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1.
The link between the sea-ice cover of the Amundsen Gulf and the overlying atmospheric boundary layer was explored on a weekly timestep from winter to summer 2008. The total sea-ice cover was around 97% (3% leads) from 7 January to 21 April. From 28 April to 12 May, the total sea-ice cover approached 100%. From May 19, the total sea-ice declined rapidly to its July minimum of 3%. During the winter, a turbulent internal boundary layer (IBL), attributed to the upward flux of sensible heat (mean = 46 W m−2), was present in most of the mean daily potential temperature profiles. The mean latent heat flux was 1.7 Wm−2. A turbulent IBL was also present in most of the mean daily profiles for early spring. Surface fluxes were not estimated. During late spring and early summer, a stable IBL, attributed to the downward flux of sensible heat (mean = −19 W m−2), was present in most of the potential temperature profiles. Both downward and upward fluxes of latent heat occurred in this period (means = −3.3 and 1.1 W m−2). The sensible heat flux estimates are consistent with the results of others; however, the latent heat flux estimates may be too small due to condensation/deposition within the IBL. The unconsolidated nature of the pack ice in the Amundsen Gulf, and the low sea-surface temperatures following break-up, were critical factors controlling the presence and type of IBL.  相似文献   

2.
Transpiration of a 7 m-high Stika spruce forest was investigated using measurements of net radiation, sensible heat and ground heat fluxes in an energy balance to give latent heat flux, and hence canopy resistance from the Penman-Monteith equation. Sensible heat flux was measured by the eddy-correlation method using a Fluxatron circuit. During six consecutive days of measurement in July/August, canopy resistance typically followed a decreasing trend from high values (≈150 s m−1) at dawn to around 40 s m−1 at midday and then returning steadily to >100 s m−1 at sunset. Transpiration was 3 mm day−1 on average over the period studied and changes in the rate within the day were significantly correlated with changes in net radiation. Comparisons are drawn with published data from other forest sites and the conclusion is reached that it is imprudent to generalise about transpiration rates and canopy resistances of different species at different sites from results gathered at one or two places.  相似文献   

3.
We present aircraft measurements of boundary-layer structure and surface turbulent fluxes from a flight over the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Warm advection, associated with föhn flow, led to the formation of a stable boundary layer over the ice shelf, with a well-defined low-level jet at the top of the surface inversion. The strong shear associated with the jet kept the gradient Richardson number small and maintained a turbulent boundary layer over a depth of at least 600 m. The net surface energy balance amounted to 52 Wm?2, equivalent to a melt rate of 13 mm water per day, with net radiation (48 Wm?2) making the largest contribution to melt. The contribution from the sensible heat flux (13 Wm?2) was largely balanced by an upwards latent heat flux (?9 Wm?2). These measurements provide insight into the processes that control surface melt rates in an area that has experienced recent rapid warming and deglaciation.  相似文献   

4.
Using the standard eddy-covariance (EC) method to quantify mass and energy exchange at a single location usually results in an underestimation of vertical eddy fluxes at the surface. In order to better understand the reasons for this underestimation, an experimental set-up is presented that is based on spatial averaging of air temperature data from a network of ground-based sensors over agricultural land. For eight days during the 34-day observational period in May and June 2007, additional contributions to the sensible heat flux of more than 50Wm−2 were measured in the lower surface layer by applying the spatial EC method as opposed to the standard temporal EC method. Smaller but still significant additional sensible heat fluxes were detected for four more days. The additional energy is probably transported in organised convective structures resulting in a mean vertical wind velocity unequal to zero at the tower location. The results show that convective transport contributes significantly to the surface energy budget for measurement heights as low as 2–3 m. Since these structures may be quasi-stationary, they can hardly be captured by a single-location measurement. The spatial EC set-up presented here is capable of quantifying contributions to the sensible heat flux from structures up to the scale of our spatial sensor network, which covered an area 3.5 × 3.5 km. For future experiments aiming at closing the energy balance, the spatial EC method should be employed to measure both the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Experimental determination of the horizontal advection of sensible and latent heat should also be considered, since such transport must occur due to convergence and divergence related to convection.  相似文献   

