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1.
Two sampling devices for the in situ extraction of chlorinated hydrocarbons from water are described. Both samplers use the macroreticular adsorbent Amberlite XAD-2. They include a “fish” sampler which has been used to collect samples for PCB analysis from waters around the British Isles. Operation of this sampler causes a minimum of interruption to a ship's cruise programme and at the same time allows a large area to be surveyed. The second sampler is a self-powered in situ pump which is cheap to construct and can be left unattended to extract large volumes of water at a fixed station. The device is serviced by divers and samples may be collected daily on a routine sampling basis. 相似文献
2.
We investigated temporal (day‐to‐day and season) and spatial (reach) variability of drift with the aim of guiding sampling protocol for quantifying drift at the whole river or reach scale. Overall, we found aquatic drift density and biomass varied considerably seasonally (CV = 72.9, 88.1) and to a lesser extent spatially (CV = 31.3, 30.7) and from day‐to‐day (CV = 45.2, 39.4). Although spatial and day‐to‐day variation in drift density and biomass were similar, sampling logistics suggest spatial sampling would be more cost‐effective and less time consuming. Drift density and biomass estimated from top samplers was often higher than estimates from samplers near the streambed or mid‐water column. A reliable estimate of mean densities and biomass at a site may require only two samplers— a top sampler and either a middle or bottom sampler. In our study, we calculated that sampling at four sites over 1 or 4 days at one site would be required to obtain a 95% CI within 50% of the mean drift density. Eight sites over 1 or 10 days at one site would be required to achieve a 95% CI within 25% of the mean drift density. 相似文献
3.
《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2006,66(1-2):298-302
The construction and testing of a low cost, simple, intertidal and sub-tidal pore water sampler for use in sandy and muddy substrates are described in this note. The sampler, “porextractor”, is made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plumbing materials that can be readily sourced at any local hardware shop and costs AU $ 15.00 to build. The only mechanical component of the porextractor is a plunger that is used only once at the time of deployment. The porextractor has been designed for use on seagrass beds to collect pore water samples with minimal disturbance to the substratum for nutrient flux studies. The relative efficiency of the porextractor was tested against the widely used “Winger and Lasier” sampler, a vacuum operated diffuser stone pore water sampler. The two samplers were compared for the volume of pore water collected in sandy and muddy substrates in the laboratory, and the concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in samples collected from a sandy substrate in Amphibolis and Posidonia seagrass meadows off the Adelaide coast. While the porextractor and the Winger and Lasier samplers worked equally well in the sandy sediments, the porextractor was more efficient than the latter in muddy sediments, where clogging was a major problem. In addition, there were no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus measured from the pore water samples collected by the two samplers in situ from the seagrass bed. The simplicity, ease of construction, non-substrate specificity, and large sample volume yield are some of the major merits of the porextractor over other conventional techniques used for pore water sampling. 相似文献
4.
Species-specific elimination of polychlorinated biphenyls in estuarine animals and its impact on residue patterns 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elimination kinetics of tetra-, penta- and hexachlorobiphenyls (IUPAC Nos. 44, 52, 87, 95, 101, 153) were investigated by laboratory experiments in three species of different phyla: Nereis diversicolor (Polychaeta), Palaemon longirostris (Crustacea) and Platichthys flesus (Pisces). Half-lives were species-specific and structure-dependent. Palaemon longirostris eliminated all components fastest. N. diversicolor was faster than Platichthys flesus except for components 95 and 153. Contrary to the fish species, the two invertebrates contained significant amounts of polar transformation products of No. 52, which had been applied as 14C labelled. Therefore, the faster elimination by Palaemon longirostris and N. diversicolor was assumed to be generally due to increased biotransformation. Elimination was in accordance with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residue patterns obtained from field samples of the species. Congeners with vicinal H atoms in m,p positions were under-represented in Palaemon longirostris and so were congeners with > or = 7 Cl in N. diversicolor, while the PCB residue pattern in Platichthys flesus was similar to that of Clophen A60. By comparing percentages of the experimental congeners in sigma PCB and their elimination half-lives in the three species, it was revealed that residue patterns were also influenced by species-dependent uptake, e.g. feeding habits. Extractable organic matter-based sigma PCB levels increased with trophic levels of the three species. 相似文献
5.
