共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
为提高地表能量平衡系统（SEBS）模型在干旱水分胁迫条件下估算地表通量的精度,引入归一化植被水分指数（NDWI）作为干旱水分胁迫信息,以线性、指数、S曲线3种不同形式结合到SEBS模型的kB-1系数中,使得kB-1随着水分胁迫的增加而减小,从而提高SEBS模型估算地表通量的精度。以黑河流域盈科绿洲为研究区域,选取2008—2009年的气象和通量观测数据对模型进行标定和验证。研究结果表明:存在干旱水分胁迫时,与原始SEBS模型相比,考虑干旱水分胁迫信息的SEBS模型能够更为准确地估算地表通量。这种方案能够较为有效地改善原始SEBS模型低估感热通量高估潜热通量的现象,将感热通量的偏差减小35 W/m2,潜热通量的偏差减小25 W/m2。 相似文献
2.
通过测定麻疯树和枫杨幼苗在5种模拟喀斯特逆境下的光合以及δ13C值的变化,分析其光合响应特征。结果表明,第15天,麻疯树幼苗在偏碱性、干旱、低磷、高重碳酸盐和低营养下的净光合速率（Pn）分别为4.39、0.27、2.58、3.08和6.26 μmol?m-2?s-1,第25天则分别变为4.09、0.66、4.57、3.83和4.04 μmol?m-2?s-1;枫杨幼苗的Pn和水分利用效率均低于麻疯树,枫杨幼苗在第25天的Pn有所升高。干旱下枫杨幼苗的初始荧光（Fo）显著升高,光系统II原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,与麻疯树幼苗相比,其光合结构受到更为严重的损害。第25天各逆境下麻疯树幼苗的δ13C值与对照相比显得更为偏正,其对胞内HCO3-的利用能力较强。因此,在山坡缺水环境适宜种植麻疯树,而在沿溪涧河滩阴湿环境则适宜种植枫杨。 相似文献
3.
祁连圆柏和青海云杉幼苗生理生态特征对土壤干旱胁迫的响应 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
以青藏高原东北部亚高山生态系统中的两种不同生境优势树种祁连圆柏和青海云杉3 a生实生苗为研究对象, 研究了它们的幼苗在适宜水分(田间持水量的80%)、轻度干旱(60%)、中度干旱(40%)、重度干旱(20%)生理生态特征差异. 结果表明: 随着干旱胁迫的加剧, 青海云杉和祁连圆柏的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度 (Gs)、蒸腾速率(E) 逐渐下降, 叶片碳稳定同位素含量 (δ13C)、氮素利用效率(NUE)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐增加, 但根冠比(R:S)响应不一致, 青海云杉响应逐渐降低, 而祁连圆柏响应逐渐升高. 二者对干旱胁迫的响应有显著差异, 青海云杉在所测定的生理生态指标中受干旱胁迫影响更大, 说明青海云杉对干旱胁迫更为敏感, 而祁连圆柏具有更强的耐旱性. 相似文献
4.
Effect of drought and salinity stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of canola
P. Sharif M. Seyedsalehi O. Paladino P. Van Damme M. Sillanpää A. A. Sharifi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2018,15(9):1859-1866
Environmental stresses such as salinity and drought are the most important factors affecting yield reduction and crops productivity. In order to investigate the effects of drought and salinity stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of canola, an experimental campaign was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at greenhouse of Agriculture Research Center and Natural Resources of East Azarbaijan in 2014. Main plots were including drought stress at four levels (0, ?4, ?8 and ?12 bar polyethylene glycol solution) and subplots including salinity stress at four levels of sodium chloride (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM). The results analysis of variance indicated that the interaction of drought and salinity stresses was significant on leaf area and relative water content of leaf. The most leaf area (383.03 cm?2) was obtained at non-stress treatments. The results showed that drought stress conditions led to significant reduction in relative water content in leaf. The highest proline (0.08 µm/g fresh weight) and soluble sugars (0.12 mg/g fresh weight) contents were observed at treatments of ?12 bar polyethylene glycol. Also, the least proline (0.04 µm/g fresh weight) and soluble sugar (0.06 mg/g fresh weight) contents were achieved at treatments of drought non-stress. 相似文献
5.
为在喀斯特石漠化生态恢复治理中科学选择抗旱植物材料提供依据,本文以贵阳花溪区附近石漠化区为例,利用快速叶绿素荧光动力学技术研究了干旱和复水对石生反叶扭口藓(Barbula fallax Hedw. )叶绿素含量和荧光特性变化的影响,探讨了石漠化干旱环境与石生藓类光合特征的关系。结果表明:反叶扭口藓随干旱胁迫的增加,叶绿素含量总体呈出先降低后升高的趋势;叶绿素荧光参数Fo、qN上升,Fm、Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、qP都随干旱胁迫的加剧而下降;在胁迫时间较短复水后（24 h）叶绿素荧光参数（Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Yield、qP、qN）基本恢复到对照水平,超过24 h造成胁迫程度的加重则无法恢复到对照水平。 相似文献
6.