5.
Summary Vertical profile of surface radiative fluxes in an area of heterogeneous terrain in south-west Germany is presented. Main data sets utilized for the study were recorded during the REgio KLIma Projekt (REKLIP). Supporting observational data were provided by the German weather service and German geophysical consultant service. Elevation of the study sites ranged from 212 m a.s.l. to 1489 m a.s.l. From May to September, monthly mean albedo was generally low at the study sites, ranging from 19% to 24%. For the other months, monthly mean albedo lie between 22% and 25% at the lowland site but extended between 27% and 71% at the highly elevated mountain site. Following the altitudinal increase in surface albedo, net radiative flux and radiation efficiency declined with elevation at an annual mean of 1.15 Wm−2/100 m and 0.008/100 m respectively. Absorbed shortwave radiation and effective terrestrial radiation showed mean decline of 1.54 Wm−2/100 m and 0.34 Wm−2/100 m, respectively, with the mean sky-to-earth radiation deficit amounting to about 52 Wm−2 for the lowland site and 73 Wm−2 for the highest elevated site. Some empirical models which express shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes in terms of meteorological variables have been validated for the lowland and mountain sites. Monthly mean daily total estimates of solar radiation obtained from ?ngst?m-Prescott relation were quite consistent with observed values. Parameterisation of downward atmospheric radiation under all sky condition was achieved by extending Brutsaert clear sky atmospheric model. Relationship between outgoing longwave radiation and screen temperature at the study sites was best described by an exponential function unlike the linear relationship proposed by Monteith and Unsworth. Net radiative flux for the lowland and mountain sites has been expressed in terms of absorbed shortwave radiation, cloud amount and screen temperature. Received March 5, 2001 Revised October 29, 2001  相似文献   

6.
In different synoptic conditions and at different time scales,the analysis of the energy budgets by Bowen Ratio Method and Bulk Schemes over Huaihe River Basin during the field observation periods of HUBEX in 1999 shows that,(1) the averaged latent heat flux is an order of magnitude more than the averaged sensible heat flux during the observation period:(2) the variation of totalcloud amount is out of phase with the terms of energy budgets except for the downward longwave radiation which maybe is related to the cloud's height and class:(3) the values of sensible and latent heat fluxes are small during rain episodes,but thereafter,the values become high and then up to maximum.It is similar to the other terms of the energy budgets except for the downward longwave radiation.The diurnal variation of energy budgets indicates that the daytime precipitation exerts great influence to the energy budgets,but the nighttime precipitation makes little influence;(4) the variation of the latent heat flux is in phase with the evaporation,which indicates that the latent heat flux calculated by bulk schemes is reliable:(5) the means of the sensible and latent heat flux and momentum flux by bulk schemes for the time period from May to August are,respectively,30.71W/m2.116.81W/m2.2.86×10-2N/m2 in 1998 and 30.28W/m2,107.35W/m2,2.74×10-2N/m2 in 1999.The values of these two years are similar.During summer in 1999 the magnitude and activity of sensible heat flux are strongest in June and those of the latent heat flux are in August.  相似文献   

7.
Summary  We compared two one-dimensional simulation models for heat and water fluxes in the soil-snow-atmosphere system with respect to their mathematical formulations of the surface heat exchange and the snow pack evolution. They were chosen as examples of a simple one-layer snow model and a more detailed multiple-layer snow model (SNTHERM). The snow models were combined with the same one-dimensional model for the heat and water balance of the underlying soil (CoupModel). Data from an arable field in central Sweden (Marsta), covering two years (1997–1999) of soil temperature, snow depth and eddy-correlation measurements were successfully compared with the models. Conditions with a snow pack deeper or shallower than 10 cm and bare soil resulted in similar discrepancies. The simulated net radiation and sensible heat flux were in good agreement with that measured during snow-covered periods, except for situations with snowmelt when the downward sensible heat flux was overestimated by 10–20 Wm−2. The results showed that the uncertainties in parameter values were more important than the model formulation and that both models were useful in evaluating the limitations and uncertainties of the measurements. Received November 1, 1999 Revised April 20, 2000  相似文献   

