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1.
应用热脉冲技术对胡杨和柽柳树干液流的研究 总被引：38，自引：2，他引：36
应用热脉冲技术对干旱区胡杨(Populus euphrtaicr)和柽柳(Tamaris spp.)树干液流速度进行了研究.结果表明:在正常生长状态下,胡杨树干单位面积液流通量为0 34L·cm-2·d-1,柽柳为0 15L·cm-2·d-1.树液流速的日变化表现出多峰形特征,在午后有短暂液流急速减小的现象,而晚上植物为了补充体内水分亏缺,保持一定的树液流量.随着胸径的增大,茎流速率和茎流量也随之增大.在生长季节胸径21cm和15cm的胡杨日平均耗水量23.3L和19.25L;基径5cm和4cm的柽柳日平均耗水量0.62L和0.37L.在生长季节(5～10月)胡杨总蒸腾量为3419.4L,柽柳仅为63.9L. 相似文献
2.
黑河中游地区湿草地蒸散量试验研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
干旱区湿草地蒸散量的估算对区域草地生态环境建设、草场的科学管理和湿地保护等具有重要的意义.但目前为止,对湿草地蒸散的观测和研究非常少.以气象观测资料为基础,采用不同的方法估算了黑河中游湿草地的参考作物蒸散量(ET0),并对5种方法计算结果进行了对比.结果表明,除Priestley-Taylor法外,其余几种方法计算结果十分接近,相关性好.用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算结果对ET0的变化作了分析:在一个完整年度内,试验地ET0为1193.9mm,日均3.26mm·d-1.在牧草不同生长季节,ET0变化剧烈,非生长期、生长初期、生长中期、生长末期分别为0.92mm·d-1、2.13mm·d-1、5.33mm.d-1和2.52mm·d-1,其蒸散量分别占全年蒸散总量的7.85%、5.02%、70.90%和16.23%.ET0在2月中下旬迅速增大,4月增大幅度最大,此后进一步增大直到7月达到最大,随后逐步减小,在11月中旬随着牧草生长期的结束降至年最低值.确定了牧草非生长期、生长初期、生长中期、生长末期的Kc分别为0.30、0.40、0.90和0.88,计算的牧草地年实际蒸散量为962.0mm,日均2.63mm·d-1. 相似文献
3.
热脉冲技术在确定胡杨幼树干液流中的应用 总被引：32，自引：6，他引：26
探讨了热脉冲技术在确定胡杨(Populus euphratica)幼树干液流中的应用.结果表明:在树木正常生长状态下,胡杨在4月下旬至5月中旬开花期树干单位面积液流通量为0.13～0.15L·cm-2·d-1;树干液流速度的动态变化呈多峰状曲线,6月份枝叶速生期树干单位面积液流通量为0.294L·cm-2·d-1;树干径向断面形成层以下不同深度的树液流速具有相同的日变化趋势;夜间,胡杨存在明显的树干液流上升现象,补充白天植物蒸腾丢失的大量水分,恢复植物体内的水分平衡;树干液流速度在不同的方位有所差异.并对胡杨单位面积液流通量与杨树、辽东栎、大叶白蜡、棘皮桦、五角槐、小美旱杨、油松进行了对比研究. 相似文献
4.
天山南坡科其卡尔巴契冰川度日因子变化特征研究 总被引：14，自引：7，他引：7
度日模型是估算冰川消融的一种简单而有效的方法.根据科其卡尔巴契冰川2003年的观测资料,分析了该冰川度日因子的空间变化规律及其影响因素.研究表明:各高度上的度日因子,介于2.0～9.7mm·℃-1·d-1之间变化,平均值为5.7mm·℃-1·d-1,与青藏高原各冰川及其它地区冰川相比较小;随着海拔的增高,度日因子随之递增;随平均气温的升高而随之递减.由于冰面状况复杂,度日因子变化幅度较大,裸冰区的度日因子明显大于表碛覆盖区.人为测量误差、反照率、地形等对度日因子的影响也不容忽视. 相似文献
5.