Jafari Seyedeh Mahboobeh Nikoo Mohammad Reza Dehghani Maryam Alijanian Mohammadali 《Natural Hazards》2020,102(3):1249-1267
Natural Hazards - Water stress or more specifically drought assessment plays a key role in water management, especially in extreme climate conditions. Basically, globally gridded satellite-based... 相似文献
7.
Food security has drawn great attention from both researchers and practitioners in recent years. Global warming and its resultant extreme drought events have become a great challenge to crop production and food price stability. This study aimed to establish a preliminary theoretical methodology and an operational approach for assessing the physical vulnerability of two wheat varieties (“Yongliang #4” and “Wenmai #6”) to agricultural drought using Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model (EPIC). Drought hazard index was set up based on output variables of the EPIC water stress (WS), including the magnitude and duration of WS during the crop-growing period. The physical vulnerability curves of two wheat varieties to drought were calculated by the simulated drought hazard indexes and loss ratios. And the curve’s effect on drought disaster risk was defined as A, B and C sections, respectively. Our analysis results showed that (a) physical vulnerability curves varied between two wheat varieties, which were determined by genetic parameters of crops; (b) compared with spring wheat “Yongliang 4#” winter wheat “Wenmai 6#” was less vulnerable to drought under the same drought hazard intensity scenario; (c) the wheat physical vulnerability curve to drought hazard displayed a S shape, suggesting a drought intensity–dependent magnifying or reducing effect of the physical vulnerability on drought disasters; (d) the reducing effect was mainly in the low-value area of vulnerability curve, whereas the magnifying effect was in the middle-value area, and the farming-pastoral zone and the Qinling Mountain–Huaihe River zone formed important spatial division belts. 相似文献
8.
利用MODIS植被指数和陆地表面温度产品建立全国3个农业气候区NDVI-Ts、NDVI-ΔT和NDVI-ATI空间,并由NDVI-Ts、NDVI-ΔT和NDVI-ATI空间分别建立温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)、温差植被干旱指数(DTVDI)和表观热惯量植被干旱指数(AVDI)3个干旱评价指标研究全国干旱分布,利用实测土壤含水量对3个干旱指标进行检验评价.NDVI-ΔT空间中的湿边基本与横坐标平行,表明当土壤水分处于饱和状态或植被完全无水分胁迫条件下,植被和土壤对缓冲环境温度变化的能力大体相当;由NDVI-ATI空间看出,随着植被覆盖增加,表观热惯量有增加的趋势.对比3个干旱评价指标表明:当监测范围较大,区域内地形复杂时,由NDVI-Ts空间计算的TVDI评价干旱最合理,由NDVI-ΔT空间计算的DTVDI在干旱监测中也具有一定的价值,而由NDVI-ATI空间计算的AVDI已经不能合理评价干旱. 相似文献
9.
Low-lying coastal ecosystems along the northern Gulf of Mexico are already experiencing the effects of elevated salinity from sea-level rise and are predicted to face extreme events such as extended saltwater inundation, intense Atlantic hurricanes, and episodic drought. The ability of coastal plant communities to survive stresses from these events depends largely on how these communities respond to the stresses. Our understanding of how plant communities dominated by native vs. invasive plants respond to extreme events is limited. Utilizing controlled greenhouse experiments, we assessed the responses of floating aquatic macrophyte communities, dominated by native or invasive plants, of the coastal floodplains, Louisiana, USA, to a gradient of chronic salinity, mimicking sea-level rise; a gradient of acute salinity, mimicking hurricane storm surges; and a gradient of desiccation stress, mimicking episodic drought. We found that salinity and desiccation stress effects on plant communities depended on the degree of plant invasion; plant community cover decreased precipitously as severity of stress increased. Specifically, extreme salinity led to a decrease in plant cover of >?90% when communities were dominated by invasive plants, whereas increased desiccation stress led to decreased plant cover of 100% when communities were dominated by native species. At low to moderate salinity, invasive dominated plant communities performed better than native dominated. These responses to salinity and desiccation stress may drive large-scale shifts in plant community structure, including loss of species. Our results underscore the importance of evaluating plant community responses to environmental extremes to determine the potential for future effects on dynamics and functioning of low-lying coastal floodplain ecosystems experiencing effects of climate change. 相似文献
10.
