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1.
This paper contributes an empirical test of key themes of the literature on natural resource conflict. Survey and interview data from an ongoing project in Azerbaijan provide insights into an unexpected lack of conflict in Azerbaijan related to the environment, resources and energy despite the predictions of resource conflict literature. We contend that questions about public perceptions about the environment and other daily concerns are critical if we are to understand who is likely (or unlikely) to be involved in conflict and why. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that Azerbaijani citizens rank environmental and resource issues among their immediate concerns and their top concerns for the country. However, compared to other day-to-day concerns such as the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and economic concerns, environment-related concerns do not appear to be sufficient to motivate widespread violent conflict or citizen dissent related to environmental or natural resource conditions. 相似文献
2.
Godwin Uyi Ojo 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2012,33(1):49-62
Since its emergence as a research field in the 1980s, political ecology has provided a useful tool to explicate violent environments, notably as hallmarks of natural resource‐dependent economies. Practitioners regularly address what might be called ‘charismatic’ natural resources such as oil and other precious minerals to describe contestation over access and control of natural resources. Yet, where this focus exists, the political ecology of less economically valuable or ‘noncharismatic’ resources is thereby obscured. Thus, Nigeria's dependency on oil production has generated much scholarly attention with its unstable political economy described as a rentier state. In contrast, this paper draws on extensive field experience and knowledge about the country to assess in a preliminary manner some of the dimensions and ramifications of a less well known second‐tier natural resource commodity that is gaining attention as part of a possible national economic diversification strategy. Using the case of bitumen, a viscous hydrocarbon mainly used in road surfacing and roofing work, I assess the trajectory of this relatively overlooked resource, thereby opening a window onto the political ecology of a noncharismatic resource. In contrast to the ubiquitous violence in the oil‐based Niger Delta, I suggest that bitumen political ecologies, while also provoking political conflict and debate, nonetheless seem to being marked by new power dynamics that might augur a less violence prone path in terms of Nigeria's political economy of natural resource production. 相似文献
3.
Joshua Fisher Hannah Stutzman Mariana Vedoveto Debora Delgado Ramon Rivero Walter Quertehuari Dariquebe 《社会与自然资源》2020,33(4):538-553
AbstractGiven the linkages between natural resources and social conflicts, evidence increasingly shows that successful natural resource management requires conflict mitigation and prevention. However, there may be a gap in practice between knowing what processes and tools need to be used to manage conservation conflicts and how to actually implement them. We present learning from a practice-based case study of conflict management in the Amarakaeri Communal Reserve in the Peruvian Amazon that aimed to develop natural resource governance institutions and build stakeholder capacity, including of indigenous groups, to navigate existing conflict resolution mechanisms. Through applying good practices in conservation conflict management and collaborative governance, we generated important lessons on the practical considerations involved in collaborative conservation. These lessons, while specific to our case, could be applied to a variety of protected areas facing complex social-ecological systems dynamics and wicked problems. 相似文献
4.
Wildlife governance principles (WGPs) identify desirable governance characteristics for wildlife conservation in the United States (US). The types of institutional, ecological, and socio-cultural challenges that WGPs are designed to address also affect governance of public natural resources other than wildlife and in places other than the US. This raises the possibility that a similar set of governance principles might help natural resource professionals working in other resource contexts address the particular challenges they face. We describe the process by which we developed WGPs and offer seven practically oriented questions to help natural resource professionals ascertain whether a similar set of principles could improve governance in their context. In some contexts, minor modification of WGPs might be appropriate; in others, the process by which we developed WGPs could serve as a blueprint for formulating appropriate principles. 相似文献
5.
Researchers have described shifting relationships between communities and Protected Areas (PAs), from excluding communities to consultative relationships to participatory models. This research focuses on a PA created on formerly industrial timberland that was the focus of conflict between environmental activists and the timber industry. In a nearby formerly timber-dependent community, we assessed community use and support of the PA, and its perceived purposes and benefits, through a survey of residents and interviews with key stakeholders. Despite intense conflict surrounding its creation, we found support for the PA, and our case suggests a new possible relationship between PAs and communities, which is mitigating and helping to resolve natural resource conflict. We also found that community well-being benefits of the PA were unclear; we suggest that PA management should include cultural, economic, and historical context in objectives and interpretive materials; and should work to create economic opportunities connected to the PA. 相似文献
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7.
