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1.
A critical assessment has been made of the processes of supply and removal of dissolved silicon in the ocean. The only sources of importance appear to be continental drainage (supplying 4.3 × 1014 g SiO2/yr), Antarctic weathering and migration from sediment pore waters. The magnitudes of the last two processes are uncertain but there is evidence that they may add significantly to the river input. The total input appears to lie uncertainly within the range of 5.12 × 1014 g SiO2/yr.Estimates of removal in estuarine mixing processes (less than 1 × 1014 g SiO2/yr) and in pelagic siliceous oozes (less than 2 × 1014 g SiO2/yr) suggest that deposition by these processes may not balance the input. Other removal processes could include biological deposition in coastal waters, but the hypothesis that some removal in the sea occurs by inorganic processes, such as reverse weathering reactions, cannot be discounted. 相似文献
2.
Reverse Weathering in River-dominated Marginal Seas 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In estuarine regions and marginal seas, reverse weathering refers to the formation of authigenic aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals promoted by large inputs of terrestrial weathering products and intense remineralization of Sedimentary Organic Carbon (SOC), which is opposite to land weathering process. Compared with the process in open ocean, the formation of authigenic aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals caused by reverse weathering in estuarine regions and marginal seas is rather rapid, playing an important role in the maintenance of ocean acidity and elements cycles. At present, there are two research methods regarding the reverse weathering process, i.e., direct observation and chemical detection. The first method is used to study the structure and chemical composition of authigenic minerals and the second is mainly used to do quantified studies of authigenic minerals. The reverse weathering is very important to the cycles of Si, C, major ions (F-, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+), and alkali metal cations (Fe, Mn and Al) in marine environments, which promotes the burial of these elements in marine sediments. Due to large inputs of weathering products rich in Fe, Mn and Al oxides, precipitation of labile OC and biogenic silica, intense remineralization process and suboxic/anoxic conditions, estuarine and marginal seas are suitable sites for reverse weathering studies. The reverse weathering studies in sub-tropical and temperate estuaries should be emphasized in the future. 相似文献
3.
海洋硅循环是海洋生物地球化学循环的关键过程之一,对调控全球二氧化碳浓度、海洋酸碱度和多种元素(氮、磷、铁、铝等)的循环具有重要作用。在当今气候变化和人类活动影响日益增强的背景下,硅循环与“生物泵”及碳循环的紧密联系,是其成为地球科学领域研究热点的主要原因。海洋中硅的外部来源主要为河流、地下水、大气沉降、海底玄武岩风化作用和海底热液输送5个途径,在全球气温变暖趋势的影响下,极地冰川融化成为高纬度海域不可忽视的硅源。生物硅在沉积物中的埋藏、硅质海绵和生物硅的反风化作用是重要的海洋硅移除过程。海洋硅循环过程复杂,受生物(生物吸收、降解)、物理(吸附、溶解)和化学(矿化分解和反风化作用)多重因素的影响,针对海洋硅循环关键过程的研究有助于综合评估海洋硅的“源-汇”和收支。本文总结了海洋硅循环的主要过程及海洋硅的收支,根据国际和国内研究现状讨论了当前海洋硅循环研究中面临的主要问题和挑战。现有研究成果显示,海洋硅的外源输入和输出通量比以往的评估分别增加了2.4和2.2倍。在短时间尺度内(<8 ka),全球海洋中硅的收支大致平衡,海洋硅循环基本处于稳定状态。气候变化和人类活动导致河流输送至陆架边缘海的硅通量发生变化,可能影响硅藻等海洋浮游植物种群结构,是未来海洋硅循环研究需要关注的问题之一。陆架边缘海较高沉积速率和强烈的反风化作用提高了该区域生物硅的埋藏效率,准确评估该区域生物硅的埋藏通量仍是亟须解决的难题。目前的研究评估了全球海洋浮游硅藻、硅质海绵以及放射虫生产力,而海洋底栖硅藻生产力的贡献受到忽视,未来需要关注底栖硅藻对生物硅的贡献及其在海洋硅的生物地球化学过程中的作用。 相似文献
4.
5.
