are presented. Both laws account for mean stress dependence of yield hardening between yield and peak strength and non-associative plastic straining. The two constitutive laws are based on the Mohr–Coulomb and the Mises–Schleicher yield criteria. The yield criteria are matched at axisymmetric compression and the relationships among the constitutive parameters are given. The parameters are then evaluated for two evaporite rocks anhydrite and polyhalite based on axisymmetric compression data. Comparison of predicted stress–strain laws with those measured in the laboratory show that these laws can be used for engineering analysis. 相似文献
2.
Geotechnical experiments show that Lode angle‐dependent constitutive formulations are appropriate to describe the failure of geomaterials. In the present study, we have adopted one such class of failure criteria along with a versatile constitutive relationship to theoretically analyze the effects of Lode angle on localized shear deformation or shear band formation in loose sand for both drained and undrained conditions. We determine the variation in the possible stress states for shear localization due to the introduction of Lode angle by considering the localized deformation as a bifurcation problem. Further, similar bifurcation analysis is performed for the stress states along a specific loading path, namely, plane strain compression at the constitutive level. In addition, the plane strain compression tests have been simulated as a boundary value finite element problem to see how Lode angle affects the post‐localization response. Results show that the inclusion of a Lode angle parameter within the failure criterion has considerable effects on the onset, plastic strain, and propagation of shear localization in loose sand specimens. For drained condition, we notice early inception of shear localization and multiple band formation when the Lode angle‐dependent failure criterion is used. Undrained localization characteristics, however, found to be independent of Lode angle consideration. 相似文献
3.
The paper is concerned with shear localization in the form of a spontaneous shear zone inside a granular material during a plane strain compression test. The influence of an initial void ratio, pressure and a mean grain diameter on the thickness of a shear zone is investigated. A plane strain compression test with dry sand is numerically modelled with a finite element method taking into account a polar hypoplastic constitutive relation which was laid down within a polar (Cosserat) continuum. The relation was obtained through an extension of a non-polar hypoplastic constitutive law according to Gudehus and Bauer by polar quantities: rotations, curvatures, couple stresses and a characteristic length. It can reproduce the essential features of granular bodies during shear localization. The material constants can be easily calibrated. The FE-calculations demonstrate an increase in the thickness of the shear zone with increasing initial void ratio, pressure level and mean grain diameter. Polar effects manifested by the appearance of grain rotations and couple stresses are only significant in the shear zone. A comparison between numerical calculations and experimental results shows a satisfying agreement. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Use of acoustic emissions to investigate localization in high-porosity sandstone subjected to true triaxial stresses 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
Acoustic emissions were used to investigate the evolution of damage and strain localization in Castlegate sandstone specimens subjected to true triaxial states of stress, where the intermediate principal stress ranged from equal to minimum compression to equal to maximum compression. Three failure modes were observed: shear band formation at low mean stresses, compaction localization at intermediate stresses, and no localization at high mean stresses. For shear bands, the onset of localization consistently occurred prior to peak stress, while compaction localization initiated at the beginning of a stress plateau. The band angle (defined as the angle between the band normal and the maximum compression direction) determined by fitting a plane through the localized acoustic emission events corresponded well with the shear band angle expressed on the specimen jacket. As expected, the band angle decreased with increasing mean stress. The theoretically predicted dependence of band angle on deviatoric stress state was not confirmed; however, data scatter due to natural variations in material could obscure such a trend. Each failure mode displayed a unique acoustic emission rate response; therefore, this rate response alone can be used to determine the failure mode and the onset of localization in Castlegate sandstone. 相似文献
5.
煤岩两体模型变形破坏数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用拉格朗日元法,在弹性岩石与弹性-应变软化煤体所构成的平面应变两体模型的上、下端面上不存在水平方向摩擦力条件下,模拟了模型的破坏过程、岩石高度对模型及煤体全程应力-应变曲线、煤体变形速率、煤体破坏模式及剪切应变增量分布的影响。结果表明,当模型的全程应力-应变曲线达到峰值时煤体内部的剪切带图案已经十分明显,在模型的应变硬化阶段,煤体中的应变局部化可视为模型失稳破坏的前兆,随岩石高度的增加,模型应力-应变曲线的软化段变得陡峭,这与单轴压缩条件下的解析解在定性上是一致的;煤体应力-应变曲线的软化段变得平缓,煤体消耗能量的能力增强;弹性阶段煤体的变形速率降低;煤体内部的剪切应变增量增加。煤体应力-应变曲线的软化段的斜率、弹性阶段煤体的变形速率、煤体内部的剪切应变增量及塑性耗散能都受岩石高度的影响,说明了岩石几何尺寸对煤体的影响(煤岩相互作用)是不容忽视的。 相似文献
6.
