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1.
This work deals with the preliminary relationship between strain path and strain partitioning pattern in a sinistral transpressional zone,Lancangjiang shear zone,located to the southeast of Tibet.Various ductile rocks provide an opportunity to investigate quantitative finite strain(Rs),kinematic vorticity values(Wm),and proportions of simple and pure shear components.The mean kinematic vorticity values(Wm) were evaluated based on three methods,such as Rs-θ,prophyroclast hyperbolic distribution method(PHD),a...  相似文献   

2.
For the problem of matrix compaction and melt segregation a general mush continuity equation is derived, which explicitly expresses the coupling between the melt percolation and the inelastic matrix deformation and closes the governing equation set. Besides, a general equation is obtained, which describes the change in the volume of pore space due to all the possible reasons (inelastic matrix deformation, the phase transitions, and the advection of porosity by the matrix flow). The features of the isothermal melt segregation inside a partially molten zone are demonstrated using one-dimensional (1D) numerical solutions. It follows from the solutions that the pattern and the characteristic time of the melt segregation inside a partially molten zone of thickness L are controlled by the segregation parameter γ c = (L/δ c )2, where the compaction length δ c = k(φ0)η/(φ0μ) depends on the permeability, k, the value of characteristic porosity, φ0, and the viscosities of the matrix, η, and melt, μ. The solutions demonstrate that at any value of γ c , layers that are highly enriched in melt compared to the maximum initial porosity are formed in the upper part of the zone. At the same time, the evolution of the system and the segregation time differ considerably in the limits of γ c ≪ γ* and γ c ≫ γ*, where γ* depends on the boundary and initial conditions of the problem, and γ* is about 80 for the problem of melt segregation inside a partially molten zone with the maximum in the initial melt distribution located in the middle of the zone. At γ c ≪ γ*, which corresponds to the segregation of low-viscosity ultrabasic melts (kimberlites, carbonatites), all the melt accumulates to the roof of the zone, and the segregation time does not depend on the matrix permeability and melt viscosity and decreases with an increase in the thickness of the zone as L −1. The latter can be the reason for the formation of clusters of the same age and same composition eruptions characteristic of the kimberlite provinces. In the opposite limiting case, γ c ≫ γ*, the segregation time does not depend on the matrix viscosity and scales as L with a wave sequence forming in the upper part of the zone, which, probably, elucidates the origin of the rhythmical layering of the large tholeiitic basalt plutons.  相似文献   

3.
Based on the latest displacement of Huoshan piedmont fault, Mianshan west-side fault and Taigu fault obtained from the beginning of 1990‘s up to the present, the characteristics of distribution and displacement of surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M = 8 earthquake, Shanxi Province are synthesized and discussed in the paper. If Taigu fault, Mianshan west-side fault and Huoshan piedmont fault were contemporarily active during the 1303 Hongtong M = 8 earthquake, the surface rupture zone would be 160 km long and could be divided into 3 segments, that is, the 50-km-long Huoshan piedmont fault segment, 35-km-long Mianshan west-side fault segment and 70-km-long Taigu fault segment, respectively. Among them, there exist 4 km and 8 km step regions. The surface rupture zone exhibits right-lateral features. The displacements of northern and central segments are respectively 6～7 m and the southern segment has the maximum displacement of 10 m. The single basin-boundary fault of Shanxi fault-depression system usually corresponds to M ≈ 7 earthquake, while this great earthquake (M = 8) broke through the obstacle between two basins. It shows that the surface rupture scale of great earthquake is changeable.  相似文献   