8.
During slightly unstable but still very close to neutral conditions new results from two previous investigations have shown a significant increase of sensible and latent heat fluxes over the sea. The vertical heat transport during these conditions is dominated by detached eddies originating at the top of the boundary layer, bringing relatively cold and dry air to the surface. This effect can be described in numerical models by either enhanced heat transfer coefficients for sensible and latent heat (Stanton and Dalton numbers respectively) or with an additional roughness length, added to the original roughness lengths for heat and humidity. Such new expressions are developed using turbulence measurements from the Baltic Sea valid for wind speeds up to 14 m s−1. The effect of including the increased heat fluxes is investigated using two different numerical models: a regional three-dimensional climate model covering northern Europe, and a process-oriented ocean model for the Baltic Sea. During periods of several days, the latent heat flux can be increased by as much as 100 W m−2. The increase in sensible heat flux is significantly smaller since the process is only of importance in the very near-neutral regime where the sensible heat flux is very small. The long-term average effect over the Baltic Sea is of the order of several W m−2.  相似文献   

9.
Surface-layer meteorological observations obtained from oceanic buoys over the Korean Strait and the Yellow Sea are used to estimate surface-layer turbulent fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum over the East-Asian Marginal Seas. Special emphasis is paid towards explanation of the impact of the Tsushima warm current flowing through the Korean Strait on air–sea interface fluxes. During the active phase of the Tsushima warm current, when the difference in sea surface temperature and air temperature becomes as large as 8°C, the sensible heat flux increases to a value of about 135 W m−2, while the latent heat flux is around 200 W m−2. The study attempts to broaden our understanding on the air-sea interaction processes over the Yellow Sea and Korean Strait.  相似文献   

10.
Twenty-two months (July 1983-April 1985) of surface heat fluxes predicted at day 1 from a numerical weather prediction system have been processed. Monthly means and monthly standard deviations of available surface short-wave, long-wave, latent and sensible heat fluxes as well as annual means have been computed. The global mean of the annual net sea-surface heat flux is about 40 Wm–2 and is therefore far from equilibrium. When used to force an oceanic model, these fluxes would tend to warm the ocean and would produce an unrealistic transport of heat by the oceanic general circulation. They therefore need to be corrected. This correction appears feasible because the main difference between these fluxes and long-term climatologies appears largely independent of the month and the latitude. This suggests that the errors have a systematic origin. The corrected fluxes allow both the reproduction of a realistic seasonal migration of the zero net heat-flux line and the reproduction of the annual meridional heat transport in the different oceans, within the range of previous estimates.  相似文献   

11.
利用青藏高原中部聂荣地区草地下垫面2014年7~8月近地层气象要素梯度观测及湍流观测数据,分析讨论了该地区观测期间的基本气象要素特征、能量平衡特征以及能量输送特征,主要结论如下:(1)向下、向上短波辐射和净辐射日变化规律一致,向下、向上长波辐射日变化平缓。反照率呈"U"型分布,早晚大,中午小,聂荣夏季地表平均反照率为0.20。(2)在夏季白天,聂荣地区净辐射大部分以潜热的形式加热大气。考虑了土壤浅层热储存和垂直运动引起的平流输送后,能量闭合率由0.65提高到0.80,闭合率有显著的提高。(3)在不稳定层结下,动量总体输送系数CD平均值为4.7×10~(-3)和热量总体输送系数CH平均值为3.5×10~(-3);在稳定层结下,CD平均值为3.4×10~(-3),CH平均值为1.8×10~(-3);C_D和C_H在近中性层结下的平均值分别为4.30×10~(-3)和2.39 10~(-3)。  相似文献   

12.
The global energy balance from a surface perspective   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
In the framework of the global energy balance, the radiative energy exchanges between Sun, Earth and space are now accurately quantified from new satellite missions. Much less is known about the magnitude of the energy flows within the climate system and at the Earth surface, which cannot be directly measured by satellites. In addition to satellite observations, here we make extensive use of the growing number of surface observations to constrain the global energy balance not only from space, but also from the surface. We combine these observations with the latest modeling efforts performed for the 5th IPCC assessment report to infer best estimates for the global mean surface radiative components. Our analyses favor global mean downward surface solar and thermal radiation values near 185 and 342 Wm?2, respectively, which are most compatible with surface observations. Combined with an estimated surface absorbed solar radiation and thermal emission of 161 and 397 Wm?2, respectively, this leaves 106 Wm?2 of surface net radiation available globally for distribution amongst the non-radiative surface energy balance components. The climate models overestimate the downward solar and underestimate the downward thermal radiation, thereby simulating nevertheless an adequate global mean surface net radiation by error compensation. This also suggests that, globally, the simulated surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, around 20 and 85 Wm?2 on average, state realistic values. The findings of this study are compiled into a new global energy balance diagram, which may be able to reconcile currently disputed inconsistencies between energy and water cycle estimates.  相似文献   