INTRODUCTIONThe mechanical responses of soils are more com-plicated compared with metals.By comparing thephysical and mechanical properties of the metals withsoils,Lade(1988)found that there are17differentpoints between the metals and soils,which differfrom metals inthree basic mechanical characteristics:pressure sensitivity,dilatancy,and dependence ofstress path.Wang(2004)proposed a principle of theinteraction between plastic volume and shear strains,that is,there are two relatively inde… 相似文献
7.
土体应变局部化现象的理论解析 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
引起土体失稳的应变局部化现象是在特定应力状态下,土体本构产生的分叉特性。基于有限变形理论推导了应变局部化产生的三维解析解。基于应变局部化的理论解析,分析了轴对称和平面应变条件下应变局部化现象在弹塑性硬化阶段的存在性以及剪切带的方向性。 理论分析表明,在轴对称条件下,土体应变局部化产生于土体应力-应变的软化阶段,而平面应变条件下,土体应变局部化一般出现在应力-应变的硬化阶段,其剪切带方向角的理论预测与Arthur等[1]建议值较为一致。 相似文献
8.
不同应力路径下剪切带的数值模拟 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
采用回映应力更新算法,编写了基于伏斯列夫面的超固结黏土本构关系模型子程序,嵌入非线性有限元软件ABAQUS。通过对单元试验进行三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变等问题的模型预测,再现了超固结黏土在不同初始超固结比和应力路径时的变形和强度特性,从而验证了子程序的正确性。借助该本构模型,对三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变应力路径下超固结黏土体变形局部化问题,进行了三维数值模拟。分析结果表明：超固结黏土在三轴压缩及伸长状态时,土体变形局部化在应力-应变关系软化时出现,而平面应变状态时,在应力-应变关系硬化阶段出现,其超固结黏土的剪胀特性在剪切带的形成过程中起重要作用。 相似文献
9.
泊松比对岩样破坏模式及全部变形特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用编写的计算岩样全部变形特征的FISH函数, 采用FLAC模拟了泊松比不同时单缺陷岩石试样的破坏及全部变形特征。在峰前及峰后, 本构模型分别取为线弹性模型及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。高泊松比使岩样发生由单一剪切破坏向复杂破坏转变、破坏区域的面积增加、剪切带倾角降低, Coulomb、Roscoe及Arthur理论对此无法解释。不同泊松比时计算得到的峰前应力-轴向应变曲线、应力-侧向应变曲线、侧向应变-轴向应变曲线、体积应变-轴向应变曲线的线性阶段与平面应变压缩条件下的线弹性解吻合。若泊松比超过1/3, 通过计算得到的平面应变压缩泊松比可大于0.5, 这被数值模拟确认。泊松比的增加使峰后的侧向应变-轴向应变曲线、体积应变-轴向应变曲线、计算得到的泊松比-轴向应变曲线变得不陡峭, 使峰后的应力-侧向应变曲线变得陡峭, 使破坏的前兆变得不明显。 相似文献
10.
The purpose of the present paper is to clarify the effects of permeability and initial heterogeneity on the strain localization of fluid‐saturated cohesive soil modelled by a strain gradient‐dependent poro‐viscoplastic constitutive model. The effects of permeability and gradient parameters on the growth rate of the fluctuation were obtained by a linear instability analysis. Deformation behaviour of clay specimens modelled as a viscoplastic model with a second order strain gradient during shear was numerically analysed by a soil–water coupled FEM under both globally undrained and partially drained conditions. It was found that the deformation pattern and the stress–strain curve greatly depend on the permeability, the drainage conditions and the initial non‐homogeneous properties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
12.
