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1.
圣彼得堡土地利用格局现状特征及形成机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以圣彼得堡市为例,依据1948、1987和2016年土地利用数据计算居住、工业和商业用地的区位熵值并分析其变化,基于统计小区、圈层式及扇形分布3个视角,运用GIS分析计划与市场经济影响下的城市用地空间分布特征。研究结果表明,居住、工业和商业用地的空间分布规律不同：① 3类用地在城市整体空间分布中均表现出一定的分散特征,其中,居住用地空间分布表现最为分散,工业用地呈现出分区域性布局特征,相比而言商业用地空间聚集程度最高;② 商业用地在核心圈层处于主导地位,工业用地在老城区圈层为主导地位,居住用地在近郊区圈层为主导地位,远郊区圈层仍处于初步发展阶段,城市景观发展尚未成熟;③ 对比圈层式和象限式结构各类用地区位熵值分布结果,提出圣彼得堡市3类用地空间分布扇形结构特征明显,说明沿主要交通线路是现代城市用地空间扩展主要方式,其中工业用地在城市空间分布中占据更为有利的交通区位优势,居住用地次之,商业用地在城市中心区域中分布不足。圣彼得堡城市用地空间分布形成主要机制总结为以下5个方面：前苏联时期城市用地空间结构主要框架的保持;行政区划调整为城市用地结构改善提供了路径;市场经济下住房体制改革推进了城市居住郊区化;土地市场对土地功能置换进程作用较弱;产业转型缓慢导致老城区仍主要为生产中心。 相似文献
2.
城市不断膨胀使其在面对城市内涝、地震、危险事故、雾霾等危害时显现了更多的脆弱性,使得城市安全问题越来越受到广泛关注和重视,随之以安全城市为目标的城市规划与城市研究逐渐兴起。本文基于土地利用数据、人口统计数据、交通网络数据和避难绿地数据,运用景观格局指数、多尺度分析、城市网络分析工具、邻域法等方法,在ArcGIS10.2和Fragstats （ver 4.2.1）软件平台上进行空间分析,然后在以上计算结果基础上建立城市安全相似性模型对圣彼得堡和大连市景观格局视角下城市安全环境的相似性进行评价,结果显示：圣彼得堡市和大连市人口密度景观格局表现为相似,土地利用景观格局较为相似,交通网络景观格局较不相似, 避难绿地景观格局最不相似;相比而言,圣彼得堡在交通效率和避难绿地整体可达性两方面显示出优势,而大连则在“工业-居住-绿地”三大功能用地空间布局以及人口与交通网络中心性两个方面显示出优势;大连今后城市安全空间建设应注重提升交通效率和避难绿地整体可达性,以提升城市安全性。 相似文献
3.
Megan Dixon 《Urban geography》2013,34(3):353-375
Abstract The courtyard is a space that existed before, during, and now after the Soviet period in Russian urban history. Noting the change in the courtyard's formerly hegemonic position on daily trajectories illustrates both Harvey's and Lefebvre's suggestions for uncovering the way that spaces articulate social values. A particularly revealing case study occurs in the struggle over including courtyards in a Chinese developer's project for a new multi-use district outside St. Petersburg. A brief history of the courtyard in Soviet planning allows subsequent analysis of the ways in which the city administration, the Chinese design team, and Russian planners deployed the courtyard as a spatial code for social meaning in design discussions. Examining the change in function and conceptualization of the courtyard shows how different groups in post-Soviet Russia seek to retain or redeploy concepts of the “collective” as they attempt to remake St. Petersburg as a successful “world” city. 相似文献
4.
5.
Jonathan Pugh 《Area》2005,37(4):384-392
In this paper I seek to highlight some differences between elite systems of participatory planning, on the one hand, and class-driven social transformation in St Lucia, on the other. In doing so, I refer to two periods in time in St Lucia's history. The first is between 1840 and 1957, when the agricultural system of metayage dominated. This example will be used to illustrate a period of time when social transformation was driven by the peasant classes, acting against the power of the plantocracy, giving the peasant class greater control over the means of agricultural production and land. The second period of time I focus upon is the post-independence period, after 1979, when participatory planning techniques are used by a narrow group of environmentalist elites in order to attempt to implement their vision for sustainable development. The difference illustrates the substantial material and social aspirations within the population, on the one hand, and the narrow concerns of a group of elites on the other. 相似文献
6.