2010年6月28日, 广西凌云-凤山地区在特大强降雨活动之后发生密集的浅源低震级地震活动, 造成严重经济损失.该震群活动是否与强降雨有关, 强降雨是否可以触发震群活动, 仍存在争议.基于该地区地震构造背景, 对震群的活动特征、震源机制解及其与断裂构造的关系进行了分析, 并建立了断层内流体孔隙压力触发断层滑动的力学模型.该浅层震群活动的发生时间、震中位置和活动频次均与特大强降雨具有密切的相关性.认为岩溶地区长期干旱和地下水缺乏有利于地壳浅层的应力积累.地表流体很难通过下渗扩散触发断层的完全解锁和深部滑动, 但岩溶裂隙和管道有利于地表流体快速汇聚下渗, 引起断层浅层强度的弱化, 导致断层部分解锁滑动.并在断层附近形成局部应力场异常和离散的封闭性超压流体, 触发密集的浅层低震级震群活动. 相似文献
11.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(3-4):336-350
One or more of three intense and persistent droughts impacted some Native American cultures in the early-11th, middle-12th and late-13th centuries, including the Anasazi, Fremont, Lovelock, and Mississippian (Cahokian) prehistorical cultures. Tree-ring-based reconstructions of precipitation and temperature indicate that warm drought periods occurred between AD 990 and 1060, AD 1135 and 1170, and AD 1276 and 1297. These droughts occurred during minima in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and may have been associated with positive values of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Each of the Native American cultures was supported, to a greater or lesser degree, by precipitation-dependent resources. Both the Four Corners region and Cahokia were sites of intense growth between about AD 1050 and 1130, and by AD 1150, cultures in both regions were undergoing stress. By AD 1300 the Anasazi and Fremont cultures had collapsed and their residual populations had either left their homelands or withered. In the case of Fremont populations, the AD 990–1060 drought may have had the greatest impact. This drought also may have affected the Anasazi, for it was at the end of this drought that some people from Chaco migrated to the San Juan River valley and founded the Salmon Ruin great house. Detailed data do not exist on the number of Lovelock habitation sites or populations over time; however, Lovelock populations appear to have retreated from the western Great Basin to California by AD 1300 or shortly thereafter. 相似文献
12.
论气候变暖背景下干旱和干旱灾害风险特征与管理策略简 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The drought is a most severe natural disaster worldwide, which leads to great risk in human being. The drought disaster and risk have more prominent because of obvious climatic warming in the last hundred years. At present, the understanding of the internal laws of the occurrence of drought and drought risk is not comprehensive, and the recognition of the characteristics of the drought and drought risk under climatic warming is obscure. In this paper, we summarized systematically the domestic and overseas research progress of the drought and drought disaster risk, introduced the principle of the drought disaster transfer process and the essential features of drought disaster, analyzed synthetically the main characteristics and interactions among the key factors of the drought disaster risk, discussed the effect of climatic warming on drought and drought disaster risk, and probed into the basic requirement of drought disaster risk management. Above all, we provide the main protective measurements of the drought disaster and the main strategy of drought disaster risk management. 相似文献
13.
为减轻季节性干旱对吉林西部农业生产造成的影响,以吉林西部6个气象站1957-2010年的月降水量资料为基础,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)作为气象干旱指标。利用Daubechies小波分析法、重标极差分析法(R/S)和干旱频率法对吉林西部SPI时空演化特征进行了研究。结果表明:研究区各站点冬旱整体上有减轻趋势,而秋旱有加重趋势;各站点气象干旱状况呈现出持续性特征,乾安(夏季和秋季)、前郭(夏季)、通榆(春季、夏季和秋季)、长岭(夏季)干旱持续性更加强烈。研究区春旱高频区为扶余,夏旱高频区为扶余和白城,秋旱高频区为白城、通榆、乾安、前郭和长岭,冬旱高频区为扶余、长岭和白城。研究结果可为吉林西部防旱减灾提供参考。 相似文献
14.
干旱等级具有多级和跃迁性质,有必要提出一种既能反映不同干旱等级变化特征,又能体现干旱总体变化特征的定量评估方法。通过构建干旱等级变化的概率矩阵,引入变化率乘子和变化程度乘子,推导干旱等级变化率和变化程度计算公式,提出干旱等级变化的综合定量评估方法;借助标准化降水蒸散指数和标准化径流指数,应用于东江流域评估月、季和年尺度的气象干旱向水文干旱传递过程中干旱等级变化及水库影响下水文干旱等级变化。结果表明:①气象干旱向水文干旱传递过程中干旱总体变化程度较小,但干旱等级变化明显,月、季和年尺度的总体变化率分别达到了45.9%、46.8%和34.9%;②干旱在10月下降了约1.4个等级,在春季上升了约1.3个等级;③水库径流调节对于缓解月、季尺度水文干旱作用显著,干旱等级总体变化率均约为33%,其中春季干旱程度下降了约1个等级。该方法不仅适用于评估干旱变化,也可应用于评估具有分级特征的其他灾害变化。 相似文献
15.
