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1.
Syn-magmatic removal of the cumulate pile during the formation of the Bushveld Complex resulted in “potholes”. Erosion progressed downward in the cumulate pile, resulting in a series of steep, transgressive contacts between locally conformable potholed reefs in the regional pothole sub-facies of the Swartklip Facies in the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The deepest of these potholes, “third-order” or “FWP2” potholing, occurs where the base of the Merensky Cyclic Unit transgresses the Upper Pseudo-Reef Chromitite marker horizon. The base of a FWP2 pothole on Northam Platinum Mine consists of an unconformable stringer Merensky Chromitite overlain by a medium-grained, poikilitic orthopyroxenite and underlain by either a pegmatitic harzburgite or the medium-grained Lower Pseudo-Reef Anorthosite. Detailed shape and distribution analysis of FWP2 potholes reveals underlying patterns in their shape and distribution which, in turn, suggest a structural control. The ratio between pothole short vs long axes is 0.624 (N=1,385), although the ratio increases from 0.48 to 0.61 in the long axis range 10 to 60 m, then decreases from 0.61 to 0.57 from 61 to 100 m, increasing again from 0.57 to 0.61 from 101 to 400 m, suggesting that there is not a simple relationship between pothole shape and size. Shape (circularity, eccentricity, and dendricity) analysis of a subset of 638 potholes indicates that potholes with long axes <100 m have an elliptical, average normalized shape, elongate on a 120–150° orientation. Potholes with long axis lengths >100 m have an average normalized shape that is bilobate and elongate on a 120° orientation. The average aspect ratio (short axis length divided by long axis length) of potholes is highest for potholes with long axis lengths >100 m and lowest for potholes with long axis lengths between 35 and 60 m. The most common long axis orientation for potholes with long axis lengths <100 m is 150° but 120° for long axis lengths >100 m. Fractal analysis indicates that the distribution of pothole centers is controlled neither by a single nor several interacting fractal dimensions. Autocorrelation (Fry) analysis of the distribution of pothole centers shows recurring pothole distribution trends at 038, 070, and 110° for potholes over the full range of long axis lengths, while the trends of 008 and 152° occur in potholes with long axes lengths between 60 and 100 m. Chi-squared (X
2) analysis of the locations of pothole centers suggests that the distribution of small potholes is highly non-uniform but becomes exponentially more uniform with increasing pothole size. The model which best fits the observed shape and distribution analysis is a combination of protracted independent growth and “nearest neighbor” merging along specific orientations. For instance, the clustered distribution of original pothole centers resulted in merged potholes with long axes lengths of up to 60 m, exhibiting short vs long axes ratios of 0.61, preferred orientations of 150°, and alignment along 010 and 150° trends. Further independent growth allowed for merging of similar-sized (and smaller) neighboring potholes, generating potholes with long axes of up to 100 m in length, a preferred long axis orientation of 150°, and alignment along 010, 040, 075, and 150°. Subsequent preferential merging occurred along a 120° trend, thereby preserving a bilobate form. This implies that while pothole initiation and enlargement may be driven by a “top-down” (i.e., possibly thermomechanical) process, an underlying linear or structural catalyst/control is revealed in changes in pothole shape during enlargement and, furthermore, in the preferred trends along which potholes merged over a considerable period, possibly concomitant with adjustment of major structures in the footwall to the Bushveld Complex and pulses into the magma chamber. 相似文献
2.
喀斯特洞穴窝穴的形态对比与成因分析——以贵州省双河洞为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
喀斯特洞穴窝穴作为洞穴小形态的一种,记录了喀斯特地区地下河的演变过程和洞穴的发育状况。通过对双河洞系统中阴河洞、响水洞洞穴窝穴的规模、形态大小进行统计,对比了两洞穴窝穴形态的差异性并分析其成因。结果表明:在规模上,阴河洞窝穴分布面积较小,但窝穴数量相当可观,响水洞窝穴分布数量巨大,范围广泛,成千上万的窝穴沿洞穴通道两侧分布;在平面形态上,阴河洞内窝穴扁率要高于响水洞;在垂直剖面上,阴河洞内窝穴深宽比要比响水洞的偏大,且阴河洞窝穴以“V”型、倒“Ω”型窝穴为主,响水洞窝穴以倒“Ω”型窝穴为主,这与两洞穴水动力条件、地质构造、推移质、基岩、风化溶蚀作用等因素的不同密切相关。 相似文献
3.
