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1.
高亚洲冰川的近期退缩及其对西北水资源的影响 总被引：38，自引：0，他引：38
近几十年来, 高亚洲冰川在气候变暖的影响下随着冰川物质平衡的持续亏损而不断退缩. 过去10 a是20世纪高亚洲冰川退缩最强烈的时期. 高亚洲冰川退缩的空间特征是: 青藏高原内陆地区退缩幅度最小; 从青藏高原内陆向边缘地区退缩幅度逐渐增大; 在最边缘的藏东南和喀喇昆仑, 冰川退缩幅度最大. 高亚洲冰川退缩对中国西北干旱地区水资源产生重大影响. 利用冰川变化的长度、面积、体积间的比例关系估算的结果和用经验公式估算的结果都说明, 从20世纪90年代开始的冰川退缩导致冰储量减小, 致使西北地区冰川径流量增加5.5%以上. 在冰川融水补给量大的塔里木河, 冰川径流增加量更大. 相似文献
2.
石梁河水库是江苏省最大的人工湖泊.开展水库沉积速率研究,对认识水库环境变化具有重要意义.本文对石梁河水库沉积物岩芯粒度组成特征进行了分析,表明沉积物以黏土质粉砂和粉砂质黏土为主,从底部向上呈明显的变细趋势,并记录了1970年的强降雨事件.采用137Cs同位素测年分析,得到1963年和1986年两个时标.通过石梁河水库的沉积年代序列,推算出平均沉积速率:1963 1970年为10.85 cm/a,1970 1986年为3.81 cm/a,1986 2005年为1.32 cm/a.对比粒度沉积特征和流域降水记录,粗颗粒物质和降雨量的变化趋势基本相同,沉积物粒度组成特点直接反映了沉积时的降水、水动力搬运强度等信息.在河川来水来沙、坝前水位变化和地形等条件下,石梁河水库表现为三角洲淤积,且沉积速率逐渐变缓,符合水库淤积的一般规律.此外,石梁河水库上游建设的众多大型水库,拦截了大量泥沙,也使得沉积速率呈现减小趋势. 相似文献
3.
《中国科学:地球科学》2017,(1)
冰川变化数值模拟及预测是全球变化的前沿领域,冰川平衡线高度(ELA)作为对气候状态的直接响应,其变化直接体现冰川的扩张和消融.本文基于能量物质平衡方程,由气象观测为输入数据,模拟了青藏高原东部冰川ELA的空间分布,模拟结果显示自1970年以来,高原东部冰川ELA以2~8m/a的速率升高,高原边缘,特别是在祁连山和藏东南,部分冰川的ELA已经达到或超过了冰川顶部,意味着该地冰川处在消亡边缘.为预测ELA的变化趋势,以唐古拉山小冬克玛底冰川和祁连山七一冰川为例,采用IPCC给出的低、中、高三种碳排放路径下21世纪的气候变化情景,发现在采取大力减排措施的RCP2.6情景下,两冰川ELA都在2040年左右达到最大值且接近冰川顶部,冰川积累区大幅度缩小.在RCP4.5中排放路径下,两冰川ELA将在2045年左右超过冰川顶部,冰川积累区消失,冰川将强烈消融直至消亡.在RCP8.5高排放路径下,两冰川ELA将在2035年左右超过冰川顶部,冰川积累区消失,冰川将急剧消融直至消亡.从物质能量平衡角度证明在当前全球变暖背景下,不论在何种情景下,高原东部山地冰川将加剧退缩乃至消亡. 相似文献
4.