Takeshi Naganuma Masanori Kyo Tatsuhiko Ueki Kazuhiko Takeda Jun-ichiro Ishibashi 《Journal of Oceanography》1998,54(3):241-246
A new hydrothermal fluid sampler has been developed to provide more maneuverability in underwater operation. The sampler characteristically
employs a shape-memory alloy, which senses high temperature and actuates the suction mechanism. A shape-memory alloy is also
used to switch the intake valve of the sampler, the intention being to avoid missampling when the inlet is in low temperature
water. Prototype samplers were designed to collect the fluids hotter than 80°C. Test sampling was performed at hydrothermal
vents (1372–1374 m deep) in the submarine volcano, Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, northwestern Pacific. Observed fluid temperature
was between 138 and 298°C, while the ambient seawater temperature was 3.1°C. Each prototype collected about 100 ml fluid as
designed. The magnesium concentration in the samples indicated a seawater content of 47.5–90.8%, which indicates the entrainment
of ambient seawater. Microscopic observatinn revealed the occurrence of microorganisms in the sample fluids at a population
density of 105 to 106 cells ml−1, which is 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those in seawater at that depth. The use of the newly developed fluid sampler
will greatly facilitate the collection of vent-associated microorganisms, which are of potential biological and biotechnological
interest. 相似文献
6.
Akcha F Tanguy A Leday G Pelluhet L Budzinski H Chiffoleau JF 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):753-756
DNA single-strand breaks were measured by the comet assay in both gill and hemolymph cells of mussels collected in 3 sampling areas of the French coast (Pointe du Castelli, Pen Bron and Saint-Nazaire Harbour). Whole mussel tissue samples were also collected for the chemical determination of PAH, PCB and heavy metal concentrations. In mussel, a higher level of DNA strand breaks was measured in gill than in hemolymph cells (p < 0.01). Despite a factor of contamination from 2 to 3 between sites, no difference in the extent of mussel DNA strand breaks was shown between sampling locations (p > 0.05), questioning the sensitivity of the assays used in biomonitoring studies. 相似文献
7.
海洋大气气溶胶的采集和中子活化分析的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本工作应用带有风向风速自动控制的M241大容量空气颗粒采样器,采集了海洋大气中的气溶胶,采用中子活化分析方法,分析了样品中的重金属元素。结果表明,该采样系统具有较准确的流量测定,较均匀的样品捕集,适应于海洋大气气溶胶样品分析,中子活化分析可同时测定海洋大气中Na、Al、V 等不同来源指示元素。 相似文献
8.
Accumulator-Based Deep-Sea Microbe Gastight Sampling Technique 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1.IntroductionPlenty of microbes exist in deep sea(Jiang,2000).They can survive and propagate under theconditions of extraordinary cold or heat and high pressure(Liu,2001).Studies on deep-sea microbesshowthat they have the function of decomposing petroleu… 相似文献
9.
Richard A. Wahle Carl Wilson Matthew Parkhurst Charlene E. Bergeron 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):465-474
Passive collectors are used widely in postlarval settlement and recruitment monitoring of spiny lobsters and crabs, but they have only been used in a limited way with clawed lobsters. For nearly two decades, diver‐based suction sampling has served to monitor spatial‐temporal patterns of American lobster (Homarus americanus) postlarval settlement and early juvenile abundance in shallow near‐shore nurseries. Collectors could reveal settlement patterns in zones beyond the practical limits of diving. In 2005, we launched a fisher‐scientist collaboration to evaluate the performance of passive collectors designed to extend the reach of sampling, and to be deployable from a vessel equipped with a standard pot‐hauler. Building on previous designs, our collectors comprised wire mesh trays lined with fine screening on the floor and walls and filled with cobble to simulate natural nursery habitat. Results indicate that no newly settled lobsters were lost during the retrieval process, and densities of young‐of‐year lobsters found in the collectors were similar to those in directly adjacent natural cobble habitat sampled by divers with suction samplers. The collectors also proved to be effective samplers of juvenile fish and crabs, suggesting a possibility for wider application. This success bodes well for expanded deployment of cobble collectors to broaden our understanding of the recruitment processes of lobster and other cobble‐dwelling fauna along the coast of New England, United States and Atlantic Canada. 相似文献
10.