嵇少丞 《大地构造与成矿学》2017,41(6):1039-1052
山脉的隆升与夷平无不与地表岩石的风化剥蚀密切相关,暴雨冲刷作用对山区岩石的风化剥蚀至关重要。雨水顺着倾斜的山坡迅速汇聚,形成湍急洪流,冲携山坡上的砂砾与小石块,对石坡上原先小幅度的洼凹之地或薄弱部位进行机械性磨蚀与化学溶蚀,上述地质过程不断重复,逐渐形成山坡壶穴。美国加州华斯克巨岩公园、澳大利亚中部大红山以及中国北京西山的山坡壶穴都是暴雨流壶穴的典型例子。可惜过去一段时间里北京西山地区的山坡壶穴被误认为是"京西古道上骡马驴踩出来的蹄坑",这样解释的前提条件是在数百年间、数以万计的骡马驴不断地踩进同一处、且不断加深的石头蹄坑。动物行为学研究表明,马之类的动物在行走过程中会本能地躲避踩进较深(≥5~10 cm)的洼坑或水坑,以防扭伤蹄腕或折断腿骨。世界上著名的铺石古道上只见车辙痕不见马蹄坑,亦是有力的证明。 相似文献
4.
The studied area is in the south of Algeria. Chemical data are used to determine the status of water quality in the Albian
sandstone aquifer of Ain oussera, as well as to clarify the hydrological regime in the study area, to identify spatial and
temporal variations of water quality and sources of contamination (natural and anthropogenic). Waters in sandstone are dominated
by a magnesium chloride type and sodium chloride type. Interpretation of chemical data with thermodynamic calculation suggests
that the chemical evolution of groundwater is primarily controlled by water–rock interactions. Piezometric map suggests that
water is moving from the south toward north. The agricultural irrigation effluent and domestic effluents have largely contributed
to contamination of groundwater. 相似文献
5.
We developed an objective-based method for assessing environmental flows in estuaries; this method consists of two steps:
identifying ecological objectives with temporal–spatial variability and establishing a relationship between variations in
environmental factors and the alteration of freshwater inflows. Critical salinity and water depth requirements for different
species in special seasons in addition to temporal variation in natural river discharge were combined as objectives with spatial
and temporal variability. In a case study of the Yellow River Estuary, we determined that 15% and 101% of the natural river
discharge should be provided to ensure the minimum and maximum levels of environmental flows, respectively, for successful
integration of various objectives. Periods in early April, the end of June, August, and early October were identified as critical
for fulfilling reasonable water requirements. Although the recommended environmental flows may not be ideal for certain types
of species, they offer a boundary of environmental flows for preserving habitats and biodiversity in estuaries. 相似文献
6.
黄河下游(泺口以下)发育了大量的壶穴(Pothole),按成因可以分为6种:流水侵蚀、风蚀、圆砾铸模、冰压刻、冰融水滴蚀及泄气侵蚀。流水侵蚀形成的圆形Pothole规模不一,小者直径在十余厘米,深数厘米,大者直径达数米,深1 m余;风蚀形成的圆形Pothole规模一般比较小,直径多在二、三十厘米以下,深10 cm以下,大部分穴壁缓斜,状如盘碟;圆砾铸模形成的Pothole规模一般较小,直径多在一、二十厘米以下、穴壁陡倾,状如锅穴;冰融水滴蚀形成的Pothole形态复杂,规模不一,既有穴壁缓斜的盘碟状者,也有穴壁陡倾近乎直立的近圆柱状者,直径从不足1cm到三、四十厘米,其穴缘、穴壁和穴底常有次级构造;泄气侵蚀形成的Pothole更是十分复杂,平面形态可以圆形到近圆形甚至其他复杂形态,穴壁可以非常平缓,也可以陡倾,直径从数厘米到数十厘米,深数毫米到二、三十厘米,穴缘和穴壁也常有次级伴生构造,既可单独产出,也可成群产出,同时还可以多个密集产出,状如蜂巢,这一类Pothole的成因极为独特,主要与黄河断流河床捕获的空气泄漏有关。 相似文献
7.