湖泊沉积记录研究对了解流域侵蚀、揭示区域气候环境变化及人类活动影响、建立外生地球化学循环模式等均具有重要意义.放射性同位素~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs组合定年法是百年尺度湖泊沉积记录研究的首选方法,在过去几十年中得到了广泛应用,大力推动了湖泊沉积记录的高分辨率气候环境变化研究的开展.然而,如何理解和选择适用的计算模式来尽可能地提高定年准确度目前仍存在争议,这在一定程度上限制了该方法的应用.鉴于上述问题,本文基于本实验室近年来从青藏高原获取的若干支代表性湖芯的定年结果,从样品前处理、仪器及测试、数据分析及计算等全过程对~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs定年原理和方法进行了较为系统的阐述;在此基础上,提出了~(210)Pb定年样品封装原则,探讨了高纯锗γ谱仪在放射性活度测量中的影响因素,并建立了准确有效的比活度校正方法;明确指出了恒定初始浓度模式(constant initial concentration,CIC)可用于计算沉积物每层的年龄,而不是部分研究中认为的平均沉积速率,这对于深刻理解该定年模式并提供准确的定年结果具有重要的参考意义.同时,通过对比两种放射性核素的分布特征发现,相对于~(210)Pb而言,~(137)Cs更容易发生垂向迁移进而影响其时标准确性,这需引起研究者的充分重视,因此,当二者定年结果出现明显差异时,建议以~(210)Pb定年结果为准. 相似文献
5.
青藏高原中部全新世气候变化的湖泊沉积地球化学记录 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过青藏高原中部兹格塘错湖泊沉积物总碳(TC)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总硫(TS)、氢指数(HI)、氧指数(OI)和有机质的碳同位素(δ13Corg)等多项指标的综合分析, 在判断沉积物中有机质来源的基础上, 根据各指标的变化特征阐明了各自的气候指示意义, 建立了兹格塘错全新世以来的古气候演化序列. 10100 cal a BP兹格塘错地区进入全新世, 全新世早中期为暖湿气候特征, 在8600~8400和7400~7000 cal a BP发生两次强烈冷事件; 中晚全新世以来气候变冷变干. 这一气候演化过程与其邻近的错鄂的研究结果相近, 代表了青藏高原中部全新世的气候演化特点. 青藏高原中部全新世气候变化主要受太阳辐射控制. 相似文献
6.
青藏高原中部错鄂全新世湖泊沉积物年代学研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
对青藏高原中部错鄂湖泊沉积物的137Cs和210Pb研究表明, Cs在碱性湖泊的沉积物中发生了明显的垂向迁移, 用于确定短尺度年代会带来误差; 利用210PbCRS模式可以满足近代测年的需要, 获取不同深度的质量累积速率, 这一累积速率的变化与器测降水资料有很好的一致性, 进一步证明了210PbCRS模式对错鄂近代湖泊定年的可靠性. 根据表层沉积物的14C日历校正年龄, 确定“老碳”影响的绝对年龄, 并假定“老碳”影响是持续、稳定的, 对所获14C年龄进行了二次校正, 消除了“老碳”对错鄂湖泊沉积物中总有机质和植物残体的14C结果产生的影响, 同时推断CE-2孔在40~35 cm段存在沉积间断. 根据湖泊沉积物的沉积规律, 建立了错鄂湖泊沉积物14C年代序列, 在这个年代序列的基础上, 沉积物环境指标对全新世主要气候事件有很好的反映, 从另一方面证明了该年代序列是可靠的. 相似文献
7.
青藏高原内流区特殊的地理位置和自然环境使得对本区域冰川体积变化的研究相比中国西部其他冰川发育区难度大很多.而作为本区域重要水源补给,同时又是区域气候变化重要指示器的冰川,其储量的变化又是迫切需要获知的信息.在此前提下,本文基于RS、GIS技术平台提取了本区域冰川面积变化数据,并结合冰川目录数据、本区域冰川面积变化的研究资料,采用冰川体积与面积之间的统计关系模型,探讨了本区域冰川自1970年至2000年的体积变化.结果表明在这30年间,区域内冰川体积大约减少了36.25亿m3,相比整个高亚洲区域的冰川退缩速度,本区域冰川的退缩表现的更缓慢.然后,对内流区6个二级流域的冰川体积变化做了详细的对比分析,发现整个内流区冰川体积变化有较大的区域差别：其中5Z3流域冰川体积的退缩率最大,年均退缩率达-11.19%,而变化最小的5Z1流域年均变化率仅为-0.79%.各二级流域在体积变化方面的相同点是,体积退缩率均大于面积退缩率.通过对冰川面积、体积变化特点及其原因的分析,认为气候变化的区域差异是该区域内各二级流域冰川变化存在差异的主要原因.最后根据本文得到的结果,讨论了冰川体积变化对本区域的生态环境造成的影响. 相似文献
8.
