共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
本文讨论了几个温度影响平衡的关系式，认为应用杂平衡常数的概念，可以把它们归结为温度对平衡常数的影响，从而使有关公式的推导更简捷明快。并从动力学和统计热力学的角度，推导出温度对平衡常数影响的关系式，指出上述影响的根源是温度影响粒子在能级中的玻兹曼分布 相似文献
2.
Andrea Tertulliani 《地学学报》1996,8(4):382-385
Several seismogeological effects of earthquakes on the environment have been collected by means of the ING macroseismic procedure. The fast and easy collection of information about ground and hydrological effects constitutes a complementary instrument in assessing the effects on human structures and the environment, and, ultimately, establishing intensity values. In this paper the distribution of seismogeological effects within intensity values has been verified, using data from three moderate Italian earthquakes; the density of the same effects are then discussed in comparison with isoseismal maps. 相似文献
3.
Martin H. Posey Troy D. Alphin Lawrence B. Cahoon David G. Lindquist Michael A. Mallin Meredith B. Nevers 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(5):999-1014
Top-down effects of predators and bottom-up effects related to resource availability can be important in determining community structure and function through both direct and indirect processes. Their relative influence may vary among habitats. We examined the effects of nutrient enhancement and predation in southeastern North Carolina to determine relative effects on benthic macrofaunal communities. Short-term nutrient additions and predator exclusions were conducted in two estuaries to examine main and interactive effects on benthic microalgae and infauna. This experimental approach was complemented by comparisons of microalgal biomass, infaunal abundance and composition, predator abundance and predator exclusion among four estuarine systems that varied in background nutrient levels. In the short-term experiments, nutrient enhancement induced increased microalgal biomass but had limited effects on abundances or sizes of infauna. Predator exclusion increased the density of sedentary and near-surface dwelling fauna, but we did not observe interactions between predation and responses to nutrient additions as might be predicted from a simple cascade model. General patterns of abundance were explained to a larger extent by interannual and amongestuary pattems. These results indicate a lack of simple trophic cascade responses for this community over a short time scale and little evidence for local interactive effects. The lack of interactive effects may reflect the opportunistic nature of the dominant infaunal species and potentially different time and spatial scales for the effects of predation and resource controls. 相似文献
4.
5.
本文提出一个评价波流共同作用下多孔介质海床的孔隙水压力和有效应力动力响应的u-p近似模型。与过去相关研究主要不同处是在于本文着重考虑了潮流在该问题解析解中的作用。本文提出的解析解首先分别与实测数据和COMSOL数值解对比验证。接着以此解析解为基础进行了一系列关于流的作用的参数分析。本文首先研究了潮流对于不同海床深度的影响以及不同波流荷载下海床的动力响应问题,数值结果显示了潮流和非线性波对孔隙水压力和有效应力的重要作用。本文最后研究了不同潮流方向对海床动力响应的影响,结果显示由不同的潮流方向引起的孔隙水压力的相对变化可以达到静水压力的15%。 相似文献
6.
塔河碳酸盐岩洞缝型油藏堵水效果评价方法初探 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
总结了塔河油田碳酸盐岩洞缝型油藏的堵水工作．对堵水效果及其影响因素进行了探讨．认为堵水井储集体剖面类型、水淹特征及其类型、完井方式、投产方式对堵水效果有不同程度的影响：①大型洞穴型储集体堵水效果较其余储集体类型差．单一储集体剖面类型堵水效果较多重储集体剖面类型差：②底部出水型堵水效果明显好于其它出水类型．全井出水型堵水效果最差：⑨裸眼(直接)投产井堵水效果好于酸压(完井)投产井．最后就塔河油田超深碳酸盐岩洞缝型油藏的特点对行标SY／T5874—93的某些内容在操作上进行了讨论：建议统一机械堵水、化学堵水和复合堵水的有效期级别评价指标．并考虑降水幅度;措施有效率评价时应包含经济效益评价指标．针对油藏特点适当上提降水指标下限值;堵水增油量或有效期的计算应考虑堵前指标的动态变化趋势来综合确定。 相似文献
7.
8.
Cascading effects are usually one of the common ways through which relatively minor hazards can substantially impact society and economy; the failure of a single industrial sector or cluster of sectors can result in cascading effect on other interlinked sectors. This paper attempts to quantify this cascading effect triggered by disrupted transportation in Hunan province due to the Great 2008 Chinese Ice Storm and proposes operational risk management measures. The advantage of computable general equilibrium (CGE) model (reflecting indirect and induced effects and the nonlinearity of production block) makes it a promising model to simulate cascading effects and the contribution of risk management measures. A detail transportation system is constructed in the production part of standard CGE model. This study finds the following results: The economic loss of Hunan province is amplified by approximately 40 times by cascading effects during the 2 months following the disaster. Large-scale disasters induce more strong cascading effects than minor ones. Post-disaster system resilience effectively stops the spread of cascading effects. When the economic system resilience (e.g., improving the substitution between road transportation and other forms of transportation and efficiency of road transportation) is increased by 10 %, the economic losses induced by cascading effects can be reduced by approximately 60 %. Overall, improving post-disaster system resilience is a highly efficient and cheap measure to reduce the risk from cascading effects. 相似文献
9.