青藏高原多年冻土区不同草地类型生态系统呼吸季节差异性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
研究多年冻土区不同草地类型及季节生态系统呼吸,对理解青藏高原碳源汇关系及其对气候变化响应具有重要意义。在青藏高原风火山选取高寒草甸和沼泽草甸对生长季和非生长季生态系统呼吸进行观测。结果表明：生态系统呼吸呈明显的日变化和季节变化,高寒草甸日变异系数（0.30~0.92）高于沼泽草甸（0.12~0.29）,高寒草甸非生长季生态系统呼吸白天/晚上比高于生长季,而沼泽草甸季节变化较小;季节变化与5 cm地温变化一致。高寒草甸和沼泽草甸非生长季生态系统呼吸平均速率分别为0.31和0.36 μmol·m-2·s-1,生长季分别为1.99和2.85 μmol·m-2·s-1。沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸年排放总量为1 419.01 gCO2·m-2,显著高于高寒草甸（1 042.99 gCO2·m-2）,其中非生长季高27%,生长季高39%。高寒草甸和沼泽草甸非生长季生态系统呼吸总量分别为268.13和340.40 gCO2·m-2,分别占全年的25.71%和23.99%。两种草地类型生态系统呼吸与气温、5 cm和20 cm地温均显著相关,可解释37%~73%的季节变异,除生长季沼泽草甸外,生态系统呼吸与5 cm地温相关性最高。非生长季5 cm地温对应Q10为4.34~5.02,高于生长季（2.35~2.75）,且沼泽草甸高于高寒草甸。生长季生态系统呼吸与土壤水分无显著关系,而非生长季生态系统呼吸受土壤水分显著影响（R2：0.21~0.40）,随土壤水分增加而增加。 相似文献
6.
在青海海北高寒矮嵩草草甸设置封育禁牧(CK)、轻牧(LG)、中牧(MG)和重牧(HG)放牧梯度试验样地, 进行了土壤速效氮变化特征及影响因素的分析. 结果表明: 植物生长期的5-9月, 土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N和速效氮(NH4+-N和NO3--N之和)含量季节变化明显, 基本表现为植物生长初期高, 末期低. CK、LG、MG和HG条件下, 5-9月0~40 cm土壤NH4+-N平均含量分别为17.62 mg·kg-1、17.84 mg·kg-1、18.63 mg·kg-1和16.67 mg·kg-1, NO3--N平均含量为8.91 mg·kg-1、8.23 mg·kg-1、7.99 mg·kg-1和7.94 mg·kg-1, 速效氮平均含量为26.53 mg·kg-1、26.07 mg·kg-1、26.62 mg·kg-1和24.61 mg·kg-1, 基本表现出随放牧强度增大而降低. 土壤速效氮月际变化与地上绿体生物量具有一定的负相关关系, 表明地上生物量越大, 消耗土壤速效氮越趋明显; 与枯落物有一定的正相关关系, 与地下生物量关系不甚明显, 与湿沉降呈现负的相关性. 土壤NH4+-N含量与土壤有机碳有负相关关系, 而NO3--N含量与有机碳相关性差, 表明土壤有机碳越高, 土壤NH4+-N消耗越明显. 相似文献
7.
基于Landsat-8 OLI影像的天山南伊内里切克冰川2016年冰川表面运动状态提取与分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用Landsat-8 OLI传感器获取的2016年3-9月覆盖天山西段托木尔峰-汗腾格里地区的3期光学遥感影像数据,基于频谱归一化互相关算法提取并分析了该地区南伊内里切克冰川在最近一年消融期内不同时段的表面运动速度分布及其时空变化特征。研究结果表明：2016年消融期内靠近该冰川上游区域可观测到约为55 cm·d-1最大运动速度;由于受到冰川下游物质补给量减弱、表碛物增多等因素影响造成冰川末端区域运动速度最小,整个消融期内冰川主体运动速度基本介于20~50 cm·d-1之间,其平均运动速度约为35 cm·d-1。而且,可观测到位于冰川上游区域在2016年3月9日至9月17日时段内,冰川运动速度呈递增趋势,相反位于冰川下游区域冰川运动速度呈现减弱趋势。另外,与早期研究对比可知,该冰川运动速度有所减缓且冰川末端明显处于退缩状态。 相似文献
8.