A study on the hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater from different depths in a coastal aquifer: Annamalai Nagar,Tamilnadu, India 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
S. Chidambaram G. Senthil Kumar M. V. Prasanna A. John Peter AL. Ramanthan K. Srinivasamoorthy 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(1):59-73
Chemical characterization of groundwater is essential to bring out its nature and utility. Samples from shallow and deep ground
water of the same location were collected and studied for their geochemical characteristics following standard procedures
(APHA 1998). Sediment samples from different depths were collected and analysed for minerals using FTIR and SEM. Resisitivity logging
was carried out in the bore well to understand the variations in depth to fresh water potential. The shallow ground water
is dominated by Na–Cl–HCO3–SO4 and deeper groundwater by Na–HCO3–SO4–Cl types. It is observed that there is a significant ionic variation with depth. The ionic strength of the deeper samples
is lesser than in the shallower samples. Wide pH variations in the shallow water samples are due to ion exchange process.
Thermodynamic stability plot was used to identify the state of stability. It is inferred that there is no major significant
difference in the thermodynamic state of stability in the shallow and the deeper aquifers as the aquifer matrix for the shallow
and deeper aquifers are almost similar. Saturation index of Gibbsite, Kaolinite, Calcite, Dolomite and anhydrite, were studied
for shallow and deep aquifers, to identify the difference in hydro chemical signatures. The Si/Al ratios of shallow samples
are less when compared with the deeper samples. Leaching of secondary salts was the chief mechanism controlling the ground
water chemistry of the region. 相似文献
8.
The petrogenesis of Merensky Reef potholes at the Western Platinum Mine, Bushveld Complex: Sr-isotopic evidence for synmagmatic deformation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Potholes represent areas where the normally planar PGE-rich Merensky Reef of the upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex
transgresses its footwall, such geometric relationships being unusual in layered intrusions. The recognition of vertical dykes
of Merensky pyroxenite in the footwall suggests downward collapse of crystal mush into pull-apart sites resulting from tensional deformation due to the loading effects of major new
magma additions. In contrast, crosscutting anorthosite veins display physical and isotopic evidence of upward emplacement. The Merensky Reef and its footwall have distinct initial Sr-isotope ratios (R
0 > 0.7066 and <0.7066, respectively), which may be used to constrain these processes related to pothole formation. Merensky
Reef in potholes (R
0 = 0.7069−0.7078) shows no isotopic evidence of assimilation of, or reaction with, footwall material. Discrete, discordant
replacement bodies of anorthosite extend from the footwall lithologies to cross-cut the Merensky Reef and its hanging wall.
The initial Sr-isotope ratio in these replaced rocks is totally reset to footwall values (R
0 = 0.7066), and immediately adjacent stratiform lithologies are slightly modified towards footwall values. In contrast, Neptunian
pyroxenitic (Merensky) dykes cross-cutting the footwall lithologies, with a large surface area to volume ratio, and low Sr
content, do not display footwall-like Sr-isotope initial-ratios (R
0 = 0.7077), and thus show no evidence for assimilation of or reaction with footwall material. Furthermore, pegmatoidal replacement
pyroxenite (“replacement pegmatoid”), at the base of the Merensky Reef within potholes, has a high initial-ratio (R
0 > 0.7071), and so models of pervasive metasomatism by footwall material are not applicable. This isotopic evidence indicates
that there was no active interaction of footwall material with the overlying magma during, or after, the formation of Merensky
Reef potholes, a basic tenet of existing pothole formation hypotheses involving footwall mass-transfer. In contrast, the isotopic
data are entirely consistent with an extensional model for pothole formation, with the more radiogenic Merensky magma migrating
laterally to fill extensional zones in the footwall layers.