Joseph E. Mbaiwa Barbara N. Ngwenya Donald L. Kgathi 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2008,29(2):155-172
This paper reviews how state policy and regulatory instruments, including protected area alienations and concessions, have altered or denied the access to land and natural livelihood resources of the indigenous Basarwa and minority subsistence-oriented communities in the Okavango Delta (OD) in Botswana. Drawing on field research and guided by a sustainable rural livelihoods framework, the paper provides an overview of key institutional interventions – in particular the setting up of the Moremi Game Reserve, Wildlife Conservation Policy, Tourism Policy, Agricultural Development Policy and the erection of veterinary fences – that have served to privilege a foreign-owned and dominated commercialized wildlife and nature tourism sector and the export-oriented beef industry in the OD. The officially sanctioned barriers to customary and usufructory rights and access, and the non-recognition of historically embedded traditional land uses have decimated already marginalized resource-based subsistence livelihoods, and precipitated intergroup conflicts over preferential rights and access to resources and opportunities, notably wildlife, non-timber veld products, agriculture and community-based tourism schemes. Such outcomes, moreover, will have consequences for the longer-term sustainability of the OD both as a socioeconomic resource base and as a natural ecosystem. 相似文献
8.
Regina Neudert Insa Theesfeld Alexandre Didebulidze Naiba Allahverdiyeva Volker Beckmann 《社会与自然资源》2020,33(3):347-367
AbstractConflicts in the management of renewable natural resources are situations in which actors have diverging opinions on issues of natural resource use. In the literature, among the causal factors for conflicts discussed are resource wealth or scarcity and the role of governance. The evidence, however, is contradictory. In order to analyze the role of governance in more detail, we propose a combined analysis of property rights and conflicts. In this way, an improved understanding of the causes of local conflicts over renewable natural resources can be achieved. We use comparative case study data from pasture management in the Caucasus region, first, to classify conflicts according to the bundle of property rights approach and, second, to explore how the causal factors resource scarcity and current governance contribute to those conflicts. 相似文献
9.
Eco-dependency in Latin America 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jonathan R. Barton 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2006,27(2):134-149
This article develops an argument around the perpetuation of socioeconomic development models based on non-renewable natural resource exploitation, weak management and regulation of renewables and the deterioration in environmental quality across different natural resources. It concludes that the structural constraints pointed out during the 1940–80 period by the dependentistas (advocates of the various theorizations of dependency) and to a lesser extent the cepalista structuralists (policy analysts at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) were alive and well in Latin America in the period 1980–2000. A theoretical case is made for the political economy reading of dependency into the realm of natural resources and environmental issues. It is argued that Latin American history and the region's more contemporary insertion into the global political economy has been determined by its use of natural resources and ongoing degradation of diverse environments. The conclusions emphasize the importance of responding to this historical condition, recognizing the concerns of the structuralists of the 1940s and 1950s and the threats highlighted by the dependentistas in the 1970s, but through the lens of contemporary changes. 相似文献
10.
姚永玲 《地理与地理信息科学》2008,24(4)
我国经济经过近三十年的高速增长后,对自然资源开发和利用的速度成倍增长,从而出现了自然资源短缺、对经济增长约束增强的趋势。哪种资源对我国经济的限制性更强,哪些地区对资源具有更强的依赖性,这是我国现阶段不得不重新思考的问题。该文选择水资源、资本资源和人力资源分别代表自然资源、经济资源和社会资源,通过其使用效率和供给产出弹性等特点,分析经济对其依赖性及其对我国经济的约束程度,以重新认识不同资源要素在我国经济增长中的作用,探寻我国现阶段经济发展对资源选择的基本途径。 相似文献
11.
资源约束下的三元函数区域增长模式 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
区域经济动力学的核心问题是区域增长,本文将资源要素引进生产函数,建立了资源约束下的三元区域增长模式,研究揭示:(1)模式不仅可以较好地模拟区域发展的不同阶段,还可以较客观地描写、预测区域发展与环境资源等区域因素的关系;(2)在区域经济(区域社会生产)这个经济“大木桶”里,起到主要约束作用的因素是资源,而不是通常备受关注的资金或管理因素;(3)资源指数越小越有利于区域资本的积累和社会生产总量的增加。 相似文献
12.