The chemical status of major and trace elements (TE) in various boreal small rivers and watershed has been investigated along a 1500-km transect of NW Russia. Samples were filtered in the field through a progressively decreasing pore size (5, 0.8 and 0.22 μm; 100, 10, and 1 kD) using a frontal filtration technique. All major and trace elements and organic carbon (OC) were measured in filtrates and ultrafiltrates. Most rivers exhibit high concentration of dissolved iron (0.2–4 mg/l), OC (10–30 mg/l) and significant amounts of trace elements usually considered as immobile in weathering processes (Ti, Zr, Th, Al, Ga, Y, REE, V, Pb). In (ultra)filtrates, Fe and OC are poorly correlated: iron concentration gradually decreases upon filtration from 5 μm to 1 kD whereas the major part of OC is concentrated in the <1–10 kD fraction. This reveals the presence of two pools of colloids composed of organic-rich and Fe-rich particles. According to their behavior during filtration and association with these two types of colloids, three groups of elements can be distinguished: (i) species that are not affected by ultrafiltration and are present in the form of true dissolved inorganic species (Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cs, Si, B, As, Sb, Mo) or weak organic complexes (Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba), (ii) elements present in the fraction smaller than 1–10 kD prone to form inorganic or organic complexes (Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, and, for some rivers, Pb, Cr, Y, HREE, U), and (iii) elements strongly associated with colloidal iron in all ultrafiltrates (P, Al, Ga, REE, Pb, V, Cr, W, Ti, Ge, Zr, Th, U). Based on size fractionation results and taking into account the nominal pore size for membranes, an estimation of the effective surface area of Fe colloids was performed. Although the total amount of available surface sites on iron colloids (i.e., 1–10 μM) is enough to accommodate the nanomolar concentrations of dissolved trace elements, very poor correlation between TE and surface sites concentrations was observed in filtrates and ultrafiltrates. This strongly suggests a preferential transport of TE as coprecipitates with iron oxy(hydr)oxides. These colloids can be formed on redox boundaries by precipitation of Fe(III) from inflowing Fe(II)/TE-rich anoxic ground waters when they meet well-oxygenated surface waters. Dissolved organic matter stabilizes these colloids and prevents their aggregation and coagulation. Estuarine behavior of several trace elements was studied for two small iron- and organic-rich rivers. While Si, Sr, Ba, Rb, and Cs show a clear conservative behavior during mixing of freshwaters with the White sea, Al, Pb and REE are scavenged with iron during coagulation of Fe hydroxide colloids. 相似文献
6.
The estuarine environment can serve as either a source or sink of carbon relative to the coastal ocean carbon budget. A variety of time-dependent processes such as sedimentation, carbon supply, and productivity dictate how estuarine systems operate, and Mobile Bay is a system that has experienced both natural and anthropogenic perturbations that influenced depositional processes and carbon cycling. Sediments from eight box cores provide a record of change in bulk sediment accumulation and carbon burial over the past 110 years. Accumulation rates in the central part of the basin (0.09 g cm?2) were 60–80 % less than those observed at the head (0.361 g cm?2) and mouth (0.564 g cm?2) of the bay. Sediment accumulation in the central bay decreased during the past 90 years in response to both anthropogenic (causeway construction) and natural (tropical cyclones) perturbations. Sediment accumulation inevitably increased the residence time of organic carbon in the oxic zone, as observed in modeled remineralization rates, and reduced the overall carbon burial. Such observations highlight the critical balance among sediment accumulation, carbon remineralization, and carbon burial in dynamic coastal environments. Time-series analysis based solely on short-term observation would not capture the long-term effects of changes in sedimentation on carbon cycling. Identifying these relationships over longer timescales (multi-annual to decadal) will provide a far better evaluation of coastal ocean carbon budgets. 相似文献
7.