Received: 11 October 1997 / Accepted: 21 December 1998 相似文献
9.
The most conspicuous erosional features associated with constricted bedrock channel reaches and knickpoints are potholes.
The presence and morphology of potholes have been attributed to a number of factors by earlier researchers. Amongst these
factors, the role of substrate rock properties has received very little quantitative attention. The main objective of this
study is to quantitatively evaluate the physical properties of bedrock in order to test the possible influences of rock properties
on the occurrence and morphology of potholes. The area selected for this study is a large scabland area developed by the Indrayani
river at Shelarwadi near Pune. This site is ideally suited for the study since it is featured by wide straths, multiple inner
channels and several hundred potholes. A transect-based quadrat method was used in this study. Within each quadrat, the pothole
dimensions, the joint length, joint direction, the rock mass strength and the distance from active channel were measured.
The analysis reveals a weak correlation between pothole size and rock properties. The distance from the active channel emerges
as the most significant factor, suggesting that the hydraulics of flows is the key factor and substrate characteristics play
only a secondary role. 相似文献
10.
The response of radial growth of tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima) growing on the shore of West-Juyan Lake, on the Heihe River in northwestern China, to changes in the lake’s water regime
was studied using tree-ring chronologies, principal components (PC) analysis, and classical correlation analysis. The first
PC accounted for 53.3% of the total variance and reflected a common growth response at different sites. Correlation analysis
indicated that fluctuations in the lake’s water level during the growing season (May–August) was primarily responsible for
variations in the radial growth of tamarisk and explained more of the variance at low-lying sites than at higher sites. The
second PC accounted for 30.7% of the total variance and revealed distinct differences in growth response between low-lying
sites and those on higher ground. Total annual precipitation played an important role in radial growth of tamarisk at the
higher sites. The spatial pattern in the tree-ring chronologies for different sites was performed in the temporal pattern
of the tree-ring chronology at the same site. Other factors such as microtopography, soil salinity, sand activity, and browsing
by herbivores also affected the radial growth of tamarisk. The diversity in responses to the maximum water table depth for
tamarisk in the study area appears to have been caused by local variations in precipitation, which can compensate to some
degree for the inability of a plant’s roots to reach the water table. 相似文献
11.
We have surveyed groundwater samples collected from oil and gas reservoirs in the Biyang Depression of China and quantitatively
analyzed the chemical features of those samples using the proportional coefficients. Three different proportional coefficients,
namely the de-calcium–magnesium, the boron–calcium–magnesium, and the chloration coefficients have been calculated. These
three coefficients reflect the strength of de-calcium–magnesium reaction, the trace elements concentrations, and the degree
of diagenesis of the oil-field water, respectively. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions are found to be very
low in the groundwater of the Biyang Depression. The concentration of anion in the oil-field groundwater changes greatly with
the salinity of groundwater in the Biyang Depression. In low salinity oil field, bicarbonate is generally the dominating anion;
but when salinity increases, sulfate gradually replaces bicarbonate to become the dominating anion. However, in high salinity
oil field, chloride is the dominating anion. Bromine, iodine, and boron are found to be relatively rich in oil-field water
of Biyang Depression. The results show that extensive dolomite deposited near the center of the depression was resulted from
de-calcium–magnesium reaction, and the degree of diagenesis of the oil-field water and concentrations of trace elements increase
with buried depth in the reservoir. 相似文献
12.