2009/2010年黄河源区高寒草甸下垫面能量平衡特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以青藏高原黄河源玛多为实验区, 基于TRM-ZS1气象生态环境监测仪2009年11月1日至2010年10月31日辐射及能量通量观测数据, 采用波文比能量平衡法, 进行了该区域潜热和感热通量的估算, 分析了黄河源区高寒草甸下垫面辐射收支, 潜热、 感热和土壤热通量在不同季节的分配, 对该区域冬季地面加热场强度的变化进行了研究.结果表明: 该区域总辐射、 净辐射较强, 总辐射平均日积分值为18.06 MJ·m-2·d-1, 净辐射平均日积分值5.95 MJ·m-2·d-1, 曾观测到高达979.5 W·m-2的净辐射通量.全年地表平均反射率为0.30, 接近于荒漠和半荒漠下垫面的反射率.植物生长季土壤湿度和冬、 春季地面积雪是影响该区域地表反射率的两个最主要因素.该区域感热通量年积分值为742.68 MJ·m-2·a-1, 潜热通量年积分值为1 388.58 MJ·m2·a-1, 全年中地表以潜热方式传递热量为主.分季节分析, 冬季感热潜热强度相当, 春季以感热为主, 夏秋季则以潜热为主.土壤热通量年积分值为38.06 MJ·m-2·a-1, 全年热通量在热量平衡中约占1.8%, 但季节分配不平衡, 在冬季, 有|G|>H+LE, 土壤热通量是热平衡最大的分量.该区域地表全年向大气释放热量, 地表对大气而言是热源. 相似文献
9.
高寒草甸植被生产量年际变化及水分利用率状况 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
分析了海北地区高寒草甸植被2001-2011年11 a耗水量、 生物现存量、 净初级生产量、 水分利用率及其相关性, 结果表明: 植物生长期5-9月耗水量416.30 mm, 植被地上净初级生产量(ANPP)、 地下净初级生产量(BNPP)以及总的净初级生产量(NPP=ANPP+BNPP)分别为393.07 g·m-2、 945.26 g·m-2、 1 338.33 g·m-2, BNPP与ANPP之比为2.404. 8月底植被现存生物量达3 422.92 g·m-2, 其中地上和地下现存量分别为411.07 g·m-2、 3 011.85 g·m-2, BNPP与ANPP之比高达7.327, 说明植被现存量巨大, 归还土壤碳能力强. NPP与5-9月植被耗水量相关性很差, 但与5-9月平均气温具有显著的正相关关系, 表明高寒草甸地区水分条件可满足植物生长的基本需求, 而同期温度是影响NPP提高的重要因素. 11 a来BNPP、 ANPP和NPP平均水分利用率分别为0.958 g·m-2·mm-1、 2.326 g·m-2·mm-1和3.284 g·m-2·mm-1, 表明高寒草甸植被净初级生产具有较高的水分利用率. 相似文献
10.
深部高承压水地层裂隙岩体冻结温度场实测研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过深部高承压水地层冻结法凿井现场实测,获得矿井裂隙岩体各个层位测温孔的温度和盐水去回路干管温度变化规律.结果表明:测温孔实测温度在冻结初期呈线性下降规律;当温度继续降低到岩石的结冰温度以后,降温速率逐步增加;当冻结帷幕达到设计温度时,实测温度变化趋于平缓;外圈管外侧测温孔降温速率最慢,两圈管之间位置的测温孔降温速率最快;位于不同位置不同层位的测温孔降温速率不一致,其中位于92m深度的卵石层(C1#测温孔)降温速率为0.54℃·d-1,位于209m深度的砂质泥岩(C3#测温孔)降温速率为0.9℃·d-1;根据实测温度可以预测地层形成冻结帷幕的交圈时间、厚度、平均温度等冻结设计参数.深部裂隙岩体冻结温度实测资料对指导冻结帷幕设计与施工具有重要实践意义. 相似文献
11.