Jer me Viers Bernard Dupr Mireille Polv Jacques Schott Jean-Louis Dandurand Jean-Jacques Braun 《Chemical Geology》1997,140(3-4):181-206
This study deals with the weathering processes operating at the scale of a small catchment (Nsimi-Zoetele, Cameroon) and is focused on the role of organic colloids on mineral weathering and transport of elements in natural waters. Samples of river, spring and groundwaters from Nsimi-Zoetele were filtered through membranes of decreasing pore size (0.22 μm, 0.025 μm, or: 300,000 Da, 5000 Da) to separate colloidal fractions from the truly dissolved one. Major and trace elements and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were analysed in each fraction. Two kinds of waters can be distinguished in the catchment: clear and coloured waters. Clear waters exhibit low concentrations of major and trace elements and DOC. Elements are carried in these solutions in a true dissolved form except Al and rare earth elements (REEs). By contrast, the higher abundances of Al, Fe and trace elements in coloured waters are controlled by the colloidal fraction. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations show that clear waters are in equilibrium with kaolinite and iron oxi-hydroxide which are major minerals in the weathered soil. For coloured waters, the aqueous speciation of Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Al, La and Th was calculated taking into account the complexes with humic acids. Speciation calculations for Cu, Fe, Al, La, Th show a strong complexation with humic acids, in good agreement with the results of the filtration experiments. By contrast, although filtration experiments show a strong control of major cations by organic matter (for example 75% for Ca), speciation calculations reveal that their complexes with humic ligands do not exceed a few percent of total dissolved elements. This discrepancy is explained as an artefact induced by the organic colloids and occurring during the filtration procedure. Finally, both filtration experiments and speciation calculations show that organic matter plays an important role in natural DOC-rich waters. Organic acids increase significantly the dissolution rates of silicates and oxi-hydroxides and thus the amounts of solutes and of complexed elements leaving the catchment. 相似文献
8.
Elevated concentrations of formate, acetate and dissolved organic carbon found at the Lost City hydrothermal field 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Susan Q. Lang David A. Butterfield Deborah S. Kelley 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(3):941-5748
Fluids from the ultramafic-hosted Lost City hydrothermal field were analyzed for total dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic acids. Formate (36-158 μmol/kg) and acetate (1-35 μmol/kg) concentrations are higher than in other fluids from unsedimented hydrothermal vents, and are a higher ratio of the total dissolved organic carbon than has been found in most marine geothermal systems. Isotopic evidence is consistent with an abiotic formation mechanism for formate, perhaps during serpentinization processes in the sub-surface. Further support comes from previous studies where the abiological formation of low molecular weight organic acids has been shown to be thermodynamically favorable during hydrothermal alteration of olivine, and laboratory studies in which the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate has been confirmed. As the second most prevalent carbon species after methane, formate may be an important substrate to microbial communities in an environment where dissolved inorganic carbon is limited. Acetate is found in locations where sulfate reduction is believed to be important and is likely to be a microbial by-product, formed either directly by autotrophic metabolic activity or indirectly during the fermentative degradation of larger organic molecules. Given the common occurrence of exposed ultramafic rocks and active serpentinization within the worlds ocean basins, the abiotic formation of formate may be an important process supporting life in these high pH environments and may have critical implications to understanding the organic precursors from which life evolved. 相似文献
9.
Raphaelle Escoube Olivier J. Rouxel Edward Sholkovitz 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(14):4045-139
Recent studies have suggested that rivers may present an isotopically light Fe source to the oceans. Since the input of dissolved iron from river water is generally controlled by flocculation processes that occur during estuarine mixing, it is important to investigate potential fractionation of Fe-isotopes during this process. In this study, we investigate the influence of the flocculation of Fe-rich colloids on the iron isotope composition of pristine estuarine waters and suspended particles. The samples were collected along a salinity gradient from the fresh water to the ocean in the North River estuary (MA, USA). Estuarine samples were filtered at 0.22 μm and the iron isotope composition of the two fractions (dissolved and particles) were analyzed using high-resolution MC-ICP-MS after chemical purification. Dissolved iron results show positive δ56Fe values (with an average of 0.43 ± 0.04‰) relative to the IRMM-14 standard and do not display any relationships with salinity or with percentage of colloid flocculation. The iron isotopic composition of the particles suspended in fresh water is characterized by more negative δ56Fe values than for dissolved Fe and correlate with the percentage of Fe flocculation. Particulate δ56Fe values vary from −0.09‰ at no flocculation to ∼0.1‰ at the flocculation maximum, which reflect mixing effects between river-borne particles, lithogenic particles derived from coastal seawaters and newly precipitated colloids. Since the process of flocculation produces minimal Fe-isotope fractionation in the dissolved Fe pool, we suggest that the pristine iron isotope composition of fresh water is preserved during estuarine mixing and that the value of the global riverine source into the ocean can be identified from the fresh water values. However, this study also suggests that δ56Fe composition of rivers can also be characterized by more positive δ56Fe values (up to 0.3‰) relative to the crust than previously reported. In order to improve our current understanding of the oceanic iron isotope cycling, further work is now required to determine the processes controlling the fractionation of Fe-isotopes during continental run-off. 相似文献
10.
