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V. N. Sergeev N. M. Chumakov M. A. Semikhatov N. G. Vorob’eva 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2013,21(1):1-7
Microfossils from silicified varieties of cap dolomites crowning the section of the tillite-bearing Lower Vendian (Ediacaran) Churochnaya Formation in the Polyudov Range (North Urals) are characterized. These microfossils are the first to be found from Vendian sections of the region and from all the terminal post-glacial sediments, one of the most significant global glaciation Marinoan of the African Glacial Era, when glaciers reached the equator. They are represented by remains of hormogonian and chrococcacean cyanobacteria as well as possible green filamentous algae. This microbiotic assemblage is of relatively low diversity, being composed of taxa with wide stratigraphic ranges characteristic of Proterozoic conservative microbiotas developed in shallow-water siliceous-carbonate facies. The lack of phytoplanktonic microfossils in this biota including Pertatataka-type acanthomorphic acritarchs or Ediacaran Complex Acanthomorph Palynoflora (ECAP) is also consistent with the conclusion on shallow-water deposition of the Churochnaya Formation. Moreover, most cyanobacteria representatives occurring in the latter are characteristic of shallow-water arid environments that confirm a theory of significant temperature increase during accumulation of the cap dolomites after termination of the above-mentioned glaciation. In addition to these microfossils, the cap dolomite member of the Churochnaya Formation contains filamentous and coccoidal pseudofossils formed under influence of post-sedimentary fluids. In their morphometric parameters, they resemble structures described from Archean sections as microfossil remains, which may be a key to interpreting their nature. 相似文献
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V. N. Sergeev N. G. Vorob’eva P. Yu. Petrov 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2007,15(1):1-11
Excellently preserved organic-walled and silicified microfossils are first found in the Lower Riphean Ust-Il’ya and Kotuikan formations of the Billyakh Group in the northern slope of the Anabar Uplift (the Fomich River basin). Similar assemblages were previously known only from sections located southward in the Kotuikan River basin, and taxonomic composition of organic-walled microbiotas from the Ust-Il’ya and Kotuikan formations became a corner stone in competitive microphytological models that are based on different approaches. In their composition and general appearance, microbiotas from the Kotuikan and Ust-Il’ya formations in the Fomich River basin are similar to microbiotas reported from the Kotuikan River basin, although northern sections of the above formations characterize deeper sedimentation settings than in localities known before. The Ust-Il’ya and Kotuikan assemblages of organic-walled microfossils include sphaeromorphic Chuaria circularis and Leiosphaeridia, two-layer vesicles the genus Simia, filamentous Plicatidium and Taenitrichoides, and some others. The silicified microbiota from the lower Kotuikan Subformation is largely composed of akinetes of Anabaena-like cyanobacteria Archaeoellipsoides, spherical Myxococcoides grandis, and short trichomes Filiconstrictosus and Orculiphycus representing initial germination stages of Anabaena-like cyanobacterial spores. Acanthomorphic acritarchs known from lithology-similar Lower and Middle Riphean (Mesoproterozoic) formations of Australia and China have not been observed in the Ust-Il’ya and Kotuikan microbiotas, which are probably of older age. The found microbiotas outline substantially wider distribution area of organic-walled and silicified microfossils, supplement microphytological characteristics of Riphean sediments in the Anabar Uplift, provide information on taxonomic composition of microbiotas from a wider spectrum of facies, and specify relationships between Early and Middle Riphean assemblages of microorganisms from different continents. 相似文献