4.
We report here geochemical data, U-Pb zircon ages, and Hf isotopes for the high-Mg diorites (HMDs), Nb-enriched basaltic porphyrys (NEBPs) and plagiogranites (PLAGs) in the Pingshui segment of the Jiangshan-Shaoxing suture zone. The HMDs are characterized by high Mg# (>60), high Na and LREE contents, depletion of HREE and HFSE, and pronounced positive εNd(t) values of 7.0 to 7.7, similar to some adakitic high-Mg andesites. The NEBPs are relatively Na-rich (Na2O/K2O>6) and display high abundances of P2O5 (∼1.00%), TiO2 (∼3.08%) and HFSE (e.g., Nb=9.53–10.27 ppm). Their Nd isotopic compositions (εNd(t)=6.8–8.0) are comparable to those of the HMDs. The PLAGs are metaluminous (A/CNK=0.84–0.89) and sodic (Na2O/K2O>10). Their depletion in HFSE (e.g., Nb, Ta) is consistent with “SSZ-type” plagiogranite. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yields an age of 932±7 Ma for the HMD, 916±6 Ma for the NEBP, and 902±5 Ma for the PLAG, respectively, indicating that they were products of early Neoproterozoic magmatism. The PLAGs exhibit relatively high zircon Hf isotopes and positive εHf(t) values of 11.0 to 16.2, consistent with their Nd isotopic data (εNd(t)=7.5–8.4). Such features are similar to those of oceanic plagiogranites in ophiolites and distinct from those of crust-derived granites. The PLAGs were most likely derived from partial melting of subducted oceanic crust in an active continental margin. Considering these results in the context of the regional geology, we suggest that a slab window in the subducting oceanic crust between the Yangtze Block and Cathaysia Block was possibly the principal cause for the unique arc magmatism in the area. The upwelling asthenosphere below the slab window may have provided significant thermodynamic conditions. Supported by China Geological Survey (Grant No. 1212010610611) and the Ministry of Land and Resources (Grant No. 200811015)  相似文献   

5.
It has been found, on the basis of SSC and geomagnetic bays variations, that there is zone of a nearly vanishingZ component in the east-west trend along the Lanzhou-Xi’an-Zhengzhou zone, and it is called the Lanzhou-Xi’an-Zhengzhou anomalous zone of electrical conductivity. There are some relationships between the goelogical and geophysical characteristics along this zone. It is deduced that the zone may be a zone of weakened crust or a boundary between two sub-plates and it is also deduced that this zone is probably related to channelling effects of induced currents in a large region.  相似文献   

6.
Seismo-tectonic areas of historical strong earthquakes with M S≥7 along Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone are divided, and their individual fault-pattern and tectonic geomorphology are analyzed. Those strong-earthquake areas are located in some special parts of the fault zone, where the major branch-faults of the fault zone form left stepping, parallel, and fork-like patterns. In the strong-earthquake areas structurally complicated basins are developed, such as pull-apart basins in fork-like area, in double stepping area, and in stepping and fork-like areas. Foundation item: Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (9507424). Contribution No. 2001A003, Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Seismological Bureau.  相似文献   

7.
On the basis of S wave information from Tai’an-Xinzhou DSS profile and with reference to the results from P-wave interpretation, the 2-D structures, including S-wave velocity V s, ratio γ between V p and V s; and Poisson’ s ratio σ, are calculated; the structural configuration of the profile is presented and the relevant inferences are drawn from the above results. Upwarping mantle districts (V s≈4.30 km/s) and sloping mantle districts (V s≈4.50 km/s) of the profile with velocity difference about −4% at the top of upper mantle are divided according to the differences of V s, γ and σ in different media and structures, also with reference to the information of their neighbouring regions; the existence of Niujiaqiao-Dongwang high-angle ultra-crustal fault zone is reaffirmed; the properties of low and high velocity blocks (zones) including the crust-mantle transitionalzone and the boudary indicators of North China rift valley are discussed. A comprehensive study is conducted on the relation of the interpretation results with earthquakes. It is concluded that the mantle upwarps, thermal material upwells through the high-angle fault, the primary hypocenter was located at the crust-mantle juncture 30.0∼33.0 km deep, and additional stress excited the M S=6.8 and M S=7.2 earthquakes at specific locations around 9.0 km below Niujiaqiao-Dongwang, the earthquakes took place around the high-angle ultra-crustal fault and centered in the brittle media and rock strata with low γ and low σ values. This subject is part of the 85-907-02 key project during the “8th Five-Year Plan” from the State Science and Technology Commission.  相似文献   