Hydrogeochemical modeling of organo-metallic colloids in the Nsimi experimental watershed,South Cameroon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Sekhar Jean-Jacques Braun K. V. Hayagreeva Rao Laurent Ruiz Henri Robain Jérôme Viers Jules Rémy Ndam Bernard Dupré 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(4):831-841
This paper presents a hydrogeochemical modeling code HYDROS, which combines the multi-component transport model with equilibrium
speciation module MINTEQA2. The processes of adsorption, aqueous speciation and mineral precipitation/dissolution are represented
in the model. The numerical model uses a sequential iterative approach for solving the solute transport and the equilibrium
geochemistry modules. Further the transport part is solved using an operator split approach wherein a finite volume method
is used for solving the advective equations while a classical finite difference method is employed for solving the dispersive
equations. The model performance is evaluated by comparing it with MINTOX for a literature problem. HYDROS is then applied
to the case study of the transfer of transition metals with organic colloids in the swamp groundwater system of the experimental
Nsimi watershed, representative of the humid tropical ecosystem of the South Cameroon Plateau. Field observations at the site
swamp system suggest that the carbon is mainly transferred as organic colloids (i.e., dissolved organic carbon) produced by
the slow biodegradation of the swamp organic matter. Using HYDROS, the behaviour of Al(III) and Fe(III) elements in the base
flow system is simulated during inter rain events of a short rainy season (May–June 1996). The elemental time-series for Al,
Fe, Cl, pH compare well with the simulation results. The colloids are found to have a strong impact on the mobilization and
transfer of Al(III) and Fe(III), which are considered to have low mobility in weathering environment. 相似文献
11.
Formation of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide colloids in freshwater and brackish seawater, with incorporation of phosphate and calcium 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Anneli GunnarsSven Blomqvist Peter Johansson Christian Andersson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(5):745-758
The formation of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide colloids by oxidation of Fe(II) and their subsequent aggregation to larger particles were studied in laboratory experiments with natural water from a freshwater lake and a brackish coastal sea. Phosphate was incorporated in the solid phase during the course of hydrolysis of iron. The resulting precipitated amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide phases were of varying composition, depending primarily on the initial dissolved Fe/P molar ratio, but with little influence by salinity or concentration of calcium ions. The lower limiting Fe/P ratio found for the solid phase suggests the formation of a basic Fe(III) phosphate compound with a stoichiometric Fe/P ratio of close to two. This implies that an Fe/P stoichiometry of ≈2 ultimately limits the capacity of precipitating Fe(III) to fix dissolved phosphate at oxic/anoxic boundaries in natural waters. In contrast to phosphorus, the uptake of calcium seemed to be controlled by sorption processes at the surface of the iron-rich particles formed. This uptake was more efficient in freshwater than in brackish water, suggesting that salinity restrains the uptake of calcium by newly formed Fe(III) oxyhydroxides in natural waters. Moreover, salinity enhanced the aggregation rate of the colloids formed. The suspensions were stabilised by the presence of organic matter, although this effect was less pronounced in seawater than in freshwater. Thus, in seawater of 6 to 33 ‰S, the removal of particles was fast (removal half time < 200 h), whereas the colloidal suspensions formed in freshwater were stable (removal half time > 900 h). Overall, oxidation of Fe(II) and removal of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide particles were much faster in seawater than in freshwater. This more rapid turnover results in lower iron availability in coastal seawater than in freshwater, making iron more likely to become a limiting element for chemical scavenging and biologic production. 相似文献
12.