The geography of water conflict and cooperation: internal pressures and international manifestations 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Studies on transboundary water conflict and cooperation generally consider interstate relations over shared water resources as distinct from intrastate relations. While connections have been made between international water relations and regional relationships in general, it is conceivable that international water conflict and cooperation may also be influenced by domestic water events and vice versa. This paper seeks to investigate the dynamics of water interactions across geographic scale and their relationship to broader international affairs. The research approach involves the creation of an analytical framework for assessing possible linkages between external and internal interactions over freshwater resources. The framework is applied to three case studies – the Middle East, South Asia and Southern Africa – utilizing 'event data'. To validate the findings from the quantitative analyses, the results are compared with conventional qualitative understandings of water and overall relations in the three regions. The comparison demonstrates not only the efficacy of the analytical framework in general, but also highlights, at least in terms of the specific case studies selected, the disparate water dynamics across geographic regions and the importance of considering water events, both national and international, within larger political and historical contexts. 相似文献
13.
面向无人机应用的低空空域资源研究探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
相对于无人机技术及其应用的快速发展,承载无人机作业的低空空域资源的相关研究却相对滞后。本文从地理学的视角,对面向无人机应用的低空空域资源研究的相关关键问题进行了阐述。首先,从理论层面对低空空域的自然属性、社会属性和经济属性进行了界定,在国家自然资源开发利用体系中应加大关注;其次,分析了低空空域资源无人机应用的现状,对制约面向无人机应用的低空空域资源自然、社会两大方面的限制因素进行了归类分析,指出地理学的介入将加快其开发利用进程;最后,构建了由3大类9小类指标构成的低空空域资源量测度指标,提出了“资源非冲突、安全保障、效益优先、兼顾公平”的低空空域资源量测度4大基本原则,并由此形成了以国土范围（S）、真高（H）和时间（t）为基本三要素的低空空域资源量测度方法理论模型框架。从地理学的角度对低空空域资源研究进行的探索和思考,将在一定程度上促进地理学和航空学的交叉融合。 相似文献
14.
立足自然资源管理的新要求,全国自然资源要素综合观测网络工程已于2020年全面启动和建设。黑河流域作为西北地区第二大内陆河流域,且处于丝绸之路经济带的核心地段,迫切需要在黑河流域开展试点研究。依托黑河流域现有观测研究基础,采用融合共建、改建升级和空白添建3种方式,分流域、分级别布设观测台站13个,基本覆盖了黑河流域草原、森林、河流、湖泊、荒漠、湿地、农田等主要地表资源类型。结合遥感观测和人工样地调查,初步构建起黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络。通过建立统一的运行维护和质量管理体系,确保观测数据的真实性和可靠性。从应用效果来看,黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络已基本形成了局部控制的立体化观测能力,可有效获取资源间耦合作用过程、变化趋势和速度等关键数据,对提高黑河流域自然资源认知能力、科学管理和战略决策具有十分重要的意义,对其他流域开展自然资源观测研究也具有重要的借鉴和示范意义。 相似文献
15.
Efstathios E. Michaelides 《Natural Resources Research》2017,26(2):161-175
A critical examination of Hubbert’s model proves that it does not account for several factors that have significantly influenced the production of petroleum and other fossil fuels. The effect of these factors comes into the price of the fossil fuels, and the latter has a significant influence on the demand and rate of production of energy resources as well as on the long-term rate of production growth at both the regional and global levels. Based on several observations of historical production data, a simple mathematical model is constructed and presented in this paper for the lifetime of a fossil fuel resource. The recent data of global petroleum and natural gas production show that a very important period in the life of energy resources is a period when the demand of these resources increases almost linearly. The linear part of the production curve makes the entire lifetime production of the resource asymmetric. Information on the total available quantity of a resource at any time and of the average slope during this linear period yields an estimate of the timescale, T 2, when peak production is reached and depletion follows. The total available quantity of the energy resource is laden with significant uncertainty, which propagates in the estimates of the timescale of the peak production in any resource model. The time asymmetry of the current model leads to a delay of the timescale, when the onset of the resource production commences (e.g., peak oil). However, the rate of the resource production decline is significantly higher than that predicted by other models that use a symmetrical curve-fitting method. 相似文献
16.