利用210Pb、137Cs和241Am计年法测算云南抚仙湖现代沉积速率 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对云南抚仙湖沉积物柱芯样品的210Pb、137Cs和241Am测试表明,柱芯剖面上有明显的1963年和1986年137Cs蓄积峰,验证了1975年次级蓄积峰存在的可能性,这些峰形完好的蓄积峰对抚仙湖的现代沉积环境有明显的时标意义。利用137Cs计年法得到抚仙湖沉积物自1963年、1975年及1986年以来到2007年的平均沉积速率分别为0.063g/(cm2·a)、0.052g/(cm2·a)和0.039g/(cm2·a),说明了过去近五十年抚仙湖沉积速率整体上经历了一个由快到慢的过程。借助于241Am 的1963年蓄积峰可以提高137Cs计年的准确性。根据210PbCRS计年模式,计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,与137Cs计年法比较存在一定的偏差,分析了两种计年方法存在差异性的原因。通过质量深度和年代分析,抚仙湖的沉积速率变化幅度比较大,表明抚仙湖近129年来的沉积环境不稳定,可能与相应历史时期的人类活动有密切的关系。 相似文献
9.
根据1975年地形图、1970s末至2013年19期Landsat（MSS、TM、ETM+）陆地资源卫星和20032009年ICESat卫星数据,以及近40年气象资料,对西藏佩枯错湖泊面积变化进行分析.结果表明,湖泊面积、湖泊高度变化波动较大,均呈减少和退缩趋势.19752013年间湖泊面积减少10.68 km2,减幅为3.79%.从空间动态变化来看,变化较明显的区域位于该湖的南岸和东北岸,南岸、东北岸湖岸线分别向北、向西南萎缩.20032009年湖面高度和湖泊面积均呈现出下降趋势,分别下降了0.17 m和4.4 km2.19992013年之间对该流域湖泊有影响的冰川变化分析显示,冰川呈现出退缩、面积减少趋势.数据显示冰川面积总共减少了17.17 km2,减少率为7.91%.自1971年以来,流域气温总体呈上升趋势,2000年以后升温显著.佩枯错43 a来降水量年际变化波动较大,年降水量呈减少趋势,总的来说降水量每10 a减少6.99 mm.虽然佩枯错属于降水和冰雪融水补给湖泊,但该流域湖面增减与周围冰川变化的关系并不明显,与温度变化呈负相关,而与流域内降水量呈正相关.综合分析表明,佩枯错流域湖泊变化与冰川退缩关系不密切,降水量是湖泊变化的主要原因. 相似文献
10.
湖泊沉积物是记录气候演化信息的重要载体之一,在探讨过去气候变化过程研究中发挥重要作用.然而,沉积物中的许多代用指标对气候的指示意义存在多解性,不同指标所反映的环境信息相互之间有时会存在矛盾.为了能够更准确地解读湖泊沉积物中指标所记录的环境变化信息,开展现代湖泊沉积物指标与环境之间的关系研究,深入探讨各指标对环境变化的响应机制尤为关键.本文选取青藏高原东南部巴松措湖泊表层沉积物作为研究对象,利用210Pb与137Cs比活度检测结果建立年代序列,对沉积物中粒度、磁化率、有机质含量等指标进行分析,揭示巴松措现代沉积过程.结合沉积物粒度端元组分分析结果,并将不同指标变化与林芝气象站所记录的数据资料进行对比,得出以下主要结论：该地区沉积物来源主要包括径流搬运的冰川碎屑物质和来自青藏高原南部、西南部上空悬浮于大气中的风成物质两部分;其中,通过风力搬运的物质输入主要集中在冬半年,受季节性风向及风速变化影响明显;径流受到冰雪融水与夏季降水的补给,因此通过径流搬运的物质输入量受到温度与降水综合影响;湖泊中磁性矿物碎屑的产生和输入主要受区域降水量影响的流域侵蚀速率变化控制,该湖泊沉积物磁化率波动可以有效的指示该地区降水量变化;沉积物中总有机碳含量和总氮含量变化主要反映湖泊自身初级生产力的变化,对区域温度变化的响应显著. 相似文献
11.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract The hydrological data (since 1953) of the Llanganuco basin (87.0 km2, 39% glacierized) show an increase of the glacial melting during the last quarter of the 20th century. These results were supplemented (since the end of 2000) by the data of the small basin of Artesoncocha (8.4 km2, 79% glacierized). The basin runoff is well correlated to the atmospheric temperature derived from the NOAA-NCEP re-analysis above the Cordillera Blanca. At the monthly time scale, the temperature is a good proxy of the glacier melting. The retreat of several glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca has been well documented for 50 years, highlighting an acceleration of the deglaciation in the mid-1970s. The use of these data of various origins permits one to model the behaviour of glaciers, especially the meltwater production, and then to predict their future evolution. The model was calibrated over the 1950–2000 period, thus providing a possible optimistic evolution range (underestimation if the climate change becomes more intense). The forcing of the model by forecasts of the future temperature evolution above the Cordillera Blanca, derived from the regionalization of global climatic models, allows improvement of the estimations only based on past glacial behaviour. 相似文献
12.