陆架边缘海是“河口—陆架”体系重要的碳汇,黏土矿物作为主要载体将有机质与金属元素吸附于表面或层间,通常表现为粒度、有机质和金属元素含量之间高度正相关。本文通过分析南黄海中部沉积物粒度、总有机碳、主微量元素,探讨三者之间分布特征和相互关系,进一步开展金属元素、有机质与黏土矿物吸附模拟实验,结果表明,酸性条件（pH=4）下适量的金属离子（Zn2+、Ni2+、Pb2+）明显促进伊利石对腐殖酸（有机质主要组成部分）吸附,腐殖酸吸附量达到20.06 mg/g,其中金属离子加入使腐殖酸吸附量提高6.25%;同时碱性条件（pH=8）下金属离子也能够促进伊利石对腐殖酸吸附,腐殖酸吸附量达到15.7 mg/g,金属离子加入使腐殖酸吸附量提高38.9%。金属离子的阳离子键桥作用促进伊利石吸附腐殖酸,且酸性环境下腐殖酸的吸附量高于碱性环境。证实了陆架边缘海背下金属元素的参与对黏土矿物吸附腐殖酸具有明显促进作用,有利于在全球碳循环过程形成边缘海“碳库”,同时海洋酸化可能造成海洋溶解有机质降低和重金属离子浓度升高,对陆架边缘海海洋生态系统平衡构成威胁。 相似文献
13.
A. Biati A. R. Karbassi Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2010,7(4):731-736
During estuarine mixing, dissolved metals come into the particulate phase due to the flocculation processes. Such processes are biologically vital. In the present study, controlling mechanisms of elemental flocculation during estuarine mixing in northern and southern estuaries of Iran in relation to the various physical and chemical parameters of waters have been compared. Except for zinc and lead, for other studied elements in Minab River, water flocculate at higher rates in comparison with the rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea. Redox potential might have negative effect on flocculation process in Minab Estuary. Contrary to rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea, in Minab River elemental flocculation is governed by dissolved organic carbon and it shows a non-liner and conservative behavior during estuarine mixing which implies that dissolved organic carbon originates from terrigenous source. The results also shows that maximum removal of elements occurs in lower salinities (1.5 to 5.8 ‰) for the rivers in North of Iran and 3.3 to 11.4 ‰ for Minab River in South of Iran. Flocculation of studied metal in different rivers results in reduction of overall metal pollution load by various percentages. The initial metal contents on river water and mean discharge of river might lead to higher flocculation rates. 相似文献
14.
A survey of U.S. east coast estuaries confirms that large-scale rapid removal of iron from river water is a general phenomenon during estuarine mixing. The river-borne ‘dissolved’ iron consists almost entirely of mixed iron oxide-organic matter colloids, of diameter less than 0.45 μm, stabilized by the dissolved organic matter. Precipitation occurs on mixing because the seawater cations neutralize the negatively charged iron-bearing colloids allowing flocculation. The process has been duplicated in laboratory experiments using both natural filtered and unfiltered river water and a synthetic colloidal goethite in 0.05 μm filtered water. The colloidal nature of the iron has been further confirmed by ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration. A major consequence of the precipitation phenomena is to reduce the effective input of ‘dissolved’ iron to the ocean by about 90% of the primary river value, equivalent to a concentration of less than 1 μmol per liter of river water. 相似文献
15.
Surficial sediment composition and spatial variability reflect the dynamics and level of natural and anthropogenic impact in estuarine systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate some key environmental and sedimentary variables, as well as to evaluate the current environmental quality in the tide-dominated Caravelas estuarine system (Brazil). Sixty-five surficial sediment samples were studied for grain size as well as calcium carbonate, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, metals, semi-metals and rare earth elements and for organic matter δ13C. Based on the spatial distribution of these data and summarizing our findings, three sectors can be individualized in the Caravelas estuarine system: i. Barra Velha inlet; ii. the main channel of the Caravelas estuary, and iii. the channel interconnecting Caravelas and Nova Viçosa estuaries. In the inlet the sedimentary organic matter is provided essentially by marine sources, which corroborates the small continental input. Freshwater dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon occur in the interconnecting channel, proving the occurrence of the residual transport towards the Caravelas estuary, with continental contribution towards Caravelas River. The geochemical fingerprint indicates that the Barreiras Group, composed by Neogene terrigenous deposits, located west of the study area, as an important source of terrigenous material to the entire Caravelas estuary system. The higher values of heavy rare earth elements (between 20 and 30 mg kg−1) in the northern sector of the study area may be related to the high degree of chemical weathering in magmatic or metamorphic rocks, which occur to the north of the study area. 相似文献
16.