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Roger Buick 《Precambrian Research》1984,24(2):157-172
A sample of chert from North Pole in the Archaean Pilbara block of Western Australia contains carbonaceous filaments that resemble microfossils. These occur in alternating light and dark laminae that look stromatolitic. However, the filaments are too simple in form for their origin to be determined, so they should be regarded as dubiofossils, perhaps biogenic, perhaps inorganic. Their host laminae were inorganically precipitated in a concordant fissure and thus cannot be stromatolitic. This fissure is younger than the surrounding silicified sediments of the ca. 3500 Ma old Warrawoona Group and possibly formed towards the end of the uplift and associated fracturing of the North Pole Dome, perhaps ca. 2750 Ma ago. The filaments are therefore contaminants in secondary chert.The filament-bearing rock was collected less than a metre from one of the localities (B) from which Awramik et al. reported early Archaean microfossils and possible microfossils. Their filaments from this locality were almost identical to those described here and were found in similar laminae. This suggests that their locality B filaments may also be contaminants in secondary chert. Other filaments found by Awramik et al. at North Pole come from an imprecisely located sample site (locality A) where the rock relationships are unknown. Since the host laminae of these filaments are not demonstrably primary and as cryptic concordant fissures filled with secondary minerals are common in locality A rocks, the filaments from this sample site could be contaminants too. Those that were assigned to Archaeotrichion should be treated as dubiofossils. Thus, the filaments described by Awramik et al. may not be fossil bacteria in ca. 3500 Ma old stromatolites, as they proposed, and are not necessarily the oldest known fossil organisms, as has been claimed. 相似文献
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通过X射线荧光、红外光谱和X射线衍射等检测方法分析了延庆硅化木的矿物学特征.结果表明:2个不同植物种属但在同一埋藏地形成硅化木标本成因相似,其颜色与所含元素种类及含量密切相关.X射线衍射分析表明,不同颜色和植物种属的硅化木主要组成物相一致,为SiO2,其他矿物极其微量.2个硅化木标本的红外吸收谱带基本一致,均显示典型的... 相似文献
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藏南江孜盆地下白垩统硅化层的地质地球化学特征及其成矿意义 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
西藏南部江孜盆地的下白垩统地层为一套浊积海底扇沉积序列。在沙拉岗一带, 这套地层中发育一段明显的硅化层。矿物学和岩石地球化学分析表明: 硅化层主要由硅化程度不等的硅化泥岩和硅化灰岩组成, 其矿物组成单调,主要包括石英、低温钠长石和被交代残余的方解石; 硅化泥岩的地球化学特征以继承原岩为主, 而硅化灰岩则受硅化流体改造的程度较大; 硅化灰岩中的微量元素随着硅化程度的递进表现出4种类型的迁移规律, 硅化灰岩的w(∑REE)和w(LREE) /w(HREE)等指标均与硅化程度成正相关关系。综合这些特征表明, 参与硅化层发育的流体可能是一种富SiO2 的偏碱性中低温热流体, 它的活动导致了硅化层的发育并可能和该区内锑矿的产生具有直接的成因联系。 相似文献
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On the basis of ultrastructural, biochemical and genetic studies, bacteria and blue green algae (Kingdom Monera, all prokaryotes) differ unambiguously from the eukaryotic organisms (Fungi, plants sensu stricto) and protists or protoctists, (Copeland, 1956). The gap between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is recognized as the most profound evolutionary discontinuity in the living world. This gap is reflected in the fossil record. Fossil remains of Archaean and Proterozoic Aeons primarily consist of prokaryotes and the Phanerozoic is overwhelmingly characterized by fossils of the megascopic eukaryotic groups, both metazoa and metaphyta. Based on the morphological interpretation of microscopic objects structurally preserved in Precambrian cherts, the time of appearance of remains of eukaryotic organisms in the fossil record has been claimed to be as early as 2.7 · 109 years ago, (Ka?mierczak, 1976). Others suggest chronologies varying between 1.7 to 1.3 · 109 (Schopf et al., 1973) or a time approaching 1.3 · 109 years (Cloud, 1974).There is general agreement that many of the Ediacaran faunas, which have been dated at about 680 m.y. are fossils of megascopic soft-bodied invertebrate animals. Since all invertebrates are eukaryotic, the ca. 680 m.y. date for deposition of these animal assemblages may represent the earliest appearance of eukaryotic