8.
Ray equation migration of wide-angle reflections in 2-D medium is one kind of Kirchhoff prestack depth migration method. Based on ray theory, this method can be used extensively in 2-D inhomogeneous medium, and shows its advantage in wide-angle reflection study. After calculating ray fields, we can get the wave fields of sources and receivers by interpolation, and the intensity (or amplitude) A p corresponding to the depth point P at travel-time t P =t SP +t PR can be found in seismograms. Ray equation migration is completed by transforming A P according to the specific relation, migrating it to the depth point, then calculating the ray fields of lots of sources and receivers in the same way and finally stacking the outcomes. Numerical calculation has yielded satisfactory results. Data processing of the Zhuangmu-Yuexi-Huangmei-Zhanggondu profile passing through the Dabie orogenic zone provides a structural form of M-discontinuity along the profile. The result shows that the high pressure metamorphic rock zone of South Dabie rock mass is related to the uplifting of M-discontinuity here. "Mountain root" exists under North Dabie rock mass, which conforms with gravity isostasy theory. The Xiaotian-Mozitan fault is a suture zone as a result of the collision of North China plate with Yangtze plate, and extends through M-discontinuity. The abyssal fault near Liu’an is the extended eastern section of the Luonan-Minggang fault, which is also confirmed here. Contribution No. RCEG 96012, Research Center of Exploration Geophysics, SSB, China. This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.  相似文献   

9.
收集康定地震区及周边（99.6°~105.2°E,27.8°~33.0°N范围内）连续GPS观测站的资料求解站速度场,采用刚性-线弹性运动方程计算方法,拟合计算得到研究区域规格网格点（0.4°×0.4°）的速度值和主应变率值。基于该结果分析研究区内的运动特征和应变场变化情况,并讨论其与地震孕育发生的关系。分析结果表明,芦山7.0级地震发生前研究区呈现应变能量积累态势,而地震之后研究区呈应变能量释放调整态势,2014年康定地震的发生就是该区构造运动调整下的产物。  相似文献   

10.
Measurements of near-bed shear stress were undertaken in the shallow subtidal zone at Durras Beach, NSW, Australia using a sideways-looking acoustic velocity meter installed within the wave boundary layer. The wave climate was swell-dominated and wave conditions comprised shoaling and breaking waves as well as surf bores. The sediment at the field site was medium-grained sand, and observations of bedform geometry were conducted using a pencilbeam-sonar system. Using frequency-filtering techniques, the measured stresses were partitioned into terms representing turbulent (Reynolds) stress, stresses due to gravity and infragravity-scale oscillatory motions, and wave-turbulence-mean current cross-terms. Gravity wave-orbital scale motions contributed the largest fraction of the stresses, comprising 24% on average, followed by long-wave advection of vertical orbital motion (16%). The presence of wave orbital-scale motions near or at the water/sediment interface was likely due to the porous nature of the seabed, facilitating interfacial flow. Shear stresses did not scale with bed roughness but exhibited a linear relationship with the relative wave height. This indicates that for the experimental conditions, surf zone processes overwhelmed bed roughness effects on shear stress and friction. Calculations of the wave friction factor, fw, showed that in a natural surf zone, this was a factor 3–4 larger than conventional predictions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
Fault plane solutions for earthquakes in the central Hellenic arc are analysed to determine the deformation and stress regimes in the Hellenic subduction zone in the vicinity of Crete. Fault mechanisms for earthquakes recorded by various networks or contained in global catalogues are collected. In addition, 34 fault plane solutions are determined for events recorded by our own local temporary network on central Crete in 2000–2001. The entire data set of 264 source mechanisms is examined for types of faulting and spatial clustering of mechanisms. Eight regions with significantly varying characteristic types of faulting are identified of which the upper (Aegean) plate includes four. Three regions contain interplate seismicity along the Hellenic arc from west to east and all events below are identified to occur within the subducting African lithosphere. We perform stress tensor inversion to each of the subsets in order to determine the stress field. Results indicate a uniform N-NNE direction of relative plate motion between the Ionian Sea and Rhodes resulting in orthogonal convergence in the western forearc and oblique (40–50∘) subduction in the eastern forearc. There, the plate boundary migrates towards the SE resulting in left-lateral strike-slip faulting that extends to onshore Eastern Crete. N110∘E trending normal faulting in the Aegean plate at this part is in accordance with this model. Along-arc extension is observed on Western Crete. Fault plane solutions for earthquakes within the dipping African lithosphere indicate that slab pull is the dominant force within the subduction process and responsible for the roll-back of the Hellenic subduction zone.  相似文献   