The aquatic chemistry of rare earth elements in rivers and estuaries 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
Edward R. Sholkovitz 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1995,1(1):1-34
Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine how pH, colloids and salinity control the fractionation of rare earth elements (REEs) in river and estuarine waters. By using natural waters as the reaction media (river water from the Connecticut, Hudson and Mississippi Rivers) geochemical reactions can be studied in isolation from the large temporal and spatial variability inherent in river and estuarine chemistry. Experiments, field studies and chemical models form a consistent picture whereby REE fractionation is controlled by surface/solution reactions. The concentration and fractionation of REEs dissolved in river waters are highly pH dependent. Higher pH results in lower concentrations and more fractionated composition relative to the crustal abundance. With increasing pH the order of REE adsorption onto river particle surfaces is LREEs > MREEs > HREEs. With decreasing pH, REEs are released from surfaces in the same order. Within the dissolved (<0.22 µm) pool of river waters, Fe-organic colloids are major carriers of REEs. Filtration through filters and ultrafilters with progressively finer pore sizes results in filtrates which are lower in absolute concentrations and more fractionated. The order of fractionation with respect to shale, HREEs > MREEs > LREEs, is most pronounced in the solution pool, defined here as <5K and <50K ultrafiltrates. Colloidal particles have shale-like REE compositions and are highly LREE enriched relative to the REE composition of the dissolved and solution pools. The addition of sea water to river water causes the coagulation of colloidal REEs within the dissolved pool. Fractionation accompanies coagulation with the order of sea water-induced removal being LREEs > MREEs > HREEs. While the large scale removal of dissolved river REEs in estuaries is well established, the release of dissolved REEs off river particles is a less studied process. Laboratory experiments show that there is both release and fractionation of REEs when river particles are leached with seawater. The order of sea water-induced release of dissolved REE(III) (LREEs > MREEs > HREEs) from Connecticut River particles is the same as that associated with lowering the pH and the same as that associated with colloidal particles. River waters, stripped of their colloidal particles by coagulation in estuaries, have highly evolved REE composition. That is, the solution pool of REEs in river waters are strongly HREE-enriched and are fractionated to the same extent as that of Atlantic surface seawater. This strengthens the conclusions of previous studies that the evolved REE composition of sea water is coupled to chemical weathering on the continents and reactions in estuaries. Moreover, the release of dissolved Nd from river particles to sea water may help to reconcile the incompatibility between the long oceanic residence times of Nd (7100 yr) and the inter-ocean variations of the Nd isotopic composition of sea water. Using new data on dissolved and particle phases of the Amazon and Mississippi Rivers, a comparison of field and laboratory experiments highlights key features of REE fractionation in major river systems. The dissolved pool of both rivers is highly fractionated (HREE enriched) with respect to the REE composition of their suspended particles. In addition, the dissolved pool of the Mississippi River has a large negative Ce-anomaly suggesting in-situ oxidation of Ce(III). One intriguing feature is the well developed maximum in the middle REE sector of the shale normalized patterns for the dissolved pool of Amazon River water. This feature might reflect competition between surface adsorption and solution complexation with carbonate and phosphate anions. 相似文献
17.
中国浅海贝藻养殖对海洋碳循环的贡献 总被引：32，自引：0，他引：32
中国是浅海贝藻养殖的第一大国,年产量超过1 000万t。根据贝藻养殖产量、贝藻体内碳元素的含量及其贝类能量收支,推算出2002年中国海水养殖的贝类和藻类使浅海生态系统的碳可达300多万t,并通过收获从海中移出至少120万t的碳。该结果不仅为探讨全球“遗漏的碳汇”问题提供了一个新的线索,同时也证明了浅海的贝类和藻类养殖活动直接或间接地使用了大量的海洋碳,提高了浅海生态系统吸收大气CO2的能力。另外,贝藻的养殖活动与浅海生态系统的碳循环之间关系复杂,相互作用明显,因此,它的生物地球化学过程是一个值得深入研究的科学问题。 相似文献
18.