13.
热带太平洋和印度洋热源对大气影响的季节变化特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本文利用1970—1979年COADS2°×2°格点月平均资料,计算了30°S—30°N热带太平洋和印度洋洋面上的有效长波辐射、感热和潜热通量以及它们的季节变化和年变化。结果指出:在冬季半球热带海洋外侧有大量的长波辐射、感热和潜热向大气输送,输送通量的季节变化大;热带太平洋地区西北部热通量的季节变化最大,赤道洋面地区热通量的年变化最小,潜热是洋面上热量输送的最大项,季节变化也最大;感热的输送量虽不及有效长波辐射,但其季节变化与有效长波辐射的变化相当;赤道地区是有效长波辐射和潜热通量的低值区,暖池地区是有效长波辐射的低值中心,靠近秘鲁海域的东南赤道太平洋是感热通量的负值区;热带太平洋西北部和阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾地区的热通量及年、季变化与亚洲季风有密切的关系,同时对我国和南亚地区的气候有重要的影响。   相似文献   

14.
This study quantifies the processes that take place in the layer between the mean building height and the measurement level of an energy balance micrometeorological tower located in the dense old core of a coastal European city. The contributions of storage, vertical advection, horizontal advection and radiative divergence for heat are evaluated with the available measurements and with a three-dimensional, high-resolution meteorological simulation that had been evaluated against observations. The study focused on a summer period characterized by sea-breeze flows that affect the city. In this specific configuration, it appears that the horizontal advection is the dominant term. During the afternoon when the sea breeze is well established, correction of the sensible heat flux with horizontal heat advection increases the measured sensible heat flux up to 100 W m−2. For latent heat flux, the horizontal moisture advection converted to equivalent latent heat flux suggests a decrease of 50 W m−2. The simulation reproduces well the temporal evolution and magnitude of these terms.  相似文献   

15.
Increased heat fluxes near a forest edge   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Summary ?Observations of sensible and latent heat flux above forest downwind of a forest edge show these fluxes to be larger than the available energy over the forest. The enhancement averages to 56 W m−2, or 16% of the net radiation, at fetches less than 400 m, equivalent to fetch to height ratios less than 15. The enhancement of turbulent energy fluxes is explained by advection and increases with the difference in temperature and humidity of the air over the upwind area as compared to the forest. The relatively high temperature and humidity of the upwind air are not caused by high surface heat fluxes, but are explained by the relatively low aerodynamic roughness of the upwind surface. Although the heat fluxes over forest are enhanced, the momentum fluxes are almost adjusted to the underlying forest. The different behaviour of heat and momentum fluxes is explained by absorption of momentum by pressure gradients near the forest edge. It is concluded that fetch requirements to obtain accurate surface fluxes from atmospheric observations need to be more stringent for scalar fluxes as compared to momentum fluxes. Received November 23, 2001; accepted May 13, 2002  相似文献   

16.
Concurrent measurements of the surface energy balance components (net radiation, heat storage, and sensible and latent heat fluxes) were made in three communities (open water, Phragmites australis, Scirpus acutus) in a wetland in north-central Nebraska, U.S.A., during May-October, 1994. The Bowen ratio – energy balance method was used to calculate latent and sensible heat fluxes. This paper presents results from the open water area. The heat stored in water (G) was found to play a major role in the energy exchange over the water surface. During daytime, G consumed 45–60% of R n , the net radiation (seasonally averaged daytime G was about 127 W m–2). At night, G was a significant source of energy (seasonally averaged nighttime G was about -135 Wm–). The diurnal pattern of latent heat flux ( E) did not follow that of R n . On some days, E was near zero during midday periods with large R n . The diurnal variability in E seemed to be significantly affected by temperature inversions formed over the cool water surface. The daily evaporation rate (E) ranged from 2 to 8 mm during the measurement period, and was generally between 70 and 135% of the equilibrium rate.  相似文献   