12.
The use of the sulphate mass balance (SMB) between precipitation and soil water as a supplementary method to estimate the diffuse recharge rate assumes that the sulphate in soil water originated entirely from atmospheric deposition; however, the origin of sulphate in soil and groundwater is often unclear, especially in loess aquifers. This study analysed the sulphur (δ34S-SO4) and oxygen (δ18O-SO4) isotopes of sulphate in precipitation, water-extractable soil water, and shallow groundwater samples and used these data along with hydrochemical data to determine the sources of sulphate in the thick unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer. The results suggest that sulphate in groundwater mainly originated from old precipitation. When precipitation percolates through the unsaturated zone to recharge groundwater, sulphates were rarely dissolved due to the formation of CaCO3 film on the surface of sulphate minerals. The water-extractable sulphate in the deep unsaturated zone (>10 m) was mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporite minerals and there was no oxidation of sulphide minerals during the extraction of soil water by elutriating soil samples with deionized water. The water-extractable concentration of SO4 was not representative of the actual SO4 concentration in mobile soil water. Therefore, the recharge rate cannot be estimated by the SMB method using the water-extractable concentration of SO4 in the loess areas. This study is important for identifying sulphate sources and clarifying the proper method for estimating the recharge rate in loess aquifers.  相似文献   

13.
The 1972 February and December Hachijo-Oki earthquakes (M s=7.3 and 7.4), in the northernmost part of the Izu-Bonin subduction zone, are the only major events (M s>7.0) in the Bonin arc for the past 80 years. Relocation of the hypocenters, using one smaller event having a wellconstrained focal depth as a master event, shows that the depth of the February event is 10 km shallower than that of the December event. We have determined the rupture process for both events by minimizing the error in waveform between observed and synthetic seismograms. Although the number of available stations are limited, the depth range of the major energy release for the December event extends deeper than for the February one. The rupture propagated up-dip for both events. It is likely that the rupture zone of the two events overlapped, and that the December event ruptured the deeper part. This suggestion is consistent with the observation that the aftershock zones of both events overlap with that of the December event shifted landward. The waveforms of the December event have a smaller high frequency component than those of the February event, suggesting that the stress at the thrust zone became more uniform or reduced after the February event.No thrust type smaller event occurred near the rupture zone. Instead, theP-axes of smaller events are parallel to the dip of the slab and theirT-axes dip to the southwest. Focal depths of these events estimated byP-wave forward modeling are generally between 40–50 km and located beneath the thrust zone. We thus interpret them as the events within the Pacific slab near the zone ruptured by the two major events. The stress concentration around the rupture zone of the major events is suggested to have triggered these slab events. After the occurrence of the large events, the slab events are concentrated near the deeper portion of the rupture zone. These events may have been caused by the loading of the down-dip compressional stress near the down-dip end of the rupture zone due to the rupture. The occurrence of the doublet of large earthquakes and a number of down-dip compressional events beneath their rupture zones in a shallow portion of the subducting slab indicates an unusual zone of seismic coupling in the Bonin arc, most of which is seismically quiescent.  相似文献   

