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1.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
乌兰哈达第四纪火山群位于内蒙古中部、华北克拉通北缘,大体上处于大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带与华北克拉通—中亚造山带界线交汇区域,行政区划上属于乌兰察布市察哈尔右翼后旗。该火山群周围发育大量的新生代地堑盆地、活动强烈的断层以及广泛分布的火山岩。火山群西侧是新生代河套断陷盆地,东侧是上新世—第四纪商都盆地。区域内EW向断层与NNE向断层第四纪以来活动明显。火山群周围有大面积分布的晚渐新世—第四纪形成的集宁玄武岩(汉诺坝玄武岩)。长期以来,乌兰哈达火山群被归入集宁玄武岩;近年来,这一火山群中陆续发现晚更新世—全新世火山活动的证据,逐渐成为火山研究的热点。乌兰哈达火山群由8座火山组成,即红山、火烧山、那明山、北炼丹炉、中炼丹炉、南炼丹炉、黑脑包和北尖山。这些火山大多具有多个火山口和锥体,共由20个火山锥组成,其中包括17个火山渣锥,3个熔岩锥。12个火山渣锥底部直径为60~160 m,另外5个渣锥底部直径为300~680 m,熔岩锥底部直径为70~90 m。这些火山锥形成NE和NWW两个线性排列。初步的火山岩K-Ar测年研究表明,红山、火烧山和黑脑包3个火山形成于0.22~0.36 Ma,属中更新世晚期。其他火山的风化程度明显较弱,尤其是北炼丹炉、中炼丹炉、南炼丹炉和北尖山,这4座火山保存着较为完整的锥体,熔岩流表面裸露,喷气锥、绳状熔岩、结壳熔岩这些熔岩流动过程中形成的独特地质景观得以保留,表明它们形成时代较晚,推测火山喷发时代在晚更新世—全新世。由此推断乌兰哈达火山群有早晚两期火山活动:中更新世晚期火山活动主要发生在NWW走向的乌兰哈达—高勿素深断裂附近,火山喷发规模较小,喷出熔岩也相对较少;而晚更新世—全新世喷发的火山主要在NE走向的线性排列上,这一规律连同新发现的NE向的喷发裂隙支持在这一方向上存在断裂构造。基于以上认识,我们提出,区域上NE向的主压应力作用在NWW走向的乌兰哈达—高勿素深断裂上,使其形成左旋逆走滑,并衍生出NE走向的张裂,这些NWW走滑断裂与NE张裂一起控制了乌兰哈达第四纪晚期火山活动的时空分布。 相似文献
2.
《华南地质与矿产》2017,(4)
长株潭地区第四纪断裂发育,但与其相关的研究工作非常薄弱。本文根据野外观测资料和第四纪沉积等厚图,结合前人已有资料,对长沙—湘潭一带第四纪断裂发育特征进行了归纳总结,初步厘定了第四纪断裂活动期次,探讨了断裂活动的时代和构造背景。区内第四纪规模断裂以NE向为主,次为NNE向和NW向,个别EW向~NWW向;不同走向断裂均可为正断裂或逆断裂;部分断裂为晚更新世以来仍有活动的活动断裂。湘潭九华奔驰路开挖剖面上产状陡倾的小断裂发育,并可分为NW向左行走滑断裂、NE向右行走滑断裂、EW向左行走滑断裂以及NNE向正断裂等4组。根据奔驰路小断裂的活动期次,结合规模断裂的发育特征和区域构造背景,初步总结提出长沙—湘潭地区第四纪断裂活动可分为4期:第一期为NE向、NNE向、NW向、EW向的规模正断裂和小型正断裂,形成于早更新世—中更新世中期的区域伸展构造环境;第二期为NE向~NNE向规模逆断裂,形成于中更新世晚期区域NW向挤压应力;第三期为奔驰路NW向左行走滑与NE向右行走滑小断裂,形成于中更新世末—晚更新世区域EW向挤压应力;第四期为NW向逆断裂及奔驰路EW向左行走滑小断裂,形成于晚更新世—全新世区域NE向挤压。上述第一期断裂可能与地幔上隆背景下深部物质迁出导致洞庭盆地及周缘产生伸展断陷有关;后3期断裂可能分别与菲律滨板块、青藏块体、印度—澳大利亚板块的挤压有关。本文研究反映出区域第四纪构造变形特征、构造体制及动力机制的复杂性。 相似文献
3.