17.
Fire scars have the ability to radically alter the surface energy budget within a tropical savanna by reducing surface albedo, increasing available energy for partitioning into sensible and latent heat fluxes and increasing substrate heat flux. These changes have the potential to alter boundary-layer conditions and ultimately feedback to local and regional climate. We measured radiative and energy fluxes over burnt and unburnt tropical savanna near Howard Springs, Darwin, Australia. At the burnt site a low to moderate intensity fire, ranging between 1,000 and 3,500 kW m−1, initially affected the land surface by removing all understorey vegetation, charring and blackening the ground surface, scorching the overstorey canopy and reducing the albedo. A reduction in latent heat fluxes to almost zero was seen immediately after the fire when the canopy was scorched. This was then followed by an increase in the sensible heat flux and a large increase in the ground heat flux over the burnt surface. Tethered balloon measurements showed that, despite the presence of pre-monsoonal rain events occurring during the measurement period, the lower boundary layer over the burnt site was up to 2°C warmer than that over the unburnt site. This increase in boundary-layer heating when applied to fire scars at the landscape scale can have the ability to form or alter local mesoscale circulations and ultimately create a feedback to regional heating and precipitation patterns that may affect larger-scale processes such as the Australian monsoon.  相似文献   

18.
2°×2° mean monthly COADS grid data in 1974 and 1987 of E1 Nino and La Nina years are used to compute thesensible and latent heat fluxes,the net longwave radiation,the incident solar radiation and heat budget on the tropicalPacific surface(30°S—30°N).The difference of the heat budget between El Nino and La Nina mainly occurred on theequatorial ocean surface,especially the water area west of Ecuador and Peru.During El Nino,the sensible and latentheat exchange increased,the net longwave radiation and incident solar radiation decreased and the net gain(loss) of heatreduced(increased) on the ocean surface.During La Nina,the circumstances were opposite.Finally an ideal model ofair-sea heat exchange mechanism for the El Nino-La Nina cycle is summarized. Key words:El Nino,La Nina,air-sea heat exchange,COADS grid data  相似文献   

19.
With the marine ship observation data set obtained by three cruise-phases of Chinese Xi-angyanghong 5 from November 5,1992 to February 19,1993 in the TOGA-COARE IOP at 2°S,156°E.the sea surface fluxes at this point are estimated by three different bulk schemes.Firstly.aquasi-linear relation is found between the neutral drag coefficients and wind speed.Then,the sta-bility-dependent drag and heat transfer coefficients are solved in the iterative method.Based onthus-derived transfer coefficients,the momentum,sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated.In the warm pool region,the fluxes corresponding to the westeily winds are much greater thanthose of the easterly trade winds.The magnitude of sea surface fluxes depends upon the atmo-spheric stability as well,in particular in the case of weak wind condition.The estimated sea sur-face net heat budget shows that considerable amount of heat transport from ocean to atmosphere ismainly produced by the effective longwave radiation,latent and sensible heat fluxes.Among themthe value of latent heat flux is the largest and the sensible heat flux is the smallest.Finally,an ac-curacy analysis is made by direct measurements with the eddy-correlation method on the JapaneseR/V Hakuho board at the same time.It is shown that the bulk-derived fluxes are acceptable withmuch confidence.The estimated effective longwave radiation is used to compare with those by di-rect observations on Xiangyanghong 5.This research is compared with TOGA investigation in thetropical western Pacific.  相似文献   

20.
曲绍厚 《气象学报》1988,46(4):452-460
本文根据中国科学院“实验3号”科学考察船1986年10月至12月在菲律宾以东60多万平方公里辽阔的西太平洋热带海域6个连续测站上(146°E,0°;145°E,0°;150°E,0°;140°E,5°N;145°E,5°N;150°E,5°N),使用我国自行研制的小型系留气艇探测系统观测到的大气温度、湿度、气压和风等廓线资料,利用相似理论的通量-廓线关系,给出这一海域的动量通量(特别是曳力系数C_D)、感热通量和潜热通量。结果表明,这一海域上的曳力系数值C_D=(1.53±0.25)×10~(-3);该海域总是将其贮存的热量以感热形式特别是以潜热形式输送到大气中(其中感热输送仅占10％,其余主要为水汽潜热输送),使该海域成为地球上不可多见的热源。  相似文献   

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