试论山地高梯度效应——以横断山地的自然-人文景观效应为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
山地是地球表面具有显著起伏度和坡度的三维地貌体,由于自然要素及受其影响的人类活动随海拔高度和相对高度的变化而产生了梯变现象,形成了山地高梯度效应.山地高梯度效应是表征山地随海拔高度和相对高差变化而导致的自然-人文景观的梯次变化现象,是山地地域系统演变的综合集成效应.横断山区是我国典型的高山峡谷区,山地高梯度效表现显著.山地高梯度效应的内涵包括了能量(山地重力势能、热能、生物质能等)高梯度效应、气候高梯度效应、气候地貌高梯度效应、自然带谱高梯度效应、人文社会经济活动(如土地利用等)高梯度效应、人居环境高梯度效应等.山地高梯度效应研究是响应IGBP、IHDP、GTOS等提出的“全球变化与山区-山地研究倡议”的重要行动,也是山地综合研究的重要途径和方法,对山区自然资源利益、社会经济发展、生态环境建设、山区可持续发展等有着重要的意义和价值. 相似文献
10.
11.
12.
Shielding effects have a significant influence on the estimation of soil displacements for jacked piles, which have received minimal attention in previous studies. To include the shielding effects, a novel model was established for the soil compacting displacements of two jacked piles based on the strain path method and the source–sink method. The corresponding closed-form analytical expressions were also derived. Soil compacting displacements were calculated using the proposed method and the previous method, which disregard the shielding effects. The results showed that the soil displacements obtained based on the shielding effects are larger than those obtained when the effects are disregarded in the frontal direction, whereas the opposite results are obtained in the dorsal direction. The shielding effects have significant influence on the soil displacements in the frontal direction and those in the dorsal direction. Consequently, shielding effects should be included in the calculations of soil compacting displacements in the frontal and dorsal directions. An in situ test was also performed to investigate the reasonability of the proposed approach. Computed displacements were compared with the measured data. The results showed that the proposed model effectively predicts practical displacements, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed model. Further research is needed to verify the practicality of the described method.
相似文献13.
14.
15.
本文导出了固液两相流体中球空泡的振荡方程,并用数值方法讨论了固体颗粒对它泡运动及泡壁压强的影响,得到了固相浓度、颗粒尺寸等因素与空泡运动之间的定性关系。在分析过程中,考虑了液体与颗粒之间力的双向耦合作用。 相似文献
16.
Numerical modeling of salinity changes in marine environment of Persian Gulf is investigated in this paper. Computer simulation of the problem is performed by the solution of a convection-diffusion equation for salinity concentration coupled with the hydrodynamics equations. The hydrodynamic equations consist of shallow water equations of continuity and motion in horizontal plane. The effects of rain and evaporations are considered in the continuity equation and the effects of bed slope and friction, as well as the Coriolis effects are considered in two equations of motion. The cell vertex finite volume method is applied for solving the governing equations on triangular unstructured meshes. Using unstructured meshes provides great flexibility for modeling the flow problems in arbitrary and complex geometries, such as Persian Gulf domain. The results of evaporation and Coriolis effects, as well as imposing river and tidal boundary conditions to the hydrodynamic model of Persian Gulf (considering variable topology rough bed) are compared with predictions of Admiralty Tide Table, which are obtained from the harmonic analysis. The performance of the developed computer model is demonstrated by simulation of salinity changes due to inflow effects and diffusion effects as well as computed currents. 相似文献
17.
经典的Prandtl 机构不能很好地反映支护结构入土深度的影响,也不能反映土体强度非均质和各向异性的影响。根据塑性极限分析上限定理,基于修正的Prandtl机构,推导了既可以合理反映支护结构入土深度影响,又可以反映土体强度非均质和各向异性特性的基坑抗隆起稳定的上限解公式,同时基于商业化程序的二次开发,建立了可以考虑土体强度非均质和各向异性影响的强度折减弹塑性有限元方法。通过提出的修正Prandtl机构上限解与强度折减有限元方法以及多块体上限解的对比,验证了修正机构上限解以及强度折减有限元法的合理性和可行性,最后讨论了非均质系数、各向异性系数、支护机构入土深度等因素对基坑抗隆起稳定性的影响,并通过了实例的验证,相关结论可供工程参考。 相似文献
18.
The effects of initial soil fabric on behaviors of granular soils are investigated by using Distinct Element Method (DEM) numerical simulation. Soil specimens are represented by an assembly of non-uniform sized spheres with different initial contact normal distributions. Isotropically consolidated triaxial compression loading and extension unloading in both undrained and drained conditions are simulated for vertically- and horizontally-sheared specimens. The numerical simulation results are compared qualitatively with the published experimental data and the effects of initial soil fabric on resulting soil behaviors are discussed, including the effects of specimen reconstitution methods, effects of large preshearing, and anisotropic characteristics in undrained and drained conditions. The effects of initial soil fabric and mode of shearing on the quasi-steady state line are also investigated. The numerical simulation results can systematically explain that the observed experimental behaviors of granular soils are due principally to their conditions of the initial soil fabric. This outcome provides insights into the observed phenomena in microscopic view. 相似文献
19.
20.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(4):409-414
A detailed study of the Earth tide effects on the GPS kinematic/static positioning is presented in this paper by using theoretical Earth tide computation and practical GPS data processing. Tidal effects could reach up to 30 cm in Denmark and Greenland depending on the measuring time and the position of reference station. With a baseline less than 80 km, the difference of the Earth tide effects could reach more than 5 mm. So, in precise applications of GPS positioning, the Earth tide effect has to be taken into account even for a relative small local GPS network. Several examples are given for demonstrating that the Earth tide effects can be viewed by GPS surveying. They are given through static GPS data static processing, static GPS data kinematic processing, and airborne kinematic GPS data processing. In these cases, the Earth tide effects can be subtracted from the GPS results. The determination of tidal parameter through static GPS data kinematic processing has also been tested. 相似文献