在“一带一路”与“中蒙俄经济走廊”倡议的背景下,利用人口增减变化率、人口重心、人口密度变化率、人口地理集中度、人口商度等研究21世纪以来俄罗斯的人口增长与空间分布格局变化。结果表明：（1）21世纪以来,俄罗斯人口经历了先降后增的变化过程;中央区的人口显著上升,伏尔加、西伯利亚与远东区均呈下降趋势;莫斯科、圣彼得堡、乌拉尔区、北高加索区南端的联邦主体人口快速增加,西伯利亚区多数联邦主体人口缓慢增加,远东东部、莫斯科外围地域、伏尔加区多数联邦主体的人口缓慢减少,西北区北端联邦主体的人口急剧减少。（2）俄人口空间分布格局变化主要受地区间人口迁移流动的影响。空间上,俄人口重心不断朝西北向迁移,莫斯科市与圣彼得堡市的人口密度快速增加,远东与东西伯利亚区的人口密度缓慢降低,强化了俄人口分界线——“圣彼得堡-图瓦线”。以“圣图线”为界,俄“西密东疏”“欧洲密、亚洲疏”的格局短期不会改变,整体呈“一横、四纵、两团”及若干区域人口集团的空间结构。 相似文献
7.
The importance of the landscape surrounding a protected area for sustaining its values is frequently discussed in conservation literature. Studies on the interactions of urbanisation and nature conservation at the global scale suggest that protected nature attracts urbanisation, and that this in turn might negatively impact the area. However, studies specifically addressing such land use dynamics at city scale are largely missing. In this study we examine the change in proportion of built up area in two zones (500 m and 1000 m) surrounding 15 urban nature reserves in southern Sweden. By using comprehensive maps from the last 50 years, we compared the zones to the overall urbanisation in the cities to reveal discrepancies in land use surrounding the nature reserves. We found that the amount of built up area in the buffer zones surrounding nature reserves followed the same trend as the corresponding cities and this relation was stable over time, although the positive relationship was not significant. The establishment of nature reserves had no detectable effect on surrounding land use, however two distinguished groups of reserves were identified with either more or less built up area in buffers zones compared to cities. These differences were related to specific local drivers such as land ownership, land use history and nature reserve location. In contrast to earlier studies at global scale, our study did not show that nature reserves attract urbanisation. Instead, we stress that the great variety of contextual factors at the city scale makes quantitative analysis of this kind extremely difficult. However, a general neglect from planning and nature conservation agencies to recognise nature reserves’ dependence on the surrounding landscape configuration could be detrimental to sustain their values in the long-term. Hence we suggest that zones surrounding nature-protected areas should be planned and managed according to local land use history and current landscape conditions to enable and enhance necessary cross-boundary interactions. 相似文献
8.
城市化的快速推进和市场经济的迅速发展使得资本循环周期缩短,城市空间的过度开发为资本积累再生产提供了场所,导致城市空间蔓延式增长的矛盾突出。在新型城镇化的背景下,增量主义的城乡发展已不再适应当前的社会环境,中国城乡转型发展迫在眉睫。以新马克思主义资本循环理论为切入点,分析了城乡发展与资本的逻辑关系。首先探究资本循环理论在中国城乡转型背景下的适用性,运用该理论剖析中国城乡转型发展的作用机制;然后从当前面临的各类空间矛盾出发,探讨在新型城镇化过程中政府、规划师、公众三方主体的角色变化,力求引发相关主体对城乡规划转型中的规划思路、管理方式以及制度的思考;最后提出以空间正义为核心,使中国城乡转型发展逐步走向社会公平的价值体系,推动城乡社会空间的相对公正发展。 相似文献
9.