Evaluation of bioavailable hydrocarbon sources and their induction potential in Prince William Sound, Alaska. 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Kathrine R Springman Jeffrey W Short Mandy Lindeberg Stanley D Rice 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(1):218-220
To realistically evaluate the consequences of exposure to a complex mixture, we modified a passive sampler technology, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), which absorbs the bioavailable hydrophobic organic compounds present in an environment. These samplers were deployed in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, at locations selected as potential sites of hydrocarbon deposition, as well as in random sites for regional assessment.Some of these sites were affected by previous human activity, such as canneries and salmon hatcheries, while others were sites of oil discharge as a consequence of the 1964 earthquake or the oil spill of T/V Exxon Valdez in 1989. The SPMDs were deployed for 27-28 d, processed, and then split, with one aliquot dedicated to chemical analysis and the other injected into juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), along with the proper controls including a solvent control, field blank, and positive control. Trout fry were sacrificed after 2 or 7d, and their livers assayed for CYP1A induction by the standard bioassay for hydrocarbon exposure, the ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) assay. The results of this study were consistent and reproducible and showed that oil, whether deposited in 1964 or 1989, is still bioavailable as it can elicit as sustained response. Also, the same oil deposited in different sites of the same region has degraded differently, which is demonstrated by this method. Other putative sources of hydrocarbons, such as oil seeps, were dismissed as regional sources of induction agents as the responses following injection of modified SPMD extract from those sites did not differ significantly from the solvent control. This is a flexible, sensitive method that assesses the response to site-specific bioavailable contaminants and does so within the normal physiological response range of the target. 相似文献
11.
12.
A field study was carried out in the Lagoon of Venice (north-east Italy) with the aim of evaluating the potential use of lysosomal destabilisation as a biomarker of anthropogenic stress in the autochthonous mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Two different approaches were adopted in biomonitoring six sites in the Lagoon, evaluating indigenous populations of mussels and organisms transplanted from a reference site and checked at several points in time. Lysosomal membrane stability was investigated by means of two tests: neutral red retention assay (NRRA) for evaluating haemocyte lysosomes and lysosomal latency test (LLT) for digestive cell lysosomes. Results indicate that the lysosomal response measured in haemocytes according to NRRA is a more valuable biomarker of anthropogenic stress in the framework both of passive and active biomonitoring in marine coastal environments. 相似文献
13.
Michael E. McDonald 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,17(5):571-572
A quick and effective underwater quantitative quadrat sampler was designed for sampling macrobenthic epifauna on hard substrates. Using a 400 cm2 quadrat, divers could take samples quickly and with little or no loss of organisms. The sampler can be used successfully in adverse conditions in the open ocean on any relatively flat substrate, regardless of its orientation. 相似文献
14.
To distinguish between adsorbed and absorbed PCBs in seawater microorganisms, 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #153; HCB) was added to a pure culture of Chrysochromulina apheles Moestrup et H.A. Thomsen. After the addition of the HCB, the cells were immediately harvested onto 2 μm polycarbonate filters and rinsed with a gradient of ethanol concentrations. Rinsing with 40% ethanol (v/v) was found to remove 80% of the HCB, which was loosely adsorbed to the cell surfaces, but did not extract the interior of the cells, as tested by chlorophyll a analysis. This method was used in a time course experiment which estimated PCBs adsorption and absorption to different groups of plankton organisms. Three different 14C-PCBs, 4-chlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #3; MCB), 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #52; TCB), and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #153, HCB), were incubated in seawater from the northern Baltic Sea during a spring bloom. Samples were taken every third day and separated by filtration into three fractions; 0.2–2 μm (bacteria), 2–10 μm (flagellates), and >10 μm (microplankton; phytoplankton and protozoa). Two subsamples were retained from each size fraction. One of the subsamples was left untreated, to obtain adsorbed plus absorbed PCB, while the other subsample was rinsed with 40% of ethanol, to obtain the absorbed PCB. The sorption was found to vary depending on the hydrophobicity of the compounds, the structure of the cell membranes, and the lipid content and composition of the cells. The absorption increased for the TCB and the HCB in the largest size fraction over time, which coincided with an increase of the neutral and non-polar lipids. 相似文献
15.