腾格里沙漠地区水化学特征 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
水资源极为匮乏的腾格里沙漠区内所赋存的水主要有两种类型。一种是沙下潜水 ,主要是周边山区由高向低缓慢地向沙漠区运移所致 ,分布较为普遍 ;另一种是沙漠湖水 ,它是在沙漠区内之低洼地段 ,由于沙下潜水的长期溢出汇集于大小不等的长条状湖泊之中 ,以湖表水 (咸水和卤水 )的形式存在。沙下潜水矿化度在 0 .5～ 1 g/L之间 ,为本区的饮用水。湖表水咸苦 ,矿化度较高 ,就同一湖区而言 ,也有咸水和卤水之分 ,咸水矿化度为每升数十克 ,卤水则在 1 0 0～ 440 g/L之间 ,已达到了盐湖类沉积阶段 相似文献
13.
This paper addresses temporal variability in bottom hypoxia in broad shallow areas of Mobile Bay, Alabama. Time-series data
collected in the summer of 2004 from one station (mean depth of 4 m) exhibit bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) variations associated
with various time scales of hours to days. Despite a large velocity shear, stratification was strong enough to suppress vertical
mixing most of the time. Bottom DO was closely related to the vertical salinity gradient (ΔS). Hypoxia seldom occurred when
ΔS (over 2.5 m) was <2 psu and occurred almost all the time when ΔS was >8 psu in the absence of extreme events like hurricanes.
Oxygen balance between vertical mixing and total oxygen demand was considered for bottom water from which oxygen demand and
diffusive oxygen flux were estimated. The estimated decay rates at 20°C ranging between 0.175–0.322 d−1 and the corresponding oxygen consumption as large as 7.4 g O2 m−2 d−1 fall at the upper limit of previously reported ranges. The diffusive oxygen flux and the corresponding vertical diffusivity
estimated for well mixed conditions range between 8.6–9.5 g O2 m−2 d−1 and 2.6–2.9 m2 d−1, respectively. Mobile Bay hypoxia is likely to be associated with a large oxygen demand, supported by both water column and
sediment oxygen demands, so that oxygen supply from surface water during destratification events would be quickly exhausted
to return to hypoxic conditions within a few hours to days after destratification events are terminated. 相似文献
14.
Frances P. Gelwick Senol Akin D. Albrey Arrington Kirk O. Winemiller 《Estuaries and Coasts》2001,24(2):285-296
We described seasonal fish-assemblages in an estuarine marsh fringing Matagorda Bay, Gulf of Mexico. Habitat zones were identified by patterns of fish species abundance and indicator species optima along gradients in salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and depth in our samples. Indicators of the lower brackish zone (lower lake and tidal bayou closest to the bay) were gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), silver perch (Bairdiella chrysoura), and spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) at salinity >15‰, DO 7–10 mg l−1, and depth <0.5 m. Indicators of the upper brackish zone (lake and fringing salt marsh) were pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) at salinity 10–20‰, DO >10 mg l−1, and depth <0.5 m. In the freshwater wetland zone (diked wetland, ephemeral pool, and perennial scour pool), indicators were sheepshed minnow (Cyprinod on variegatus), rainwater killifish (Lucania parva), mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) at salinity <5‰, DO <5 mg l−1, and depth ≥1 m. In the freshwater channelized zone (slough and irrigation canal), indicators were three sunfish species (Lepomis), white crappie (Pomoxis annularis), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) at salinity <5‰, DO <5 mg l−1, and depth >1.5 m. In brackish zones, seasonal variation in species diversity among sites was positively correlated with temperature, but assemblage structure also was influenced by depth and DO. In the freshwater zones, seasonal variation in species diversity among sites was positively correlated with depth, DO, and salinity, but assemblage structure was weakly associated with temperature. Species diversity and assemblage structure were strongly affected by the connectivity between freshwater wetland and brackish zones. Uncommon species in diked wetlands, such as tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) and fat sleeper (Dormitator maculatus), indicated movement of fishes from the brackish zone as the water level rose during natural flooding and scheduled (July) releases from the diked wetland. From September to July, diversity in the freshwater wetland zone decreased as receding waters left small isolated pools, and fish movement became blocked by a water-control structure. Subsequently, diversity was reduced to a few species with opportunistic life histories and tolerance to anoxic conditions that developed as flooded vegetation decayed. 相似文献
15.