Breeding biology, nestling growth and development, and biometry of the little auk Alle alle polaris were studied in Franz Josef Land. A total of 103 adult birds were measured, 60 in the field and 43 in the St. Petersburg Museum. The development of 16 chicks was compared with that of Alle a. alle chicks from Spitsbergen. At particular stages of development, both adults and nestlings of A. a. polaris are larger than those of A. a. alle .
In Franz Josef Land the breeding season is more extended and less synchronised than that of Svalbard. The majority of the little auks in the studied colonies in Franz Josef Land nested on steep rocky cliffs, possibly as an adaptation to the severe climatic conditions and heavy mammalian predation in subcolonies located on accessible mountain slopes. Glaucous gulls Larus hyperboreus exerted negligible predatory pressure. This study confirms the existence of morphologically distinguishable populations of the little auk on Franz Josef Land and Svalbard, supported by recent studies of climatic and oceanographic conditions in the two areas that parallel the morphological differentiation. 相似文献
In Franz Josef Land the breeding season is more extended and less synchronised than that of Svalbard. The majority of the little auks in the studied colonies in Franz Josef Land nested on steep rocky cliffs, possibly as an adaptation to the severe climatic conditions and heavy mammalian predation in subcolonies located on accessible mountain slopes. Glaucous gulls Larus hyperboreus exerted negligible predatory pressure. This study confirms the existence of morphologically distinguishable populations of the little auk on Franz Josef Land and Svalbard, supported by recent studies of climatic and oceanographic conditions in the two areas that parallel the morphological differentiation. 相似文献
10.
We examine the approach to studying and forecasting promising markets of rational nature management. The relationships between higher educational institutions—centers of scientific research competences with other organizations are determined. It is found that the flow of knowledge from universities must generate stable regional networks (innovation clusters) to concentrate a significant part of markets. It is established that the most advanced innovation clusters emerged in regions with centers of potential interregional clusters in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Tomsk as well as in Perm krai and Tyumen, Belgorod and Kaliningrad oblasts. Largely on the basis of data on funding of state programs, we estimated the total potential volume of the market until 2020. For estimating the proportion of the regions in it, it is suggested that it will be higher if the organizations of relevant regional cluster show a higher publication and patent activity with a large number of interactions. Moscow will concentrate more than 20% and St. Petersburg about 10% of the market of rational environmental management. The total volume of national products and services will make up from 0.2 to 2% of the world market of the sphere under investigation by the year 2020; therefore, it is necessary to enhance the interactions of innovation organizations within the framework of cluster initiatives. But the main problem involves the absence of international cooperation. In fact, these efforts constitute one of the first attempts to study the sector associated with applied research of Earth sciences in Russia. 相似文献
11.
北京城市街区尺度对居民交通评价的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
居民交通出行质量是影响城市宜居性和可持续发展的重大问题,国内越来越多的地理和规划学者开始关注城市建成环境对交通出行方式的影响,尤其是街区尺度成为相关政策的重点,但细化讨论建成环境对居民交通感知的研究尚不多见。本文以北京为例,结合街区尺度等建成环境客观数据与居民交通评价调查主观数据,采用有序多分类逻辑模型探讨街区尺度特征对居民主观交通便捷性评价和交通安全性评价的影响。研究表明：小街区的模式下交叉路口多,易于设置公交站点,有利于提高居民交通便捷性评价,并且避免了大马路带来的交通隐患,对居民的交通安全性评价也有提升作用;容积率、区位、公交站点等对交通评价具有促进作用。最后分析表明,交通评价还与居民自身属性有关,交通建设需充分考虑不同居民的需求及其分布特征。本文的结论可为推行街区制提供理论支持。 相似文献
12.