Changes in biomass, growth form and shoot net primary production in an eelgrass, Zostera marina L., bed were monitored along transects at three tidal heights in Netarts Bay, Oregon, from May 1979 through June 1981. During the growing season, April through October, the mean plastochrone interval was 16.5 d along the low intertidal transect and 11.6 d along the high intertidal transect. The mean export interval was 13.3 d along the low intertidal transect and 11.6 d along the high intertidal transect. The life span of a leaf averaged 48 d along the low intertidal transect and 36 d along the high intertidal transect. Shoot density was positively correlated with mean leaf area index (LAI) until the LAI reached 3.8 to 5.5, above which LAI was negatively correlated with density. The maximum Zostera biomass ranged from 143 (high intertidal transect) to 463 (low intertidal transect) g dry wt m?2. Maximum values of shoot net production ranged from 4.7 (high intertidal transect) to 13.6 (low intertidal transect) g dry wt m?2d?1. Zostera shoot net production was related to light and to the physical damage to the shoots associated with a rapid accumulation of Enteromorpha biomass in the bay. In addition, patterns of biomass accumulation were related to the duration of water coverage, as determined by both tidal height and local impoundments of water. At all transects, biomass sloughed was equal to at least 50% of the shoot net primary production in that area during that time period; sloughed leaves accounted for 25 to 97% of these losses. An estimate of the total annual net primary production of aboveground Zostera in the bed was 17,500 kg, dry wt (SE=3,080 kg dry wt), which was equivalent to a mean annual rate of 383 g C m?2 (SE=67 g C m?2) 相似文献
12.
水分胁迫具有后效应,前期水分胁迫可以影响作物后期叶面积和需水量的增减。以Jensen作物 水模型为基础,引入了水分胁迫后效应影响系数,对原模型进行了修正。修正后的模型可以将阶段水分胁迫与前期胁迫后效应对产量的影响加以区分,避免了原模型中可能产生的虚缺水现象,并可对作物(以玉米为例)前期水分胁迫处理后,后期需水量增加以及苗期胁迫处理可维持较高产量的原因进行合理解释。通过田间试验结果分析,改进后模型的模拟结果符合实际,并具有较好的精度。对模型存在的问题和不足也进行了探讨。 相似文献
13.
Field experiments were completed to determine patterns of evapotranspirative water loss from salt and tidal freshwater marshes in Virginia. Water losses from “Mariotte systems” attached to open-water lysimeters and lysimeters vegetated by dominant marsh macrophytes were used to calculate hourly rates of open-water evaporation (Eo) and evapotranspiration (ET), respectively, during low tide. In the tidal freshwater marsh, ET was significantly greater than Eo (p=0.002, n=6); in the salt marsh, there were no differences between mean rates of ET and Eo (p=0.200, n=3). The ratio ET:Eo was highly correlated with leaf area index (LAI) (r2=0.82). In the tidal freshwater marsh, the amount of water loss due to plant transpiration was partitioned from total evapotranspiration by covering the water surface of the lysimeters with styrofoam beads. Measured transpiration rates in the tidal freshwater marsh were strongly correlated with leaf area index according to the following linear regression equation: T=0.355(LAI)?0.084 (r2=0.797, n=10). Because LAI was shown to be a good predictor of the relative increase in ET over Eo, it is likely that in vegetated tidal freshwater marshes with high leaf densities most atmospheric water loss comes from plants, not from the surface of the marsh. In salt marshes, low plant densities do not contribute substantially to atmospheric water loss, suggesting that paths of water transport and patterns of solute concentration in the subsurface environment are different compard to the tidal freshwater marsh. 相似文献
14.