JIANG Jinhua 《海洋学报(英文版)》2009,28(6):111-117
The bioaccumulation of ten polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was investigated within different tissues in three prawns (Penaeusorientalis Kishinouce, Laomedia astacina de Haan and Penaeus vannamei Boone) and one mud crab (Scylla serrata Forsskal) from mixed-aquaculture ponds in Taizhou in April 2007. The average concentrations (wet mass) of Σ PCBs in muscle, head, and rind tissues for mean among these prawn species were 7.04, 21.16, and 11.47 ng/g, respectively. The average concentrations of Σ PCBs in muscle, branchia, and spawn in Scylla serrata were 6.49, 21.13, and 19.76 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of CB28 were the highest in prawn tissues (2.40 ng/g), and accounted for 18.60% of Σ PCBs. The concentration of CB52 was the lowest. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) for the estimation of PCB sources of contamination resulted in first component main contributions of CB101, CB153 and CB28 in the muscle, head, and rind in combined prawn samples, respectively. The enrichment level of Σ PCBs for different tissues varied greatly. The accumulation coefficient of Σ PCBs in prawn muscle, head, and rind tissues were 396.35, 1 191.79, and 645.91, respectively. For the Scylla serrata, the accumulation coefficients were 365.81, 1 190.50, and 1 113.31 for muscle, branchia, and spawn tissues, respectively. For prawns, the accumulation coefficient of CB153 was the highest in muscle tissues, while CB155 had the highest coefficients in the head and rind tissues. The CB155 coefficient was the highest in spawn tissues of the mud crab. 相似文献
16.
The hydrostatic energy of high-pressure seawater is a renewable and green energy source for ocean exploration and have been used to replace underwater electrical energy transmission through the cable and underwater battery pack to power seafloor equipment. The advantage of the energy supply method is the cost-effective and the robustness. In the paper, the energy performance of the existing hydrostatic seafloor sediment samplers powered by seawater hydrostatic energy are modelled and analyzed and compared. In view of the common shortcoming of existing technology, a novel hydrostatic seafloor sediment sampler is proposed. The model of energy conversion of the new sampler is built, and its energy performance is obtained. The analysis results indicate that the energy conversion efficiency of the novel sediment sampler is much higher than the existing ones, which means that the new sampler can collect much longer sample with the limited amount of hydrostatic energy. The seawater hydrostatic energy conversion system of the new sampler can also be used to power other seafloor equipment. 相似文献
17.
Axel Jonasson 《Marine Geology》1977,24(1):M13-M21
Four new devices for sediment and water sampling are described, viz. (1) a large-volume water sampler; (2) a water sampler for thin water layers, (3) a bottom-water sampler, and (4) a gravity corer with exchangeable plastic tubes for use in a small boat. 相似文献
18.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2003,50(3):449-455
The design, construction, and performance of a non-contaminating titanium sampler for carbon monoxide (CO) are described. In light of the favorable properties of titanium and the minimal contact of O-rings with samples, this multi-purpose design is expected to excel at a broad range of other uses: sampling gases, organic compounds, some trace metals, and living and dead particles. 相似文献
19.
20.
Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) taken from several sites in the Mersey Estuary, an urban-industrial water body in NW England, have been analyzed for residues of the persistent organochlorines, DDT, PCB congeners nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180 (ICES7), and alpha-MHCH (alpha-methyl hexachlorocyclohexane). The concentration range for sigmaPCB (ICES7) was 13.9-34.9 microg kg(-1) in 1994 compared with 9.6-31.9 microg kg(-1) in 1998, whilst the equivalent concentrations of sigmaDDT were 8.9-32.4 microg kg(-1) and 4.5-16.8 microg kg(-1), respectively. The concentration of alpha-MHCH, an organochlorine largely restricted to the Mersey Estuary, was 1.2-11 microg kg(-1) in 1994 and 0.3-1.3 microg kg(-1) in 1998. At both sampling dates the inner estuary sites of Rock Ferry and Egremont were more contaminated than the outer estuary sites of New Brighton. Dove Point and Caldy Blacks. The lower concentrations of organochlorines in mussels in 1998 compared with 1994 are thought to be early evidence of significant improvements in water quality derived from major capital investment in the treatment of industrial effluents and sewage wastewater, linked to a combination of stricter legislative controls and the environmental benefits from the adoption of new, clean technologies in manufacturing. 相似文献