organisms. But the question remains as to whether there is definitive evidence for eukaryotic cells before this “benchmark” of the late Precambrian.An excellent discussion of this particular problem as especially relating to acritarchs extending from rocks of Upper Riphean through Vendian and into the basal Cambrian is presented in recent studies by Vidal (1974, 1976) in Late Precambrian microfossils from the Visingsö rocks of southern Sweden.Previous work on the laboratory silicification of wood and algal mat communities (Leo and Barghoorn, 1976) suggested that further analysis of “artificial fossils” might be of aid in the interpretation of fossil morphology toward the ultimate solution of this problem. Thus the procedure developed by one of us (ESB) for laboratory wood silicification was adapted to various smaller objects.By successive immersions of wet cellular aggregates, colonies of various organisms and abiotic organic microspheres in tetraethyl orthosilicate, silicified cells and structures are produced which bear an interesting resemblance to ancient chert-embedded microfossils. Our observation of these microorganisms and proteinoid microspheres silicified in the laboratory as well as of degrading microorganisms, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic, have led us to conclude that many, if not all, of the criteria for assessing fossil eukaryotic microorganisms are subject to serious criticism in interpretation. We studied a large variety of prokaryotic algae, some eukaryotic algae, fungi, protozoa, and abiotic organic microspheres stable at essentially neutral pH. In some cases, degradation and/or silicification systematically altered both size and appearances of microorganisms. By the use of monoalgal cultures of blue-green algae, features resembling nuclei, chloroplasts, tetrads, pyrenoids, and large cell size may be simulated. In many cases individual members of these cultures show so much variation that they may be mistaken as belonging to more than one species. The size ranges for silicified prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae overlap. Several prokaryotes routinely yielded spherical or filamentous structures that resembled large cells. Because of genuine large sizes (e.g., Prochloron), shrinkage, systematic alteration or congregation of unicells to form other structures we find sizes to be of very limited use in determining whether an organism of simple morphology was prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Although some “prebiotic proteinoid microspheres” (of Fox and Harada, 1960) are impossible to silicify with our laboratory methods, those stable at neutral pH (Hsu and Fox, 1976) formed spherical objects that morphologically resemble silicified algae or fungal spores. Many had internal structure. We conclude that even careful morphometric studies of fossil microorganisms are subject to many sources of misinterpretation. Even though it is a logical deduction that eukaryotic microorganisms evolved before Ediacaran time there is no compelling evidence for fossil eukaryotes prior to the late Precambrian metazoans. 相似文献
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贵州瓮福磷矿中的硅化作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
贵州瓮福磷矿中广泛伴生着硅化作用,硅化岩类型以其交代程度可分成弱硅化岩、强硅化岩及结晶硅化岩三类,三类间相互过渡,在空间上有一定的配置关系。硅化岩的U、Th和稀土元素显示了热水沉积产物的特点,石英δ18O值,结晶硅化岩为18.83‰,强硅化岩为20.80～23.67‰,,依氧同位素分馏平衡计算的形成温度为:结晶硅化岩101～115℃,强硅化岩66～98℃。 相似文献
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湖南常宁县康家湾铅锌金矿硅化角砾岩岩石地球化学特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
湖南常宁县康家湾铅锌金矿床硅化角砾岩带由未硅化角砾岩—极弱硅化角砾岩—硅化角砾岩—强硅化角砾岩(似硅质岩)组成,产于侏罗系与下伏二叠系间的不整合面附近,角砾成份复杂,充填物和胶结物类型多样。随着硅化程度的加强,硅化角砾岩带SiO2含量变化大,最高可达95.34%,而Al2O3、MgO、FeO、K2O、Na2O、CaO、CO2和P2O5含量特别是MgO、CaO、CO2和P2O5含量明显降低,且K2O>Na2O,TiO2的含量显著偏低。硅化角砾岩带LREE/HREE比值为1.95～4.93,Ce(δCe=0.44～0.81)和Eu(δEu=0.58～0.89)均为弱负异常,属轻稀土富集型,但随硅化程度增高稀土元素含量显著减少:未硅化和弱硅化角砾岩稀土元素总量较高,为(176.82～318.93)×10-10,与当冲组泥质岩配分曲线相似;硅化强烈的角砾岩稀土元素总量低,为(7.71～65.95)×10-10,与下伏栖霞组灰岩稀土元素配分曲线极为相似。结合微量元素F、Ba、Cl、Cr、Ni、Sr、V研究结果及硅化角砾岩带自底部至顶部特有的下粗上细的韵律性层理构造,认为康家湾铅锌金矿床硅化角砾岩带是在地台体制向地洼体制转变期的大地构造环境下,由于地壳快速隆升,二叠纪灰岩、泥质岩、石英砂岩等岩石剥蚀,在古河流环境下搬运、沉积形成的。此 相似文献