湘潭市九华开发区奔驰路北侧有1条长约130 m的EW向人工开挖倾斜剖面,剖面下部为白垩纪戴家坪组紫红色细砾岩,上部为第四纪白沙井组砾石层和网纹红土。通过对该剖面进行详细的野外地质调查,发现剖面发育24条第四纪小断裂。这些断裂产状陡立,断面倾角一般为70°～88°; 根据走向和性质可分为NW向左行平移断裂、NE向右行平移断裂、EW向左行平移断裂和NNE向正断裂等4组。根据交切关系,这些断裂可分为3期:第一期为NNE向正断裂,第二期为NW向左行平移与NE向右行平移断裂,第三期为EW向左行平移断裂。根据切割地层时代并结合区域地质背景,认为第一期NNE向正断裂大体形成于中更新世中期,构造环境为区域伸展,可能与第四纪洞庭盆地及周缘伸展断陷有关; 第二期NW向左行平移断裂和NE向右行平移断裂形成于区域EW向主压应力场,形成时代为中更新世—晚更新世,可能与青藏块体向东挤压产生的应力远程传导有关; 第三期EW向左行平移断裂形成于区域NE向主压应力场,形成时代为晚更新世—全新世,可能与印度—澳大利亚板块向NE的挤压有关。奔驰路小断裂研究揭示了区域第四纪构造变形特征、构造体制及动力机制的复杂性。 相似文献
4.
靖州盆地是位于雪峰构造带南段的一个NE向晚三叠世-中侏罗世小型陆相盆地。作者对盆地周缘上古生界及盆地侏罗系中不同产状与运动性质的小型断裂和节理进行了大量观察研究,据此识别出近SN向挤压、NNE向挤压、NEE向挤压、近EW向挤压、NW向挤压、NW向伸展等应力事件。根据断裂构造赋存层位和部分断裂显示的次序,结合靖州盆地构造特征及区域构造演化背景,初步厘定了研究区中生代以来构造体制演化过程:中三叠世晚期印支运动中区域NW向挤压;晚三叠世-早侏罗世区域近SN向挤压;中侏罗世早、中期区域NW向挤压;中侏罗世晚期因区域NE-NNE向溆浦-靖州断裂左行走滑而具SN向挤压;白垩纪因区域NE向挤压而形成NW向伸展;晚白垩世晚期-古新世溆浦-靖州断裂右行走滑派生NEE向挤压;始新世-渐新世区域近EW向挤压;新近纪区域NNE向挤压。 相似文献
5.
中国东北地区新生代火山活动构造控制及火山灾害 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
东北地区的新生代火山、火山岩主要沿北东向、北北东向断裂带,其次沿北西向断裂等分布,这是由东北地区所处的区域大地构造环境所决定的。４２．４Ｍａ以后,太平洋板块运动方向由ＮＮＷ转为ＮＷＷ,这与我们研究的断裂带内,由断裂、节理求得的主压应力方位转化是吻合的。在伊通—依兰断裂带内,前第三纪主压应力σ１平均方位ＳＥ１２２°,第三纪以后,主压应力σ１方位转为９８°。因此,新生代特别是渐新世以后,在近东西向最大水平挤压应力作用下,使得东北地区已存在的北东向、北北东向断裂发生右旋扭动,在右旋扭动过程中将这些断裂拉开,逐渐演化为走滑拉伸裂陷盆地或裂谷盆地,同时为岩浆上升提供了通道。由于太平洋板块对欧亚大陆俯冲,东北地区４个活火山群（即长白山火山群、五大连池火山群、龙岗火山群和镜泊湖火山群）中的活火山都有再次爆发、造成灾害的危险 相似文献
6.