Xia Li Anthony Gar-On Yeh 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):131-152
Cellular Automata (CA) have attracted growing attention in urban simulation because their capability in spatial modelling is not fully developed in GIS. This paper discusses how cellular automata (CA) can be extended and integrated with GIS to help planners to search for better urban forms for sustainable development. The cellular automata model is built within a grid-GIS system to facilitate easy access to GIS databases for constructing the constraints. The essence of the model is that constraint space is used to regulate cellular space. Local, regional and global constraints play important roles in affecting modelling results. In addition, 'grey' cells are defined to represent the degrees or percentages of urban land development during the iterations of modelling for more accurate results. The model can be easily controlled by the parameter k using a power transformation function for calculating the constraint scores. It can be used as a useful planning tool to test the effects of different urban development scenarios. 相似文献
13.
旅游厕所作为旅游活动中不可缺少的基本要素,既是一个民族的文明窗口,更是一个国家和地区综合实力的体现,已成为当前生态文明建设背景下中国旅游发展过程中亟待解决的重要课题。本文以苏州市为例,构建了旅游厕所满意度影响因素结构方程模型,基于游客满意度,深入分析旅游厕所建设影响因素,并提出旅游厕所创新发展机制。主要结论为：①规划布局、基本功能、细节设计、厕所文化、环保特征和管理工作与满意度之间存在正向关系,如厕教育与满意度之间存在负向关系;②影响旅游厕所建设主要表现在7个维度,其中规划布局对旅游厕所建设影响最大,其次是管理工作和基本功能,而环保特征对旅游厕所建设影响最小;③构建了集供需层、理念层、规划层和目标层于一体的旅游厕所创新发展机制,以期促进旅游厕所科学合理发展,为建设生态文明社会提供有益参考。 相似文献
14.
采用"Bottom-up"方法和景观适宜性评价模型,从景观适宜性评价、湿地保护与开发的历史特点、物种栖息地保护的要求、有利于保护的生境转变方式等方面综合考虑,设计并模拟了盐城滨海湿地开发与保护的三种情景方案,从生态经济价值、成本效益分析、湿地保护与开发意愿等方面探讨协调保护与开发的湿地资源利用情景方案评价与比较。研究结果表明,以综合效益指标为情景方案比较标准时,保护情景方案为最优选择,但只实现了保护目标;以湿地保护与开发意愿指数为标准时,均衡情景方案为最优选择,且能较好地协调湿地开发与保护矛盾。 相似文献
15.
Robert Freestone 《The Australian geographer》1991,22(2):147-160
The Maltings at Mittagong in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales is a disused industrial site offering a challenging opportunity for adaptive re‐use. The complex operated between 1899 and 1980. Over the last decade there have been proposals to rehabilitate the buildings for new uses, but economic circumstances have intervened. This paper has several sets of objectives. The first is to provide an outline history of The Maltings, establish its place in the context of the general history of brewing and malting in NSW, and document the physical evolution of the site. The second, taking the discussion into the applied realm, is to explore the environmental heritage value of the complex, distilled in a concise statement of significance. The third objective is to illustrate how the process of historical research and heritage assessment can help identify general conservation principles which should be observed in any future development of the site. The paper provides a case study of the application of historical‐geographical research to broader objectives of heritage assessment and conservation planning. 相似文献
16.
海南自由贸易试验区与自由贸易港规划建设不仅是海南发展的需要,也是中国深化改革,扩大开放,实现经济转型以及应对国际竞争与挑战的重要措施与战略部署。相关研究就海南自由贸易试验区建设的必要性、可行性、模式与实施对策进行了初步分析。为构建自由贸易区的学术研究体系,完善海南自由贸易港规划建设的理论与实践,集中几位长期从事相关研究的地理、经济与规划学者,就海南自由贸易港的类型与功能、产业发展、空间结构、政策与监管以及风险防控等方面进行探讨,以期引起决策者与学术界的深入研究与探讨。 相似文献
17.