14.
The Cocos plate subducts beneath North America at the Mexico trench. The northernmost segment of this trench, between the Orozco and Rivera fracture zones, has ruptured in a sequence of five large earthquakes from 1973 to 1985; the Jan. 30, 1973 Colima event (M s 7.5) at the northern end of the segment near Rivera fracture zone; the Mar. 14, 1979 Petatlan event (M s 7.6) at the southern end of the segment on the Orozco fracture zone; the Oct. 25, 1981 Playa Azul event (M s 7.3) in the middle of the Michoacan gap; the Sept. 19, 1985 Michoacan mainshock (M s 8.1); and the Sept. 21, 1985 Michoacan aftershock (M s 7.6) that reruptured part of the Petatlan zone. Body wave inversion for the rupture process of these earthquakes finds the best: earthquake depth; focal mechanism; overall source time function; and seismic moment, for each earthquake. In addition, we have determined spatial concentrations of seismic moment release for the Colima earthquake, and the Michoacan mainshock and aftershock. These spatial concentrations of slip are interpreted as asperities; and the resultant asperity distribution for Mexico is compared to other subduction zones. The body wave inversion technique also determines theMoment Tensor Rate Functions; but there is no evidence for statistically significant changes in the moment tensor during rupture for any of the five earthquakes. An appendix describes theMoment Tensor Rate Functions methodology in detail.The systematic bias between global and regional determinations of epicentral locations in Mexico must be resolved to enable plotting of asperities with aftershocks and geographic features. We have spatially shifted all of our results to regional determinations of epicenters. The best point source depths for the five earthquakes are all above 30 km, consistent with the idea that the down-dip edge of the seismogenic plate interface in Mexico is shallow compared to other subduction zones. Consideration of uncertainties in the focal mechanisms allows us to state that all five earthquakes occurred on fault planes with the same strike (N65°W to N70°W) and dip (15±3°), except for the smaller Playa Azul event at the down-dip edge which has a steeper dip angle of 20 to 25°. However, the Petatlan earthquake does prefer a fault plane that is rotated to a more east-west orientation—one explanation may be that this earthquake is located near the crest of the subducting Orozco fracture zone. The slip vectors of all five earthquakes are similar and generally consistent with the NUVEL-predicted Cocos-North America convergence direction of N33°E for this segment. The most important deviation is the more northerly slip direction for the Petatlan earthquake. Also, the slip vectors from the Harvard CMT solutions for large and small events in this segment prefer an overall convergence direction of about N20°E to N25°E.All five earthquakes share a common feature in the rupture process: each earthquake has a small initial precursory arrival followed by a large pulse of moment release with a distinct onset. The delay time varies from 4 s for the Playa Azul event to 8 s for the Colima event. While there is some evidence of spatial concentration of moment release for each event, our overall asperity distribution for the northern Mexico segment consists of one clear asperity, in the epicentral region of the 1973 Colima earthquake, and then a scattering of diffuse and overlapping regions of high moment release for the remainder of the segment. This character is directly displayed in the overlapping of rupture zones between the 1979 Petatlan event and the 1985 Michoacan aftershock. This character of the asperity distribution is in contrast to the widely spaced distinct asperities in the northern Japan-Kuriles Islands subduction zone, but is somewhat similar to the asperity distributions found in the central Peru and Santa Cruz Islands subduction zones. Subduction of the Orozco fracture zone may strongly affect the seismogenic character as the overlapping rupture zones are located on the crest of the subducted fracture zone. There is also a distinct change in the physiography of the upper plate that coincides with the subducting fracture zone, and the Guerrero seismic gap to the south of the Petatlan earthquake is in the wake of the Orozco fracture zone. At the northern end, the Rivera fracture zone in the subducting plate and the Colima graben in the upper plate coincide with the northernmost extent of the Colima rupture zone.  相似文献   

15.
应用系统整体稳定和局部不稳定两种状态预测地震的思想,根据历史地震分布及地震构造环境等选定２９°～３４°３０′Ｎ,１１０°～１２５°Ｅ区域作为相对独立的地震活动暂定态系统．寻找其内部非线性区,判定该区域内地震活动趋势和未来应重点关注的地区．判断结果与１９９６年１１月南黄海地震基本对应  相似文献   

16.
In order to develop capabilities for predicting earthquake processes on the basis of known fault zone structures and stress conditions, we need to find relations between seismogenic structures and processes. In the present paper we search for the scale dependence in various earthquake phenomena with the hope to find some structures in the earth that may control the earthquake processes. Among these phenomena, we shall focus on (1) geologic structures which play some role in nucleation and stopping of earthquake fault rupture, (2) depth ranges of the brittle seismogenic zone, (3) asperities and barriers distributed over a fault plane, (4) source-controlledf max effect, (5) nonfractal behavior of creep events, and (6) temporal correlation between codaQ –1 and seismicity of earthquakes with magnitude characteristic to a given area. Our review of various scale-dependent phenomena leads us to propose a working hypothesis that the temporal change in codaQ –1 may reflect the activity of creep fractures near the brittle-ductile transition zone.  相似文献   