黑河流域山前绿洲灌溉农田蒸散发模拟研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
基于Penman-Monteith蒸散公式, 应用土壤-植被-大气系统水分和能量传输理论对Shuttleworth-Wallace蒸散模型的参数进行改进, 得出解析计算农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发的双源模型. 对黑河流域山前绿洲农田春小麦生长期土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾以及总蒸散过程进行了模拟研究. 对模型的计算结果以田间观测和水量平衡方法进行验证, 误差目标NSE=0.98, 说明该模型用于农田蒸发和蒸腾的计算是合理的. 对影响蒸发和蒸腾的主导因子净辐射、叶面积指数、土壤含水量进行了相关性分析, 得出三者的变化对土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾的影响. 通过不同时期日蒸散发量变化特征的分析, 表明土壤、冠层两个界面对能量和水汽传输的交互影响效应显著. 相似文献
15.
阐述了水资源足迹的概念和计算方法,以甘肃省为例,运用产品虚拟水研究方法核算并分析了1989-2003年的水资源足迹及其变化。结果表明,1989年以来甘肃省全社会的水资源足迹总量基本稳定在220亿～240亿m3/a,总体上呈现微量的下降趋势,人口增加和消费水平提高并没有增加对水资源系统在数量上的压力。从消费模式分析看,随消费结构多样化的增加,人均虚拟水消费量呈现不断下降的趋势,因而,增加消费结构的多样性有利于减少对水资源系统的压力。讨论分析了水资源足迹核算的意义,指出了进一步研究需要注意的问题。 相似文献
16.
Pramit Kumar Deb Burman Dipankar Sarma Mathew Williams Anandakumar Karipot Supriyo Chakraborty 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(7):99
Tropical forests act as a major sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and store large amounts of carbon in biomass. India is a tropical country with regions of dense vegetation and high biodiversity. However due to the paucity of observations, the carbon sequestration potential of these forests could not be assessed in detail so far. To address this gap, several flux towers were erected over different ecosystems in India by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology as part of the MetFlux India project funded by MoES (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India). A 50 m tall tower was set up over a semi-evergreen moist deciduous forest named Kaziranga National Park in north-eastern part of India which houses a significant stretch of local forest cover. Climatically this region is identified to be humid sub-tropical. Here we report first generation of the in situ meteorological observations and leaf area index (LAI) measurements from this site. LAI obtained from NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is compared with the in situ measured LAI. We use these in situ measurements to calculate the total gross photosynthesis (or gross primary productivity, GPP) of the forest using a calibrated model. LAI and GPP show prominent seasonal variation. LAI ranges between 0.75 in winter to 3.25 in summer. Annual GPP is estimated to be \(2.11\,\hbox {kg C m}^{-2} \, \hbox {year}^{-1}\). 相似文献
17.
《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2018,47(2):443-453
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a widely used tree species in European dendroclimatology studies due to its common distribution across much of the continent. Almost all studies find radial growth strongly related to summer temperature, a result reflecting site selection at high elevation/latitude environments where trees grow at their ecophysiological limits. Due to the amount of attention spent on these sites there is a geographical and seasonal bias in temperature reconstructions based upon tree‐ring proxies in Europe. To overcome the limited availability of tree‐ring data in temperate lowlands, we present a northern Poland ring‐width chronology developed from living and historic Scots pine material with a strong common growth signal going back to AD 1200. Investigations into climate‐growth relationships found year‐to‐year ring‐width variability to be more strongly correlated to cold season temperature (November to April) prior to the growing season than summer temperatures during tree‐ring formation. Based on this relationship it was possible to reconstruct cold season temperature conditions for the last 810 years. Spatial field correlations with gridded instrumental records indicated that the reconstruction provides relevant cold season temperature information across the land regions bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, lowlands and uplands of western and central Europe, and the eastern and central interior of Russia. Despite an unsuccessful attempt to find a stationary relationship with the North Atlantic Oscillation, comparisons with several cold season temperature reconstructions confirmed the long‐term connection between our reconstructed temperature series for northern Poland and the wider area. 相似文献
18.