走滑拉分作用与相山产铀火山盆地的就位 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
相山火山盆地是我国著名的产铀火山盆地。本文依据相山盆地深部地质研究成果以及大陆动力学理论，探讨了相山产铀火山盆地的就位机制。研究表明，相山火山盆地火山活动划分为两个旋回，其就位受制于区域深断裂的走滑拉分作用。即第一旋回的火山机构就位于NE向深断裂右旋走滑复活产生的EW向拉分构造，形成了东西向展布的裂隙式火山喷溢带；第二旋回的火山机构就位于NE向深断裂左旋走滑复活产生的SN向拉分构造与EW向基底断裂的结点，产生了中心式火山岩浆喷溢侵出。此外，还探讨了富大铀矿的形成机制。 相似文献
7.
大兴安岭呼中火山岩区中生代古构造应力场初探 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
大兴安岭火山岩带北段呼中火山岩区,在中-晚侏罗世时期,最大主压应力轴方向为NW266°~316°,早白垩世最大主压应力轴为NE12°~50°,显示侏罗纪与白垩纪应力场的应力状态是截然不同的,但都处于拉张环境下。中-晚侏罗世由于NNE-SSW向的拉伸应力场的作用,在本区北部发生构造岩浆活动,形成了上黑龙江断陷盆地如NWW向展布的劲涛-蒙克山中基性火山喷发带,派生的NEE向张扭性应力使前中生代基底构造重新活动,形成大面积火山喷发。而早白垩世在NE-SW向拉伸应力场作用下,"额尔古纳地块"东部形成拗陷带,火山基底构造为NE-NNE向。 相似文献
8.
相山火山盆地西部SN向构造特征及其形成机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
相山火山盆地西部已探明多个铀矿床,其中产于NE、NW向构造交接而成的菱形断块内的10个矿床均揭见南北向矿带。文章在阐述相山火山盆地铀成矿地质背景的基础上,研究了火山盆地西部SN向构造特征及其含矿性,结合区域应力场分析,认为白垩纪、尤其是早白垩世的NNE向区域主压应力作用,导致NE向构造左旋走滑、NW向构造右旋位移明显,由此形成西部菱形断块构造格局。与此同时,NE、NW向构造的共同走滑作用,使得SN向基底构造复活并贯通至盖层或形成新的SN向构造线。构造表现形式为破碎带或裂隙密集带,其构成了导矿构造的配套构造,成为相山火山盆地西部重要的含矿构造。 相似文献
9.
通过对塔里木盆地巴楚隆起东段地震资料的精细解释,发现研究区发育一系列NE、NEE走向的走滑断裂及逆冲滑脱断裂。主要构造样式有花状构造、平行高陡断裂带、滑脱逆冲叠加走滑断裂等。主要有4期构造活动:加里东中期压扭走滑、海西早期张扭走滑、海西晚期继承压扭走滑、喜山期继承活动。其中,加里东中期Ⅰ幕,开始形成NE走向的撕裂断层-调节断层。加里东中期Ⅲ幕,NE向走滑断裂大规模的沿先存NE向基底薄弱带和NE走向的撕裂断层-调节断层基础上开始发育,同时形成了几组NEE向压扭断裂带。加里东晚期海西早期,沿先存走滑断裂继承发育了一系列负花状走滑断裂。海西晚期、喜山期,部分NE向断裂再次开启继承发育。走滑断裂对碳酸盐岩储集层具强烈的改造作用,具备发育多种圈闭类型的潜力,是油气藏保存和再调整的关键因素。 相似文献
10.
通过对河南省熊耳山地区晚侏罗世-白垩纪构造应力场、同位素测年以及同期的岩浆、热液活动进行了研究,结果表明,在侏罗纪晚期(145～135 Ma),区内构造应力场最大压应力方向为NW向,同期形成了NW走向的五丈山岩体以及NW向展布三人场、黄水庵2个角砾岩带;在白垩纪早期(135～123 Ma),最大压应力为NNW向,同期花山斑状黑云母花岗岩体上侵,并伴有NW向的祁雨沟角砾岩带的形成;其后(123～105 Ma),构造应力场最大压应力方向变为NE向,同期形成了NE向含金石英脉及角砾岩体中金矿体;最后(105～90 Ma),区域构造应力场的最大主压应力方向变为NEE向,同期形成了雷门沟花岗斑岩以及NEE向展布的雷门沟角砾岩带(含钼矿床). 相似文献
11.