S. Patra C. Q. Liu F. S. Wang S. L. Li B. L. Wang 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2012,9(4):647-654
Water samples were collected for 23 different stations along a cross section profile of an estuary extending over to adjacent sea. The collected water samples were filtered and analyzed for major?Cminor ions and strontium isotope using the standard procedure to understand the geochemical behaviors of major and minor elements. The normalized values indicated that all riverine elements were entering to adjacent coastal sea with some significant variations at the estuary. The seawater dilution and regression lines explain about the overall patterns for seven elements. Removal processes were detected on calcium, magnesium, strontium and sulfate in the estuarine region. No significant mineral precipitation observed to release magnesium with respect to calcium. Minor variations of strontium and sulfate ions could be attributed to the presence of organic matter in the study area. Comparing seven elements with total suspended matters revealed that the total suspended matters played crucial role in either adsorption or absorption of all the elements in estuary before it reaches to coastal sea. Mixing patterns of strontium isotope showed minimal non-conservative with an evidence of active geochemical process in the estuary. 相似文献
19.
Jean-Jacques Braun Jules Remy Ndam Ngoupayou Bernard Dupre Jean-Loup Boeglin Brunot Nyeck Luc Sigha Nkamdjou Jean-Pierre Muller 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(2):357-387
The study of biogeochemical and hydrological cycles in small experimental watersheds on silicate rocks, common for the Temperate Zone, has not yet been widely applied to the tropics, especially humid areas. This paper presents an updated database for a six-year period for the small experimental watershed of the Mengong brook in the humid tropics (Nsimi, South Cameroon). This watershed is developed on Precambrian granitoids (North Congo shield) and consists of two convexo-concave lateritic hills surrounding a large flat swamp covered by hydromorphic soils rich in upward organic matter. Mineralogical and geochemical investigations were carried out in the protolith, the saprolite, the hillside lateritic soils, and the swamp hydromorphic soils. Biomass chemical analyses were done for the representative species of the swamp vegetation. The groundwater was analysed from the parent rock/saprolite weathering front to the upper fringe in the hillside and swamp system. The chemistry of the wet atmospheric and throughfall deposits and the Mengong waters was monitored.In the Nsimi watershed the carbon transfer occurs primarily in an organic form and essentially as colloids produced by the slow biodegradation of the swamp organic matter. These organic colloids contribute significantly to the mobilization and transfer of Fe, Al, Zr, Ti, and Th in the uppermost first meter of the swamp regolith. When the organic colloid content is low (i.e., in the hillside groundwater), Th and Zr concentrations are extremely low (<3 pmol/L, ICP-MS detection limits). Strongly insoluble secondary thorianite (ThO2) and primary zircon (ZrSiO4) crystals control their mobilization, respectively. This finding thus justifies the potential use of both these elements as inert elements for isoelement mass balance calculations pertaining to the hillside regolith.Chloride can not be used as a conservative tracer of hydrological processes and chemical weathering in this watershed. Biogenic recycling significantly influences the low-Cl input fluxes. Sodium is a good tracer of chemical weathering in the watershed. The sodium solute flux corrected from cyclic salt input was used to assess the chemical weathering rate. Even though low (2.8 mm/kyr), the chemical weathering rate predominates over the mechanical weathering rate (1.9 mm/kyr). Compared to the Rio Icacos watershed, the most studied tropical site, the chemical weathering fluxes of silica and sodium in the Mengong are 16 and 40 times lower, respectively. This is not only related to the protective role of the regolith, thick in both cases, but also to differences in the hydrological functioning. This is to be taken into account in the calculations of the carbon cycle balance for large surfaces like that of the tropical forest ecosystems on a stable shield at the global level. 相似文献
20.
在有碳酸盐岩分布的河流流域, 河水地球化学主要反映的是风化速率较高的碳酸盐矿物风化的信息, 而硅酸盐矿物风化的信息往往被掩盖掉.北江流域碳酸盐岩和硅酸岩分布广泛, 为追踪其中的硅酸盐矿物风化的信息, 分析了北江河水中溶解无机碳同位素的时空变化.河水样品按4个季节自北江的上游到下游采集6个样点, 分析结果显示, 除上游武江的采样点同位素值季节变化不大外, 中下游采样点的同位素值有明显季节变化, 主要表现在6月份的δ13CDIC显著变轻(-16‰~-19‰).在详细剖析矿物风化过程对碳同位素的影响后, 指出除了显著的碳酸盐矿物风化过程外, 北江流域在夏季还存在明显的硅酸盐矿物风化过程, 大大提高了流域的碳汇作用. 相似文献