Managing Ontong Java: Social institutions for production and governance of atoll resources in Solomon Islands 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Tim Bayliss-Smith Katherine V. Gough reas Egelund Christensen Søren Pilgaard Kristensen 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2010,31(1):55-69
This paper explores the changing nature of social institutions and organizations for resource management on Ontong Java and their central role in maintaining livelihoods. Using detailed field data for three time periods, 1970–72, 1986 and 2006–07, and drawing on earlier secondary data, a longitudinal analysis of changes in governance and livelihoods is undertaken. Increased exploitation of marine resources has widened the resource base and increased people's access to goods and services. Following the ban in 2005 on the bêche-de-mer trade, however, livelihoods have reverted to being more subsistence oriented. For almost two decades after 1978, a communal organization, the Area Council, succeeded in regulating exploitation of the atoll's marine resources to ensure sustainable use, but in the 1990s it collapsed. In addition there was a paralysis of institutions that had once settled land disputes. This failure of atoll governance is a greater threat to future 'sustainability' than the usual processes that are invoked for atolls and small islands generally. As the Solomon Islands state is also failing, we argue that local institutions and organizations have a vital role to play in managing access to resources and the future of livelihoods on Ontong Java atoll. 相似文献
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18.
Yingchun Zhou Sunil Narumalani William J. Waltman Sharon W. Waltman Michael A. Palecki 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):445-462
Growing concerns about global climate change, biodiversity maintenance, natural resources conservation, and long-term ecosystem sustainability have been responsible for the transformation of traditional single resource management approaches into integrated ecosystem management models. Eco-regions are large ecosystems of regional extent that contain smaller ecosystems of similar response potential and resource production capabilities. They can be used as a geographical framework for organizing and reporting resource information, setting bioecological recovery criteria, extrapolating site-level management, and monitoring global change. The objective of this research is to develop a quantitative, multivariate regionalization model that is capable of delineating eco-regions at multiple levels from remotely sensed information and other environmental and natural resources spatial data. The Spatial Pattern Analysis Model developed in this study uses a region-growing algorithm to generate spatially contiguous regions from primitive polygonal land units. The algorithm merges the most similar pair of neighbouring units at each iteration, based on satisfying certain similarity criteria until all units are grouped into one. This model was utilized to develop an eco-region map of Nebraska with three hierarchical levels. In the mapping process, the STATSGO data set was used to build the primitive map units. Environmental parameters included in the model were multi-temporal AVHRR data, soil rooting depth, organic matter content, available water capacity, and long-term annual averages of water balance and growing degree day totals. Development of the model provides a new and useful approach to eco-region mapping for resource managers and researchers. The method is automated and efficient, reduces the judgement biases and uncertainty of manual analyses, and can be replicated for other regions or for the regionalization of other themes. 相似文献
19.
Cecilia Scurrah-Ehrhart 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2007,28(1):71-89
Drawing on a case study from eastern Uganda, this paper describes how social and environmental factors combine to affect the sustainability of both sorghum landraces and the farmers who depend on it for food and income security. It delineates how changing regional patterns of agricultural production and consumption, institutional neglect, economic hardship, natural resource degradation and a labour supply crisis precipitated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, may be conspiring to place sorghum landraces at risk of extinction and, thus, undermine already precarious livelihoods. The paper therefore challenges the common assumption that marginalized rural women – by virtue of having diverse varieties and species under their care – can be expected to conserve that diversity. 相似文献
20.
Laos and the making of a 'relational' resource frontier 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
KEITH BARNEY 《The Geographical journal》2009,175(2):146-159
This paper seeks to reconsider the contemporary relevance of the resource frontier, drawing on examples of nature's commodification and enclosure under way in the peripheral Southeast Asian country of Laos. Frontiers are conceived as relational zones of economy, nature and society; spaces of capitalist transition, where new forms of social property relations and systems of legality are rapidly established in response to market imperatives. Customary property rights on the resource frontier can be seized by powerful actors in crucial political moments, preparing the territorial stage for more intensive phases of resource commodity production and accumulation. Relational frontier space is understood through the work of geographers such as Doreen Massey, who views the production of space as 'constituted though the practices of engagement and the power-geometries of relations'. In Laos, a twenty-first century resource frontier is being driven by new corporate investments in natural resources, and a supporting array of land reform programmes. The paper focuses on both the material and representational aspects of the production of the resource frontier, through policy and discourse analysis, and village level research in Laos' Khammouane province. By rethinking a dualist and hierarchical-scaled imaginary of frontier places, both rural people and local ecologies are shown to be key actors, in a complex, relational reproduction of frontier zones. An emerging Lao spatial and political assemblage – a form of 'frontier-neoliberalism'– is shown as producing dramatic changes in socio-natural landscapes, as well as new patterns of marginalisation and livelihood insecurity for a vulnerable rural population. 相似文献