作为旱灾风险管理的核心内容和关键环节,旱灾风险评估逐渐成为旱灾研究的热点问题。从科学界定旱灾风险概念入手,辨析了干旱风险与旱灾风险之间的关系,并从机理上对旱灾风险形成机制进行了剖析和阐述;首次提出了旱灾风险定量评估总体框架,即通过建立干旱频率~潜在损失~抗旱能力之间的定量关系实现对旱灾风险的定量评估,并探讨了该评估框架所涉及的干旱频率分析技术、灾损评估技术、抗旱能力评估技术和旱灾风险表征技术等关键技术及其难点。 相似文献
16.
17.
区域气象干旱评估分析模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为应对全球范围内日益严重的干旱问题,对区域气象干旱相对完整的评估分析模式开展了探讨。提出了从区域气象干旱识别到干旱特征值计算,再到干旱特征多变量分析的3个分析评估步骤。并以渭河流域为例,对研究区域进行了矩形干旱评估单元划分,选取了RDI（Reconnaissance Drought Index）为评估指标对区域内各单元各时段的干旱状态进行了识别,结果与历史记载的干旱年份吻合较好。分别采用了分布拟合、相关系数和Copula函数等统计学方法对区域干旱的干旱特征值（干旱历时、干旱面积、干旱强度和干旱频率）进行了特征分析,得出了一系列的单变量、双变量及多变量特征分析对比结果。通过对各类分布函数的计算和绘图,得到了渭河流域干旱事件发生的条件概率和重现期,形成了一套相对完整的区域干旱评估分析模式。 相似文献
18.
Karen G. Villholth Christian Tøttrup Martin Stendel Ashton Maherry 《Hydrogeology Journal》2013,21(4):863-885
Groundwater drought denotes the condition and hazard during a prolonged meteorological drought when groundwater resources decline and become unavailable or inaccessible for human use. Groundwater drought risk refers to the combined physical risk and human vulnerability associated with diminished groundwater availability and access during drought. An integrated management support tool, GRiMMS, is presented, for the mapping and assessment of relative groundwater drought risk in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Based on composite mapping analysis of region-wide gridded relative indices of meteorological drought risk, hydrogeological drought proneness and human groundwater drought vulnerability, the mapping results highlight consistent areas across the region with highest groundwater drought risk and populations in the order of 39 million at risk of groundwater drought at present. Projective climate-model results suggest a potentially significant negative impact of climate change on groundwater drought risk. The tool provides a means for further attention to the key, but neglected, role of groundwater in drought management in Africa. 相似文献
19.
Assessing Vulnerability to Agricultural Drought: A Nebraska Case Study 总被引：14，自引：6，他引：14
Recent drought events in the United States and the magnitude of drought losses indicate the continuing vulnerability of the country to drought. Until recently, drought management in many states, including Nebraska, has been largely response oriented with little or no attention to mitigation and preparedness. In 1998, Nebraska began to revise its drought plan in order to place more emphasis on mitigation. One of the main aspects of drought mitigation and planning is the assessment of who and what is vulnerable and why. This paper presents a method for spatial, Geographic Information Systems-based assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability in Nebraska. It was hypothesized that the key biophysical and social factors that define agricultural drought vulnerability were climate, soils, land use, and access to irrigation. The framework for derivation of an agricultural drought vulnerability map was created through development of a numerical weighting scheme to evaluate the drought potential of the classes within each factor. The results indicate that the most vulnerable areas to agricultural drought were non-irrigatedcropland and rangeland on sandy soils, located in areas with a very high probability of seasonal crop moisture deficiency. The identification of drought vulnerability is an essential step in addressing the issue of drought vulnerability in the state and can lead to mitigation-oriented drought management. 相似文献
20.
为有效应对日益严重的流域干旱问题,有必要开展面向干旱全过程的黄河流域干旱应对系统研究。基于干旱演变过程设计了干旱指数,通过天气预报模型、回归分析等进行干旱、需水与径流预报;设置多年调节水库旱限水位,实现水资源年际补偿;识别洪水和泥沙分期特征,采用分期汛限水位增加洪水资源利用量;建立了梯级水库群协同优化调度模型,调配抗旱水源。算例结果显示:黄河流域干旱应对系统能够平衡年际间的干旱损失以避免重度破坏,与实际情况相比,在重旱的2014年增加抗旱水源22.40亿m^3。建立的干旱应对系统已应用于黄河流域抗旱实践,提升了流域应对干旱的水资源调控能力。 相似文献