松辽盆地晚中生代主要发育了两期大规模的火山活动,形成了火石岭组和营城组火山岩地层。火山活动高峰期分别为150 Ma和110 Ma,其中以营城组火山活动规模较大,持续时间较长,对油气的生成与成藏影响最大。晚中生代火山活动贯穿了火石岭组和沙河子组气源岩的主生烃期,加速了有机质的成熟和演化。火山喷发早于火山岩气藏的主成藏期,为气藏的形成提供了优质的储层和运移通道,有利于气藏的保存。营城组火山岩储层裂缝中充填大量的方解石、石英或岩浆浆屑等后期热液流体,其中粗面岩裂缝中岩浆浆屑的K-Ar全岩年龄为72.98 Ma,该期热液活动对火山岩储层的后期改造、天然气的运移及CO_2气藏的形成等具有重要作用。 相似文献
12.
Toshikazu Ebisuzaki Hiroko Miyahara Ryuho Kataoka Tatsuhiko Sato Yasuhiro Ishimine 《Gondwana Research》2011,19(4):1054-1061
Volcanoes with silica-rich and highly viscous magma tend to produce violent explosive eruptions that result in disasters in local communities and that strongly affect the global environment. We examined the timing of 11 eruptive events that produced silica-rich magma from four volcanoes in Japan (Mt. Fuji, Mt. Usu, Myojin-sho, and Satsuma-Iwo-jima) over the past 306 years (from AD 1700 to AD 2005). Nine of the 11 events occurred during inactive phases of solar magnetic activity (solar minimum), which is well indexed by the group sunspot number. This strong association between eruption timing and the solar minimum is statistically significant to a confidence level of 96.7%. This relationship is not observed for eruptions from volcanoes with relatively silica-poor magma, such as Izu-Ohshima. It is well known that the cosmic-ray flux is negatively correlated with solar magnetic activity, as the strong magnetic field in the solar wind repels charged particles such as galactic cosmic rays that originate from outside of the solar system. The strong negative correlation observed between the timing of silica-rich eruptions and solar activity can be explained by variations in cosmic-ray flux arising from solar modulation. Because silica-rich magma has relatively high surface tension (~ 0.1 Nm?1), the homogeneous nucleation rate is so low that such magma exists in a highly supersaturated state without considerable exsolution, even when located relatively close to the surface, within the penetration range of cosmic-ray muons (1–10 GeV). These muons can contribute to nucleation in supersaturated magma, as documented by many authors studying a bubble chamber, via ionization loss. This radiation-induced nucleation can lead to the pre-eruptive exsolution of H2O in the silica-rich magma. We note the possibility that the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption was triggered by the same mechanism: an increase in cosmic-ray flux triggered by Typhoon Yunya, as a decrease in atmospheric pressure results in an increase in cosmic-ray flux. We also speculate that the snowball Earth event was triggered by successive large-scale volcanic eruptions triggered by increased cosmic-ray flux due to nearby supernova explosions. 相似文献
13.
Izumi Yokoyama 《Tectonophysics》1974,23(4):349-360
Two models of pressure source to interpret the crustal deformations associated with volcanic activities are discussed by example. It is pointed that the magma pressure causing the crust to be deformed may sometimes trigger remarkable tectonic earthquakes around volcanoes. 相似文献
14.
Palaeomagnetic results are presented for two young volcanoes in southeastern Australia. Directions for the basalt and lava spatter, erupted near the beginning and end of activity at Mt Gambier respectively, are identical and suggest there was no long break in activity. The direction for basalt at Mt Schank differs from that of Mt Gambier by several degrees, and indicates that the two volcanoes differ in age, probably by three centuries or more. Directions for both volcanoes are much shallower than the present‐day geomagnetic direction at the locality. Palaeomagnetic field strength estimates, from baked ash at Mt Gambier and baked sand at Mt Schank, are higher than the present‐day field strength. Comparisons with other late Pleistocene and Holocene results suggest that ages for Mts Gambier and Schank are either greater than 7000 years or between 5000 and 1000 years. These conclusions are consistent with published radiocarbon ages from charcoal in fossil soil horizons sealed beneath ash deposits. 相似文献
15.