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微体古生物分析已经证明是沿海平原和陆架海侵研究的最重要手段之一。由于我国第四纪海侵研究大量工作是在海陆过渡相地层中进行,而对于过渡相化石群古生态和埋葬学方面复杂性认识不足,往往会导致微体化石的错用。河口微体化石的溯流搬运,海岸带低pH环境下钙质壳体的溶解作用,氯化钠型盐湖中有孔虫的产出以及河床摆动造成与海侵、海退相似的化石序列,都可能引起微体化石在海侵研究中错误解释和应用。本文通过澳大利亚和中国的实例进行论证,并提出今后研究工作的建议。 相似文献
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《Precambrian Research》1985,28(2):163-173
Eight categories of organic-walled coccoid microfossils in the c. 700-Ma-old Doushantuo Formation are described and named. Of these, one genus and species (Paratetraphycus giganteus) is new. Most of the microfossils are interpreted as being the remains of the Chroococcaceae and are morphologically comparable to those of the 650-Ma-old Yudoma microbiota and the 850-Ma-old Bitter Springs microbiota. These microfossils occur in non-stromatolitic cherts, adding preservational information to the study of Precambrian life. 相似文献
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铲子坪金矿北西向构造蚀变带特征及其研究意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
铲子坪金矿区北西向构造蚀变带，在剖面上由中心硅化岩带向外依次为石英细脉带，硅化含砾砂板岩带，在性质上兼具韧性变形和脆性变形特征，反映了构造及热液流动的多次性。金矿化与早期灰白色奎化岩密切相关。 相似文献
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Alan Levett Emma J. Gagen Hui Diao Paul Guagliardo Llew Rintoul Anat Paz Paulo M. Vasconcelos Gordon Southam 《地学前缘(英文版)》2019,10(3):1125-1138
Demonstrating the biogenicity of presumptive microfossils in the geological record often requires supporting chemical signatures, including isotopic signatures. Understanding the mechanisms that promote the preservation of microbial biosignatures associated with microfossils is fundamental to unravelling the palaeomicrobiological history of the material. Organomineralization of microorganisms is likely to represent the first stages of microbial fossilisation and has been hypothesised to prevent the autolytic degradation of microbial cell envelope structures. In the present study, two distinct fossilisation textures(permineralised microfossils and iron oxide encrusted cell envelopes)identified throughout iron-rich rock samples were analysed using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry(NanoSIMS). In this system, aluminium is enriched around the permineralised microfossils, while iron is enriched within the intracellularly, within distinct cell envelopes. Remarkably,while cell wall structures are indicated, carbon and nitrogen biosignatures are not preserved with permineralised microfossils. Therefore, the enrichment of aluminium, delineating these microfossils appears to have been critical to their structural preservation in this iron-rich environment. In contrast,NanoSIMS analysis of mineral encrusted cell envelopes reveals that preserved carbon and nitrogen biosignatures are associated with the cell envelope structures of these microfossils. Interestingly, iron is depleted in regions where carbon and nitrogen are preserved. In contrast aluminium appears to be slightly enriched in regions associated with remnant cell envelope structures. The correlation of aluminium with carbon and nitrogen biosignatures suggests the complexation of aluminium with preserved cell envelope structures before or immediately after cell death may have inactivated autolytic activity preventing the rapid breakdown of these organic, macromolecular structures.Combined, these results highlight that aluminium may play an important role in the preservation of microorganisms within the rock record. 相似文献
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Bijai Prasad Ramson Asher Bihuti Borgohai 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(2):415-431
Characteristic latest Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic acritarchs and associated organic-walled microfossils are recorded
from the sediments of Marwar Supergroup encountered in BGW-A well (Bikaner-Nagaur Basin) from 1123–481 m depth. Six distinct
acritarch assemblages, broadly comparable with globally known Ediacaran (Vendian) and Cambrian assemblages are recognised.