The bifurcation and instability conditions in geomechanics are closely related to the elasto‐plastic behaviour. In this paper the potential of a multimechanism elasto‐plastic model to predict various modes of failure is examined. First, a brief overview for the essential aspects of the constitutive model and the development of the elasto‐plastic constitutive matrix for this model are presented. Then, numerical simulations of different drained and undrained paths in the axisymmetric and plane‐strain conditions for the Hostun sand are illustrated. These examples confirm the capacity of the model to reproduce instability and strain localization phenomena. The obtained response is in agreement with experimental observations, theoretical developments and numerical analyses existing in the literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(16):1917-1934
Accurate prediction of strength in rocks with distinct bedding planes requires knowledge of the bedding plane orientation relative to the load direction. Thermal softening adds complexity to the problem since it is known to have significant influence on the strength and strain localization properties of rocks. In this paper, we use a recently proposed thermoplastic constitutive model appropriate for rocks exhibiting transverse isotropy in both the elastic and plastic responses to predict their strength and strain localization properties. Recognizing that laboratory‐derived strengths can be influenced by material and geometric inhomogeneities of the rock samples, we consider both stress‐point and boundary‐value problem simulations of rock strength behavior. Both plane strain and 3D loading conditions are considered. Results of the simulations of the strength of a natural Tournemire shale and a synthetic transversely isotropic rock suggest that the mechanical model can reproduce the general U‐shaped variation of rock strength with bedding plane orientation quite well. We show that this variation could depend on many factors, including the stress loading condition (plane strain versus 3D), degree of anisotropy, temperature, shear‐induced dilation versus shear‐induced compaction, specimen imperfections, and boundary restraints. 相似文献
14.
Q3黄土在我国西北地区分布广泛,且大部分都具有显著的结构性。随着国家“一带一路”倡议的不断向前推进,作为丝路沿线的西北黄土分布地区将迎来新的建设大潮。黄土的结构变形特性非常复杂,深入研究黄土在压缩、剪切条件下的结构损伤变形特性,并依此构建黄土的本构关系在理论研究及现场工程应用中具有非常重要的意义。通过对黄土进行均等压缩试验及三轴剪切试验,基于损伤力学思想,提出黄土结构在均等压缩条件下的平均正应力损伤比,在剪切条件下的平均正应力损伤比及偏应力损伤比。根据弹性、塑性应变确定塑性势线,进而确定其屈服函数;将确定的黄土结构损伤比引入到屈服函数中,得到一定结构损伤时黄土的屈服函数表达式;验证了选取塑性体应变作为本构模型硬化参量的合理性;根据硬化参量与相关试验参数的联系,推导出结构性黄土在压剪条件下的损伤本构模型。经过实测应力-应变曲线与本构模型推算得到的应力-应变曲线对比可知,所建立的本构模型可以较好地反映黄土在压剪条件下结构损伤演化变形过程,具有较好的工程应用前景。 相似文献
15.
This paper deals with FE investigations of shear localization in dilatant granular bodies. The calculations were carried out with a hypoplastic constitutive law enhanced by micro‐polar terms to properly model the shear zone evolution. The behaviour of an initially medium dense sand specimen with very smooth and very rough horizontal boundaries was analyzed during a plane strain compression test. A stochastic distribution of the initial void ratio was assumed to be spatially correlated. Attention was focused on the non‐coaxiality of the directions of the principal strain increments and principal stresses in the shear zone and on the stress–dilatancy rule. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Numerical modelling of bit–rock fracture mechanisms in percussive drilling with a continuum approach
Timo Saksala 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(13):1483-1505
This paper presents a numerical method for continuum modelling of the dynamic bit–rock interaction process in percussive drilling. The method includes a constitutive model based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model, the isotropic damage concept and a parabolic compression cap. The interaction between the drill bit and rock is modelled using contact mechanics by treating the bit as a rigid body. As the bit–rock interaction in percussive drilling is a transient event, the method is implemented in explicit dynamics FEM. The rock strength heterogeneity is characterized at the mesoscopic level statistically using the Weibull distribution. The bit–rock interaction is simulated under axisymmetric conditions using cylindrical and hemispherical buttons. The choice of the quite complex constitutive model accounting, e.g. for plastic compaction, viscoplastic shear and tensile failure along with induced damage and rate dependency is justified by numerical simulations. Moreover, the quasi‐static and dynamic cases are compared in plane strain simulations. Finally, some results clarifying the discrepancy of opinions found in the literature concerning the side (lateral) crack formation are obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