Spatial simulation of evapotranspiration of semi-arid Inner Mongolian grassland based on MODIS and eddy covariance data 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
In semi-arid regions of Central Asia, water shortage results from low annual precipitation (P) with high interannual variability. Evapotranspiration (ET) dominates water balance losses entirely. Previous studies showed
large differences between individual grassland sites in the partitioning of ET into evaporation and transpiration, but only
little difference in the evaporative ratio ET/P. The hydrological model BROOK90 was applied to the Xilin river catchment in Inner Mongolia (China) in combination with data
from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ET measurements. The ET part of the model was parameterised
using several years of eddy covariance (EC) measurements over grasslands differing in grazing intensity and leaf area index
(LAI). Using a relatively well-established relationship of LAI and P as well as LAI and temperature derived from MODIS, the water balance components of a 16 km2 sample area in the catchment
were modelled with a 1 km2 resolution for the vegetation period of 2006. All pixels were modelled assuming a similar ET control
as at the EC sites. Spatial variation in ET as well as in the partitioning of ET between transpiration and evaporation could
be identified. The results indicate the potential of using MODIS data and BROOK90 to upscale ET of semi-arid grasslands from
site to larger grass dominated catchments. 相似文献
19.
Abhishek Danodia V K Sehgal N R Patel R Dhakar J Mukherjee S K Saha A Senthil Kumar 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(5):69
Amount of available net energy and its partitioning into sensible, latent and soil heat fluxes over an agricultural landscape are critical to improve estimation of evapotranspiration and modelling parse (ecosystem modelling, hydrological and meteorological modelling). Scintillometry is a peculiar and robust methodology to provide structure parameter of refractive index and energy balance. Scintillometer has proven for assessment of sensible and latent heat flux, which is based on the principle of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. Scintillometer has been installed in the agricultural experimental farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, with a spatial covering path length of 990 m of irrigated and cultivable agricultural landscape. This paper discusses the patterns of energy flux as diurnal and seasonal basis at scintillometer path which was mainly covered by maize in Kharif and wheat in Rabi season during a crop growing seasons of 2014–2015. The biophysical parameters (leaf area, soil moisture, crop height) were recorded at a temporal resolution of fortnight basis along the path length at usual sampling distance. The Bowen ratio value for both Kharif and Rabi season was 0.76 and 0.88, respectively by scintillometer. Leaf area index had a significantly positive correlation with latent heat flux (\(R^{2} =0.80\)) while a significantly negative correlation with sensible heat flux (\(R^{2}{=}-0.79\)). Soil moisture had a significant negative correlation with sensible heat flux (\(R^{2}{=}-0.68\)). The average evapotranspiration from crop land was \(1.58 ~\hbox {mm d}^{-1}\) and total evapotranspiration was 543 mm over the 12 months study period. This study defines that large aperture scintillometer is robust instrument which can evaluate energy flux over a large area with a long term series time domain. Moreover, further studied should be conducted to use in crop simulation modelling, developing of new model with calibration and validation of remote sensing energy balance algorithm, etc. 相似文献
20.
Groundwater use by plants in a semi-arid coal-mining area at the Mu Us Desert frontier 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The hydrogen isotope (deuterium- $ \delta D $ ) composition at natural abundance levels of xylem water, soil water, groundwater, river water, and rainwater was used to evaluate whether adult plant species use groundwater and to detect seasonal shifts (dry/wet season) in water sources for plants growing in a semi-arid coal-mining area (located at the frontier of the Mu Us Desert). A direct inference approach and the IsoSource mixing model were used to estimate the contributions of different sources to the plant xylem water. The results showed that (1) the $ \delta D $ values of rainfall fluctuated considerably, while those of groundwater were generally constant during the experimental period; (2) the $ \delta D $ patterns in plant xylem water suggest that groundwater was a significant source of water for transpiration in the dry season, while all five selected species reduced dependence on groundwater sources in the wet season; and (3) soil water from the deep layer (50–100 cm) was used largely by adult species possibly because of interspecific competition. These results indicated that coal mining would significantly affect plant growth by reducing the water supply if it leads to a water table decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to protect groundwater resources during the coal mining operations in the region. 相似文献