在城市历史街区经济发展与空间演变的过程中,文化创意产业的进入为城市更新与历史街区的转型提供了新思路。研究使用定性系统动力学方法,通过质性数据构建因果循环图,对珠海北山社区的空间再生产过程进行分析,最终得到由5个正反馈回路与1个负反馈回路构成的空间生产动力机制,并得出以下结论：① 政府对城中村的规划改造与居民的空间让渡是北山空间再生产的开端;② 文化企业家的进入创造了新的空间主体与社会关系,对历史建筑空间进行了更新与再利用,打造了新兴文化创意空间;③ 游客的多元化旅游感知与媒体传播对北山进行了信息再生产;④ 空间主体的多元化构建了北山多重属性相互交融的空间,复杂并趋于稳定,各个利益主体在博弈与妥协中达到相对平衡。在回路分析的基础上,研究将“资本三重循环”理论与系统动力学模型相结合对北山社区的空间再生产机制进行了深入探讨。本研究为历史街区的发展转型机制提供具有系统预见性的新工具,并为新型城镇化建设的发展建设提供参考。 相似文献
18.
中国农村转型与耕地保护机制 总被引：122，自引：10，他引：122
我国农村和城市的发展都处在转型时期，对土地的需求将进一步扩展，而开发边际土地的余地已经有限，未来耕地食物安全的形势将更趋势严峻，因而保护耕地成为我国的基本国策，但实际上由于缺乏保护机制，耕地仍在继续向效益更高的其它土地用途转移，因此，保护耕地的根本大计在于建立机制，保护耕地的经济机制是提高农业的比较经济效益，耕地生态服务功能的价值实现至关重要，在政策管理机制方面，要强化政府在耕地保护中的作用，规范土地管理行为，明确独立于市场的政府土地管理目标，并以法律形式固定的规划作为实现目标的手段，城市发展要加强内涵集约度。 相似文献
19.
Leigh Miller 《The Australian geographer》1995,26(2):104-111
The core questions pertaining to contract farming or ‘vertical co‐ordination’ relate to the ownership of decision‐making. Where decision‐making is partly removed from farmers there arise issues of sustainability which are inadequately addressed by current practice. A mail questionnaire conducted in North‐west Tasmania in 1990–91 obtained responses from 310 farmers, a 68 per cent return rate from the 456 valid cases initially identified. At the time of the survey, 119 respondents were involved in contract cropping, and a majority of these responses indicated a need for greater co‐ordination in farm planning. This co‐ordination requires a re‐think of the roles of both agribusiness firms and farmer organisations, as well as acceptance by farmers that long‐term planning for crop rotation and soil management has associated self‐benefit. Responsibility for soil erosion is seen to lie partly at the feet of processing firms which relegate production tasks to farmers under contract, but frequently appear to ignore the impact of short‐term planning horizons upon farmer capacity to manage soils for erosion minimisation. With few exceptions, such as the processor firm specialising in the perennial crop pyrethrum and one onion processor that encourages soil conservation, in North‐west Tasmania processing firms generally play no part in planning for sustainable land use. 相似文献
20.
北极海冰消融情景下东北航道通航性能演变分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
全球气候增暖,导致北极海冰消融加速,冰上丝绸之路的开通逐渐提上日程。本文针对2030—2070年俄罗斯8个重要港口通过东北航道到达白令海峡的通航性能,采用6种CMIP5气候模式在2种排放情景下的海冰数据,以及PC6破冰船和普通商船2种船型,分别对最优航线、通航时长、可通航里程以及通航成本4项要素进行研究。主要结论为：① 随着时间变化,各条最优通航线路逐渐集中有序,普通商船的通航能力显著提高,到2070年拥有和PC6近似相等的通航能力;② 俄港口到白令海峡间的运输时长每过10 a下降14 h,其中圣彼得堡港运输时长下降最为显著。到2070年,俄港口与白令海峡的经度差每增加1°,该港口的运输时长下降0.4 h;③ 未来50 a,东北航道可通航里程平均每隔10 a增加166 km,其中圣彼得堡港可通航里程的变化模式和平均变化模式最为相近;④ 从北冰洋港口出发的航线通航成本每10 a下降1万美元,商船在高浓度排放情景下总通航成本的下降幅度最明显。结合海冰变化情况,俄中西部港口具有巨大的资源运输潜力。本文量化并评估了东北航道在未来海冰消融情景下的通航性能演变态势,为东北航道通航以及北极港口贸易情况提供了理论和数据支撑。 相似文献