17.
根据场源不同可将地电场E分为大地电场ET和自然电场ESP。空间Sq电流系和固体潮一般被认为是大地电场ET的起源;自然电场ESP源于地下介质的物理化学作用,其局部性变化相对稳定。2013年南北地震带相继发生了芦山MS7.0地震（30.3°N,103.0°E）和岷县、漳县MS6.6地震（34.5°N,104.2°E）。两次地震周边约400 km范围内的地电场台站（成都、汉王）数据表明震前自然电场ESP出现明显的小幅度突跳或大幅度跃变,同时在时间上具有准同步性,其他地电场台站也有类似变化。基于大地电场岩体裂隙水（电荷）渗流（移动）模型,对两次地震周边自然电场ESP的变异机理进行探讨,尝试解析其物理过程。  相似文献   

18.
Little Kickapoo Creek (LKC), a low‐gradient stream, mobilizes its streambed–fundamentally altering its near‐surface hyporheic zone–more frequently than do higher‐gradient mountain and karst streams. LKC streambed mobility was assessed through streambed surveys, sediment sampling, and theoretical calculations comparing basal shear stress (τb) with critical shear stress (τc). Baseflow τb is capable of entraining a d50 particle; bankfull flow could entrain a 51·2 mm particle. No particle that large occurs in the top 30 cm of the substrate, suggesting that the top 30 cm of the substrate is mobilized and redistributed during bankfull events. Bankfull events occur on average every 7·6 months; flows capable of entraining d50 and d85 particles occur on average every 0·85 and 2·1 months, respectively. Streambed surveys verify streambed mobility at conditions below bankfull. While higher gradient streams have higher potential energy than LKC, they achieve streambed‐mobilization thresholds less frequently. Heterogeneous sediment redistribution creates an environment where substrate hydraulic conductivity (K) varies over four orders of magnitude. The frequency and magnitude of the substrate entrainment has implications on hyporheic zone function in fluid, solute and thermal transport models, interpretations of hyporheic zone stability, and understanding of LKC's aquatic ecosystem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Tonalites from the island arc rock assemblage in the Zêtang segment of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone were analyzed for major, trace elements (including REE) and Sr-Nd isotope. The experimental datademonstrate that the tonalites have the adakite-like characteristics, including high SiO2 (58%-63%),Al2O3 (18.4%-22.4%), Sr (810×10-6-940×10-6), Sr/Y (77-106), low HREE (Y=9×10-6-11×10-6, Yb=1×10-6-1.3×10-6), with LREE enrichment and faint Eu positive anomaly. Isr (0.70421-0.70487) is relatively low whereas 143Nd/144Nd (0.512896-0.512929) and εNd(t) values ( 6.7- 7.3) are high. These feainvolvement of a small amount of oceanic sediments. The identification of Z(e)tang adakites, derived from slab melting, presents new evidence for the intra-Tethyan subduction and the previous suggestion about the existence of intra-oceanic island arc within Tethys.  相似文献   

20.
Soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) including the soil water retention curve and saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks) are crucial input data for simulations of soil water and solute transport in the Earth's critical zone. However, obtaining direct measurements of SHPs at a wide range of scales is time consuming and expensive. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are employed as an alternative method for indirectly estimating these parameters based on readily measured soil properties. However, PTFs for SHPs for the deep soil layer in the Earth's critical zone are lacking. In this study, we developed new PTFs in the deep soil profile for Ks and soil water retention curve on the Loess Plateau, China, which were fitted with the van Genuchten equation. In total, 206 data sets comprising the hydraulic and basic soil properties were obtained from three typical sites. Samples were collected from the top of the soil profile to the bedrock by soil core drilling. PTFs were developed between the SHPs and basic soil properties using stepwise multiple linear regression. The PTFs obtained the best predictions for Ks (Radj2 = 0.561) and the worst for van Genuchten α (Radj2 = 0.474). The bulk density and sand content were important input variables for predicting Ks, α, and θs, and bulk density, clay content, and soil organic carbon were important for n. The PTFs developed in this study performed better than existing PTFs. This study contains the first set of PTFs of SHPs to be developed for the deep profile on the Loess Plateau, and they may be applicable to other regions.  相似文献   

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