Irving Friedman George I. Smith Kenneth G. Hardcastle 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1976,40(5):501-511
Owens Lake is an alkaline salt lake in a closed basin in southeast California. It is normally nearly dry, but in early 1969, an abnormal runoff from the Sierra Nevada flooded it to a maximum depth of 2·4 m. By late summer of 1971, the lake was again nearly dry and the dissolved salts recrystallized. Changes in the chemistry, pH, and deuterium content were monitored during desiccation.During flooding, salts (mostly trona, halite, and burkeite) dissolved slowly from the lake floor. Their concentration in the lake waters increased as evaporation removed water and salts again crystallized, but winter temperatures caused precipitation of some salts and the following summer warming caused their solution, resulting in seasonal variations in the concentration patterns of some ions. The pH values (9·4–10·4) changed with time but showed no detectable diurnal pattern.The deuterium concentration increased during evaporation and appeared to be in equilibrium with vapor leaving the lake according to the Rayleigh equation. The effective α(D/H in liquid/D/H in vapor) decreased as salinity increased; the earliest measured value was 1·069 [as total dissolved solids (TDS) of lake waters changed from 136,200 to 250,400 mg/1]and the last value (calc.) was 1·025 (as TDS changed from 450,000 to 470,300 mg/1). Deuterium exchange with the atmosphere was apparently small except during late desiccation stages when the isotopic contrast became great. Eventually, atmospheric exchange, combined with decreasing α and lake size and increasing salinity, stopped further deuterium concentration in the lake. The maximum contrast between atmospheric vapor and lake deuterium contents was about 110%. 相似文献
16.
Sandow Mark Yidana 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(4):789-796
Surface water resources play a crucial role in the domestic water delivery system in Ghana. In addition, sustainable food
production is based on the quality and quantity of water resources available for irrigation purposes to supplement rain-fed
agricultural activities in the country. The objective of this research was to determine the main controls on the hydrochemistry
of surface water resources in the southern part of Ghana and assess the quality of water from these basins for irrigation
activities in the area. R-mode factor and cluster analyses were applied to 625 data points from 6 river basins in southern Ghana after the data had
been log transformed and standardized for homogeneity. This study finds that surface water chemistry in the south is controlled
by the chemistry of silicate mineral weathering, chemistry of rainfall, fertilizers from agricultural activities in the area,
as well as the weathering of carbonate minerals. A Gibb’s diagram plotted with total dissolved solids (TDS) on the vertical
axis against (Na+ + K+)/(Ca2+ + K+ + Na+) on the horizontal axis indicates that rock weathering plays a significant role in the hydrochemistry. Activity diagrams
for the CaO–Na2O–Al2O–SiO2–H2O and CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O systems suggest that kaolinite is the most stable clay mineral phase in the system. In addition, an assessment of the irrigation
quality of water from these basins suggests that the basins are largely low sodium—low to medium salinity basins, delivering
water of acceptable quality for irrigation purposes. 相似文献
17.
D. V. Reddy P. Nagabhushanam M. R. Rao D. S. Mitra B. M. Tripati S. K. Sinha B. Bhadu 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2011,77(3):239-242
The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), India, embarked upon exploration and exploitation of deep groundwater
under the project named as “Saraswati” in arid Thar desert, Rajasthan, with a societal mission of providing water to the local
people and cattle. A 555 m deep well drilled by the ONGC near Jaisalmer town in 2006 encountered a potential aquifer at a
depth of 450–500 m. Radiocarbon dating of this well water indicated paleorecharge to be >40,000 yr BP (uncorrected) (Before
Present with respect to 1950 AD), while the medium depth (∼200 m) well waters around that area showed an age range of ∼9,000
to 17,000 yr BP (uncorrected). These waters represent pre-Saraswati era recharge, because the mighty Saraswati flowed in this
region between 7000–4000 yr BP. The stable isotope (δD and δ18O) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) data of these waters clearly indicated absence of communication between the two aquifers
(deep and medium depth). However, the extension of this deep aquifer needs to be determined. 相似文献
18.