In the Swiss Alps, climatic changes have not only caused glacier retreat, but also likely increased sedimentation downstream of glaciers. This material either originates from below the glacier or from periglacial environments, which are exposed as glaciers retreat, and often consist of easily erodible sediment. Griesgletscher's catchment in the Swiss Alps was examined to quantify erosion in the proglacial area, possible hydrological drivers and contributions of the sub‐ and periglacial sources. Digital elevation models, created from annual aerial photographs, were subtracted to determine annual volume changes in the proglacial area from 1986 to 2014. These data show a strong increase in proglacial erosion in the decade prior to 2012, coincident with increasing proglacial area size. However, examination of the gradient between discharge and sediment evacuation, and modeled sediment transport, could suggest that the proglacial area began to stabilize and sediment supply is limited. The large influx of sediment into the proglacial reservoir, which is roughly 2.5 times greater than the amount of sediment eroded from the proglacial area, demonstrates the importance of subglacial erosion to the catchment's sediment budget. Although far more sediment originates subglacially, erosion rates in the proglacial area are over 50 times greater than the rest of the catchment. In turn, both sub‐ and periglacial processes, in addition to constraining sediment supply, must be considered for assessing future sediment dynamics as glacier area shrinks and proglacial areas grow. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Rapid expansion of glacial lakes caused by climate and glacier retreat in the Central Himalayas 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3 
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下载免费PDF全文 Glacial lake outburst floods are among the most serious natural hazards in the Himalayas. Such floods are of high scientific and political importance because they exert trans‐boundary impacts on bordering countries. The preparation of an updated inventory of glacial lakes and the analysis of their evolution are an important first step in assessment of hazards from glacial lake outbursts. Here, we report the spatiotemporal developments of the glacial lakes in the Poiqu River basin, a trans‐boundary basin in the Central Himalayas, from 1976 to 2010 based on multi‐temporal Landsat images. Studied glacial lakes are classified as glacier‐fed lakes and non‐glacier‐fed lakes according to their hydrologic connection to glacial watersheds. A total of 119 glacial lakes larger than 0.01 km2 with an overall surface area of 20.22 km2 (±10.8%) were mapped in 2010, with glacier‐fed lakes being predominant in both number (69, 58.0%) and area (16.22 km2, 80.2%). We found that lakes connected to glacial watersheds (glacier‐fed lakes) significantly expanded (122.1%) from 1976 to 2010, whereas lakes not connected to glacial watersheds (non‐glacier‐fed lakes) remained stable (+2.8%) during the same period. This contrast can be attributed to the impact of glaciers. Retreating glaciers not only supply meltwater to lakes but also leave space for them to expand. Compared with other regions of the Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH), the lake area per glacier area in the Poiqu River basin was the highest. This observation might be attributed to the different climate regimes and glacier status along the HKH. The results presented in this study confirm the significant role of glacier retreat on the evolution of glacial lakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Proglacial lakes are becoming ubiquitous at the termini of many glaciers worldwide due to continued climate warming and glacier retreat, and such lakes have important consequences for the dynamics and future stability of these glaciers. In light of this, we quantified decadal changes in glacier velocity since 1991 using satellite remote sensing for Breiðamerkurjökull, a large lake-terminating glacier in Iceland. We investigated its frontal retreat, lake area change and ice surface elevation change, combined with bed topography data, to understand its recent rapid retreat and future stability. We observed highly spatially variable velocity change from 1991 to 2015, with a substantial increase in peak velocity observed at the terminus of the lake-terminating eastern arm from ~1.00 ± 0.36 m day−1 in 1991 to 3.50 ± 0.25 m day−1 in 2015, with mean velocities remaining elevated from 2008 onwards. This is in stark comparison to the predominately land-terminating arms, which saw no discernible change in their velocity over the same period. We also observed a substantial increase in the area of the main proglacial lake (Jökulsárlón) since 1982 of ~20 km2, equating to an annual growth rate of 0.55 km2 year−1. Over the same period, the eastern arm retreated by ~3.50 km, which is significantly greater than the other arms. Such discrepancies between the different arms are due to the growth and, importantly, depth increase of Jökulsárlón, as the eastern arm has retreated into its ~300 m-deep reverse-sloping subglacial trough. We suggest that this growth in lake area, forced initially by rising air temperatures, combined with the increase in lake depth, triggered an increase in flow acceleration, leading to further rapid retreat and the initiation of a positive feedback mechanism. These findings may have important implications for how increased melt and calving forced by climate change will affect the future stability of large soft-bedded, reverse-sloped, subaqueous-terminating glaciers elsewhere. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 相似文献
15.
Carla Manciati Marcos Villacís Jean-Denis Taupin Eric Cadier Remigio Galárraga-Sánchez Bolívar Cáceres 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(8):1519-1535
AbstractMost Latin American glaciers are located in the tropical Andes. The melting processes of Glacier “15” on Antisana volcano were studied to understand the relationship between glacier retreat and natural climate variability and global climate change. Glaciers on the Antisana volcano are crucial sources of water as they feed the headwater rivers that supply Quito with potable water. The aim of this study was to build empirical models based on multiple correlations to reconstruct the mass loss of glaciers over a period of 10 years at three scales: local (data recorded by meteorological stations located around the volcano), regional (data from stations located around the country) and global (re-analysis data). Data quality was checked using graphical and statistical methods. Several empirical models based on multiple correlations were created to generate longer time series (42 and 115 years) of the mass balance for the glacier ablation zone. The long mass balance series were compared with the temperature variation series of the Earth’s surface in the Southern Hemisphere to estimate the relation between the mass balance and global warming. Our results suggest that the meteorological factors that best correlate with mass balance are temperature and wind.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis 相似文献
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Proglacial sediment dynamics from daily to seasonal scales in a glaciated Alpine catchment (Bossons glacier,Mont Blanc massif,France) 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The sediment yields of Alpine catchments are commonly determined from streamload measurements made some distance downstream from glaciers. However, this approach indiscriminately integrates erosion processes occurring in both the glacial and proglacial areas. A specific method is required to ascertain the respective inputs from (i) subglacial and supraglacial sediments, (ii) proglacial hillslopes and (iii) proglacial alluvial areas or sandurs. This issue is addressed here by combining high‐resolution monitoring (2 min) of suspended sediment concentrations at different locations within a catchment with discharge gauging and precipitation data. This methodological framework is applied to two proglacial streams draining the Bossons glacier (Mont Blanc massif, France): the Bossons and Crosette streams. For the Bossons stream, discharge and suspended load data were acquired from June to October 2013 at 1.15 and 1.5 km from the glacial terminus, respectively upstream and downstream from a small valley sandur. These hydro‐sedimentary data are compared with the Crosette stream dataset acquired at the outlet of the Bossons glacier subglacial drainage system. A fourfold analysis focusing on seasonal changes in streamload and discharge, multilinear regression modelling, evaluation of the sandur flux balance and probabilistic uncertainty assessment is used to determine the catchment sediment budget and to explain the proglacial sediment dynamics. The seasonal fluctuation of the sediment signal observed is related to the gradual closing of the subglacial drainage network and to the role of the proglacial area in the sediment cascade: the proglacial hillslopes appear to be disconnected from the main channel and the valley sandur acts as a hydrodynamic sediment buffer both daily and seasonally. Our findings show that an understanding of proglacial sediment dynamics can help in evaluating paraglacial adjustment and subglacial erosion processes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The influence of ground ice distribution on geomorphic dynamics since the Little Ice Age in proglacial areas of two cirque glacier systems 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Jean‐Baptiste Bosson Philip Deline Xavier Bodin Philippe Schoeneich Ludovic Baron Marie Gardent Christophe Lambiel 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(5):666-680