辉腾锡勒火山群位于内蒙古中部卓资县、察哈尔右翼中旗和后旗交界处的高山草原区。处于中国东部大同-阿尔山-诺敏河第四纪火山喷发带南段。火山群坐落在太古宙变质岩系、二叠纪花岗岩和新近纪汉诺坝玄武岩之上。平面上呈低洼的菱形台地，四周为山地，总面积约260km2。因上覆在汉诺坝玄武岩台地之上，故以往将其误归为新近纪汉诺坝玄武岩。火山群内发育近百座火山，大多数火山形貌保存基本完整。火山产物主要为一套碱性橄榄玄武岩，次为不同成因的火山碎屑物（岩）。碱性玄武岩覆盖在晚更新世坡积物和黄土之上。火山活动的时代主体为晚更新世，可进一步分为早、中、晚三期。早期为裂隙-中心式喷发，火口已剥蚀殆尽；中期主要形成"地池式"和玛珥式火山，火山形貌较完整，火口呈特征的圆形或椭圆形，大部分积水成湖，当地习称"九十九眼泉"或"海子"。晚期以熔浆的溢流为主，形成结构完整的盾片状火山。火山活动经历了沿裂隙的喷溢到中心式弱爆发、溢流-射汽岩浆爆发-溢流再到溅落堆积的演化过程。辉腾锡勒火山群是在新近纪汉诺坝玄武岩台地上新解体确定的第四纪火山群，这为研究蒙古高原南部地壳深部结构及其活动性提供了又一天然窗口，对了解新构造活动、环境及灾害预警研究都具有重要的理论和实际意义。 相似文献
16.
Major and trace element analyses for 103 volcanoes of the Quaternary West Eifel volcanic field show the lavas to be dominantly
primitive (MgO>7 wt.%) and potassic (Na2O/K2O∼1). The rocks are divided into (1) a foidite (F)-suite, volumetrically dominant and consisting of four types: leucitites
and nephelinites, melilite-bearing foidites, olivine-free foidites, sodalite-bearing melilite-free foidites, and (2) a younger
olivine-nephelinite and basanite (ONB)-suite, concentrated in the southeastern part of the field. Dominantly cpx-phyric F-suite
magmas differ from the dominantly ol-phyric ONB-suite mainly in higher K2O/ Na2O and CaO/Al2O3-ratios, higher Rb, Cu, H2O, CO2 and LREE concentrations and slightly lower Sr, Ni and Y contents. Most magmas have fractionated small amounts of olivine,
clinopyroxene, and minor phlogopite. Systematic compositional variations within volcanoes or volcano groups are rare. Five
more differentiated volcanoes (2 tephrites, 3 phonolites) occur in the center of the field. Their magmas are interpreted to
have formed by fractionation within crustal magma chambers.
Chemical differences between primary magmas (43% of volcanoes sampled) within both suites can be explained by different degrees
of crystal fractionation at high pressures in the ascending magma column and possibly by varying degrees of partial melting
(about 2–8%) in a garnetlherzolite mantle source. Distinct isotope ratios, parallel element variations, and different ratios
of similarly incompatible elements, however, indicate a heterogeneous mantle beneath the West Eifel. The F-suite magmas originated
from a mantle source more strongly enriched in alkalis and incompatible elements than the ONB-suite mantle source. The following
model is proposed, based also on experimental studies and geophysical data: Within a large low velocity body of garnet-lherzolite,
enriched in fluids and LIL elements (metasomatized mantle) between about 50 and 150 km depth, two different magma types were
produced at different depths. Above a detachment level at about 50 km depth, these magmas rose to different stagnation levels
or rapidly directly to the surface along vertical, dominantly NW-SE orientated fissures. The F-suite magmas probably formed
in a phlogopite-bearing, CO2-rich, strongly metasomatized source at about 100 km, the ON-Bmagmas from an amphibole-bearing, CO2-poorer melting anomaly at about 60–75 km depth. 相似文献
17.