Delineation of saltwater intrusion into the freshwater aquifer of Lekki Peninsula,Lagos, Nigeria 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A. A. Adepelumi B. D. Ako T. R. Ajayi O. Afolabi E. J. Omotoso 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(5):927-933
Recently, the deterioration of water quality in the coastal zones of Lekki Peninsula area of Lagos due to saltwater infiltration
into the freshwater aquifer has become a major concern. With the aim of providing valuable information on the hydrogeologic
system of the aquifers, the subsurface lithology and delineating the groundwater salinity, vertical electrical resistivity
(VES) sounding survey was carried out utilizing surface Schlumberger electrode arrays, and electrode spacing varying between
1 and 150 m. The DC resistivity surveys revealed significant variations in subsurface resistivity. Also, the VES resistivity
curves showed a dominant trend of decreasing resistivity with depth (thus increasing salinity). In general, the presence of
four distinct resistivity zones were delineated viz.: the unconsolidated dry sand (A) having resistivity values ranging between
125 and 1,028 Ωm represent the first layer; the fresh water-saturated soil (zone B) having resistivity values which correspond
to 32–256 Ωm is the second layer; the third layer (zone C) is interpreted as the mixing (transition) zone of fresh with brackish
groundwater. The resistivity of this layer ranges from 4 to 32 Ωm; while layer four (zone D) is characterized with resistivities
values generally below 4 Ωm reflecting an aquifer possibly containing brine. The rock matrix, salinity and water saturation
are the major factors controlling the resistivity of the formation. Moreover, this investigation shows that saline water intrusion
into the aquifers can be accurately mapped using surface DC resistivity method. 相似文献
19.
锅穴地貌现象在西方地学界已有长足的研究,在中国地貌学界也并不陌生。锅穴通常形成于山区溪流河床,也形成于风化风蚀、石灰岩溶蚀、湖滨海岸浪蚀等作用。北美、北欧末次冰期大冰盖覆盖过的地方有冰水形成的锅穴。因此,锅穴是一种多成因的地貌现象。见到锅穴而不加多方辨别论证,一概说成是冰川形成,显然是十分危险的。风化和溶蚀形成锅穴属于物理化学作用,而流水和浪蚀形成锅穴属于水动力作用。关于水动力如何形成锅穴,西方地学界早就形成了公认的解释。冰水锅穴经过反复研究也确认,其形成机理与山区河流无异,均属湍急流水在河床局部形成环流驱动沙砾长期磨蚀的结果。既非西方人19世纪提出的"Moulin Hypothesis"能够成功解释,更非眼下国内少数人倡导的"滴水穿石"能够说明。河谷跌水比想象的冰川终端冰崖缺水更加有利。 相似文献
20.
A strong geochemical gradient was observed in the thick overburden aquifer of the Asa drainage basin. Different types of
groundwater occur at different (downslope) locations and groundwater table depths. The following sequence was noticed with
increasing distance downslope or with increasing groundwater table depth:
1. Ca–Mg–HCO3 water at about 390-m groundwater table elevations or upslope locations.
2. Ca–Mg–HCO3–Cl water at middle-slope locations or groundwater table elevations of about 350 m above sea level;
3. Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl water at downslope locations or groundwater table elevations of about 300 m above sea level.
In this basin, changes in the type of water are expected at about every 40–50 m depth from the surface. Statistical analysis
via the determination of the correlation coefficient (r) and regression analysis shows that about 80–99% of the variation in groundwater chemistry is accounted for by the topography,
using the model presented in this paper. The rate of change in the sequence will depend on the permeability of the aquifer,
which determines the rate of groundwater flow and the residence time, and the nature of recharge.
Received: 4 February 1997 · Accepted: 22 July 1997 相似文献