Holocene glaciers have contributed to an abundance of unstable sediments in mountainous environments. In permafrost environments, these sediments can contain ground ice and are subject to rapid geomorphic activity and evolution under condition of a warming climate. To understand the influence of ground ice distribution on this activity since the Little Ice Age (LIA), we have investigated the Pierre Ronde and Rognes proglacial areas, two cirque glacier systems located in the periglacial belt of the Mont Blanc massif. For the first time, electrical resistivity tomography, temperature data loggers and differential global positioning systems (dGPS) are combined with historical documents and glaciological data analysis to produce a complete study of evolution in time and space of these small landsystems since the LIA. This approach allows to explain spatial heterogeneity of current internal structure and dynamics. The studied sites are a complex assemblage of debris‐covered glacier, ice‐rich frozen debris and unfrozen debris. Ground ice distribution is related to former glacier thermal regime, isolating effect of debris cover, water supply to specific zones, and topography. In relation with this internal structure, present dynamics are dominated by rapid ice melt in the debris‐covered upper slopes, slow creep processes in marginal glacigenic rock glaciers, and weak, superficial reworking in deglaciated moraines. Since the LIA, geomorphic activity is mainly spatially restricted within the proglacial areas. Sediment exportation has occurred in a limited part of the former Rognes Glacier and through water pocket outburst flood and debris flows in Pierre Ronde. Both sites contributed little sediment supply to the downslope geomorphic system, rather by episodic events than by constant supply. In that way, during Holocene and even in a paraglacial context as the recent deglaciation, proglacial areas of cirque glaciers act mostly as sediment sinks, when active geomorphic processes are unable to evacuate sediment downslope, especially because of the slope angle weakness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The retreat of mountain glaciers and ice caps has dominated the rise in global sea level and is likely to remain an import component of eustatic sea‐level rise in the 21st century. Mountain glaciers are critical in supplying freshwater to populations inhabiting the valleys downstream who heavily rely on glacier runoff, such as arid and semi‐arid regions of western China. Owing to recent climate warming and the consequent rapid retreat of many glaciers, it is essential to evaluate the long‐term change in glacier melt water production, especially when considering the glacier area change. This paper describes the structure, principles and parameters of a modified monthly degree‐day model considering glacier area variation. Water balances in different elevation bands are calculated with full consideration of the monthly precipitation gradient and air temperature lapse rate. The degree‐day factors for ice and snow are tuned by comparing simulated variables to observation data for the same period, such as mass balance, equilibrium line altitude and glacier runoff depth. The glacier area–volume scaling factor is calibrated with the observed glacier area change monitored by remote sensing data of seven sub‐basins of the Tarim interior basin. Based on meteorological data, the glacier area, mass balance and runoff are estimated. The model can be used to evaluate the long‐term changes of melt water in all glacierized basins of western China, especially for those with limited observation data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Glaciers in the Earth’s Hydrological Cycle: Assessments of Glacier Mass and Runoff Changes on Global and Regional Scales 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Changes in mass contained by mountain glaciers and ice caps can modify the Earth’s hydrological cycle on multiple scales. On a global scale, the mass loss from glaciers contributes to sea-level rise. On regional and local scales, glacier meltwater is an important contributor to and modulator of river flow. In light of strongly accelerated worldwide glacier retreat, the associated glacier mass losses raise concerns over the sustainability of water supplies in many parts of the world. Here, we review recent attempts to quantify glacier mass changes and their effect on river runoff on regional and global scales. We find that glacier runoff is defined ambiguously in the literature, hampering direct comparison of findings on the importance of glacier contribution to runoff. Despite consensus on the hydrological implications to be expected from projected future warming, there is a pressing need for quantifying the associated regional-scale changes in glacier runoff and responses in different climate regimes. 相似文献