The recovered microfossils provide precise age for different units of the Marwar Supergroup whose ages, till now, were poorly
understood due to absence or paucity of invertebrate and other mega and microfossils. 相似文献
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T. S. Zaitseva M. A. Semikhatov I. M. Gorokhov V. N. Sergeev A. B. Kuznetsov T. A. Ivanovskaya N. N. Melnikov G. V. Konstantinova 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2016,24(6):549-574
The structure of Riphean deposits developed on the western slope of the Anabar Massif is described with analysis of their depositional environments, distribution of stromatolite assemblages and organic-walled and silicified microfossils through sections, and evolution of views on stratigraphic significance of some of these assemblages. The investigation included complex mineralogical, geochemical, structural, and isotopic?geochronological study of globular phyllosilicates (GPS) of the glauconite?illite series from paleontologically well substantiated Riphean sequences (Ust’-Il’ya and Yusmastakh formations of the Billyakh Group) of the Anabar Massif in the Kotuikan River basin. Isotopic dating of monomineral size and density fractions of GPS from the Billyakh Group was performed in combination with simulation of the distribution of octahedral cations and comparison of the results obtained with Mössbauer spectrometry data. The applied approach is based on an assumption that the formation and transformation of Rb?Sr and K?Ar systems in GPS are synchronous with stages in their structural evolution, which are determined by the geological and geochemical processes during depositional history. Such an approach combined with the mineralogical and structural analysis contributes to correct interpretation of stratigraphic significance of isotopic data. The results obtained provide grounds for the conclusion that isotopic dates of GPS from the Ust’-Il’ya (Rb?Sr, 1485 ± 13 Ma; K?Ar, 1459 ± 20 Ma) and Yusmastakh (Rb?Sr, 1401 ± 10 Ma; K?Ar, 1417 ± 44 Ma) formations mark the stage of early diagenesis of sediments and are suitable for estimating the age of formations in question. 相似文献
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Contrasting ductility is recognized in the rocks of Cretaceous Ryoke metamorphic belt in Iwakuni area, southwest Japan. Pelitic schist is ubiquitous in the region and differences in mineral assemblages mark increase in metamorphic grade. The area has been graded as chlorite-biotite zone in the north progressing into biotite- and muscovite-cordierite zones in the south. Pelitic schist near the boundary between the biotite- and muscovite-cordierite zones has undergone partial silicification to form whitish silicified schist layers which contain two types of quartz veins: those parallel to foliation in the host rock are called schistosity-concordant veins, and those inclined to host rock foliation, schistosity-discordant veins. In this study we examined the quartz structure in the silicified schist and in both types of veins to understand the ductility contrast induced by the silicification process. Crystallographic orientations of quartz in the veins and silicified schist rocks were studied using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) based Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) technique. Quartz c-axis orientations in the silicified schist are nearly random, demonstrating an absence of post-silicification ductile deformation. Quartz grains in the schistosity-concordant veins have preferred c-axis orientations perpendicular to the schistosity indicating ductile shortening. In contrast, schistosity-discordant veins display distinct quartz c-axis fabric than that found in the schistosity-concordant veins. This is because the two types of host rocks exhibit a difference in ductility during deformation. The presence of deformed quartz veins in the undeformed silicified schist indicates transformation of the ductile pelitic schist into the brittle silicified schist at mid-crustal levels where these rocks originate, hence forming contrasting rock layers. Schistosity-concordant veins in the biotite-rich pelitic schist deformed with its host rock in a ductile manner while the schistosity-discordant veins in the neighboring silicified schist were left intact. Silicification of the pelitic schist may have been caused by the silica-rich geofluids produced by subsurface processes. Geofluids responsible for the occurrence of such mechanically contrasting layers mark an increase in seismic reflectivity at mid-crustal depths and may be potential reflectors of seismic waves giving rise to the so-called “bright spots”. 相似文献