The paper investigates aspects of the localization analysis of frictional materials. We derive closed formulas and diagrams for the inclination angle of critical discontinuity surfaces which develop in homogeneous compression and biaxial loading tests. The localization analysis is based on a Drucker–Prager‐type elastoplastic hardening model for non‐associated plastic flow at small strains, which we represent in spectral form. For this type of constitutive model, general analytical formulas for the so‐called critical hardening modulus and the inclination angle of critical discontinuity surfaces are derived for the plane strain case. The subsequent treatment then specializes these formulas for the analysis of compression and biaxial loading modes. The key contribution here is a detailed analysis of plane strain deformation modes where the localized failure occurs after subsequent plastic flow. The derived formulas and diagrams can be applied to the checking of an accompanying localization analysis of frictional materials in finite‐element computations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Since cross-anisotropic sand behaves differently when the loading direction or the stress state changes, the influences of the loading direction and the intermediate principal stress ratio (b = (σ 2 ? σ 3)/(σ 1 ? σ 3)) on the initiation of strain localization need study. According to the loading angle (angle between the major principal stress direction and the normal of bedding plane), a 3D non-coaxial non-associated elasto-plasticity hardening model was proposed by modifying Lode angle formulation of the Mohr–Coulomb yield function and the stress–dilatancy function. By using bifurcation analysis, the model was used to predict the initiation of strain localization under plane strain and true triaxial conditions. The predictions of the plane strain tests show that the major principal strain at the bifurcation points increases with the loading angle, while the stress ratio decreases with the loading angle. According to the loading angle and the intermediate principal stress ratio, the true triaxial tests were analyzed in three sectors. The stress–strain behavior and the volumetric strain in each sector can be well captured by the proposed model. Strain localization occurs in most b value conditions in all three sectors except for those which are close to triaxial compression condition (b = 0). The difference between the peak shear strength corresponding to the strain localization and the ultimate shear strength corresponding to plastic limit becomes obvious when the b value is near 0.4. The influence of bifurcation on the shear strength becomes weak when the loading direction changes from perpendicular to the bedding plane to parallel. The bifurcation analysis based on the proposed model gives out major principal strain and peak shear strength at the initiation of strain localization; the given results are consistent with experiments. 相似文献
19.
The influence of the plastic potential on plane strain failure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The influence of the shape of the plastic potential in the deviatoric plane on plane strain collapse is investigated. The most commonly employed elastic‐perfect plastic models are considered, which adopt well‐known failure criteria for defining the yield and plastic potential surfaces, namely the von Mises, the Drucker–Prager, the Tresca, the Mohr–Coulomb and the Matsuoka–Nakai criteria. Finally, the conclusions are also extended to strain hardening/softening models. For simple constitutive models based on perfect plasticity, it is shown that the value of the Lode's angle at plastic collapse in plane strain conditions strongly depends on the specific failure surface adopted for reproducing the plastic potential surface. If the value of the Lode's angle at yield coincides with the failure value prescribed by the plastic potential, the stress–strain curves exhibit the typical perfect plastic behaviour with yield coinciding with failure, otherwise the stress changes after yield and the stress‐strain curves resemble those of strain hardening/softening models. The infinite strength which is in some situations exhibited by the Drucker–Prager model in plane strain condition is investigated and explained, and it is shown that this can also affect strain hardening/softening models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
为了研究非饱和黄土在有效应力空间的屈服特性,利用真三轴仪对非饱和原状黄土进行了不排水等向净应力压缩固结和不同中主应力参数b值的剪切试验,研究了真三轴压缩条件下非饱和黄土的有效应力屈服变化规律。研究结果表明：有效应力比随着中主应力或净围压的增大而减小,中主应力的增大作用对有效球应力的影响大于广义剪应力;由有效应力比?体应变关系曲线确定的剪缩屈服曲线在有效应力空间具有良好的规律性,屈服点的有效屈服应力随着中主应力和初始吸力的增大而增大;π平面上的有效应力屈服强度面和强度破坏面与SMP强度准则稳合较好,有效球应力和初始吸力越大,屈服强度面和强度破坏面越大。提出了真三轴条件下弹性剪应变和塑性剪应变的计算公式,通过分析有效应力与塑性应变关系得出有效应力空间中不同子午平面内的塑性势面呈椭圆形,且随着中主应力的增大,椭圆屈服面增大。 相似文献