云南腾冲全新世火山岩地球化学特征及其成因 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
通过对腾冲火山群的黑空山、打莺山和马鞍山火山岩主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学的研究表明,腾冲全新世火山岩为高钾钙碱性系列,包括粗面玄武岩、玄武粗安岩、粗面安山岩和英安岩。该套火山岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb-Ta-Ti不相容元素,具有高的87Sr/86Sr比值(0.705862～0.710614),低的143Nd/144Nd比值(0.511941～0.512526)和较高的放射性成因Pb同位素组成(208Pb/204Pb=38.962～39.155;207Pb/204Pb=15.620～15.659;206Pb/204Pb=17.872～18.269)。主量、微量和同位素地球化学研究表明,腾冲全新世三座火山的岩浆源区为富集地幔,地幔富集与古洋壳俯冲有关。它们是由相同的地幔源区经历了不同的岩浆演化阶段的产物,打莺山岩浆演化程度最高,黑空山次之,马鞍山岩浆演化程度最弱。通过腾冲全新世火山岩与藏南碰撞后钾质火山岩的地球化学成分对比,Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学成分存在着明显的不同,暗示两者的源区存在差异。 相似文献
18.
基于野外实测和室内测试,计算分析及有限元模拟,对三峡工程库首区燕山期和喜山期的区域构造应力场以及狮子口重力滑动构造应力场进行研究。区域构造应力场的主要特征是：燕山主期σ1和σ1近水平,分别近S－N向和E－W向,σ2近直立,差异应力200MPa、变化范围150－250MPa;喜山主期σ1近水平,总体方向NNE70－SW250°,差异应力100MPa,变化范围80－120MPa,在空间变化上,前者表现为南部差异应力高于北部差异应力,后者的变化规律不太明显。狮子口重力滑动构造系统的应力场比较复杂,总体呈近E－W向的前缘挤压、后缘拉伸,而滑动系统内部叠置产出的三个滑块也分别表现出后缘拉伸、前缘挤压并交替出现的特点,反映了区域应力场背景下的局部构造应力场特征。 相似文献
19.
Do transcurrent faults guide volcano growth? The case of NW Bicol Volcanic Arc,Luzon, Philippines 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT This paper shows that although volcanoes can be aligned along transcurrent faults, their growth can in reality be controlled by secondary structures that have a different orientation and kinematics. Assessing the relationships between local structures and volcano growth can be very useful for the evaluation of volcanic hazards and for economic purposes such as geothermal and hydrogeological exploration. In the north-western Bicol Volcanic Arc (Luzon, Philippines) the Quaternary Labo and Caayunan volcanoes are aligned with the NW-striking transcurrent Philippine Fault System. They are exceptional examples of composite volcanoes mostly comprising lava domes, where regional tectonic structures and hydraulic radial fracturing have alternated to control volcano growth. Field data and analogue modelling demonstrate that apical depressions affecting the domes reflect the geometry of magma-feeding fractures. These data, together with alignments of domes and hot springs and other structural information, suggest that magma rose at depth along the NW-striking transcurrent faults, but that in the uppermost crust magma rose along NE-striking fractures parallel to the greatest principal stress. 相似文献
20.
Agust Gudmundsson 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(13):1216-1222
Since most volcanic eruptions are fed by dykes, any assessment of volcanic hazards in an area must include an evaluation of the probability of injected dykes either reaching the surface or becoming arrested. Composite volcanoes are normally composed of alternating stiff (high Young's modulus) and soft (low Young's modulus) layers. Numerical models indicate that during unrest periods with magma-chamber inflation, the local stresses in composite volcanoes commonly prevent dyke-fed eruptions: while the stresses in the stiff layers may favour dyke propagation and seismogenic faulting, the local stresses in the soft layer remain seismically quiet and favour dyke arrest. Geodetic and field studies also indicate that most dykes never reach the surface, and that only a small fraction of the magma volume injected from a chamber erupts at the surface. I propose that for a dyke-fed eruption to occur, all the layers along the potential pathway of the dyke must have local stresses that favour magma-driven extension-fracture propagation. Thus, the stress field along the pathway must be homogenised. To cite this article: A. Gudmundsson, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献