共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of tropospheric NO2 column density concentration over China are presented, on the basis of measurements from the satellite instruments GOME and SCIAMACHY. From these observations, monthly averaged tropospheric NO2 variations are determined for the period of 1997 to 2006. The trend and seasonal cycle are also investigated. The possible source of tropospheric NO2 over megacity area is discussed in this paper. The results show a large growth of tropospheric NO2 over eastern China, especially above the industrial areas with a fast economical growth, such as, Yangtze Rive Delta region and Pearl River Delta region because of the prominent anthropogenic activity. There is a rapid increase of tropospheric NO2 over megacities in China. For instance, Shanghai had a linear significant increase in NO2 columns of ～20% per year (reference year 1997) in the period of 1997-2006, which is the rapidest increase among all the selected cities. The seasonal pattern of the NO2 concentration shows a difference between the east and west in China. In the eastern part of China, an expected winter maximum in seasonal cycle is found because of the prominent anthropogenic activity and meteorological conditions. In the western part this cycle shows a NO2 maximum in summer time, which is attributed to natural emissions, especially soil emissions and lightning. A quickly increasing vehicle population may contribute to the increase of tropospheric NO2 over megacities in China for the remarkable correlation for vehicle population with tropospheric NO2. 相似文献
2.
The significant impacts on air quality and natural resources, such as land and forest, have taken place in Yangtze Delta in the last two decades, resulting from rapidly economic develop-ment in this region. The Yangtze Delta contains many cities and towns… 相似文献
3.
本文根据季节转换前后副高脊面附近经向温度梯度变号的本质，利用相关分析和合成分析等方法研究了季节转换年际变化与外部影响因子的联系. 结果表明，冬春季青藏高原热状况和ENSO（El Nio/Southern Oscillation，厄尔尼诺/南方涛动）是决定亚洲季风区季节转换年际变化的主要因素. 当冬、春季海温呈现El Nio异常时，Walker环流减弱，于是西太平洋暖池区对流活动受到抑制，而赤道东太平洋对流活动加强则强迫赤道印度洋地区产生绝热下沉运动，使得印度洋地区大气偏暖，结果增大了南北向温度梯度，季节转换往往偏晚. 反之，季节转换偏早. 初春高原上空对流层中高层的气温异常对于判断季节转换迟早有很好的指示意义. 相似文献
4.
Nirmal Rajkumar A Barnes J Ramesh R Purvaja R Upstill-Goddard RC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(12):2043-2051
We measured dissolved N(2)O, CH(4), O(2), NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-) and NO(2)(-) on 7 transects along the polluted Adyar River-estuary, SE India and estimated N(2)O and CH(4) emissions using a gas exchange relation and a floating chamber. High NO(2)(-) implied some nitrification of a large anthropogenic NH(4)(+) pool. In the lower catchment CH(4) was maximal (6.3+/-4.3 x 10(4)nM), exceeding the ebullition threshold, whereas strong undersaturation of N(2)O and O(2) implied intense denitrification. Emissions fluxes for the whole Adyar system approximately 2.5 x 10(8) g CH(4)yr(-1) and approximately 2.4 x 10(6)gN(2)O yr(-1) estimated with a gas exchange relation and approximately 2 x 10(9) g CH(4)yr(-1) derived with a floating chamber illustrate the importance of CH(4) ebullition. An equivalent CO(2) flux approximately 1-10 x 10(10)gy r(-1) derived using global warming potentials is equivalent to total Chennai motor vehicle CO(2) emissions in one month. Studies such as this may inform more effective waste management and future compliance with international emissions agreements. 相似文献
5.
本文采用经验正交函数展开(EOF)及相关分析等方法,使用中国气象局整编的160站1951~2005年月平均降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了中国东部夏季降水准两年周期振荡的空间模态及其大气环流背景场.结果表明:(1)中国地区降水季节性差异明显,夏季是主要的降水期并具有明显的准两年周期振荡(TBO)特征,中国东部地区是降水TBO方差变化最大的区域.(2)中国东部夏季降水TBO存在两个主要的空间模态,第1模态以27°N为界南北成反位相的变化关系,降水振幅较大;第2模态降水振幅相对较小,大值中心位于河套-华北地区.(3)形成中国东部夏季降水TBO的两个主要空间模态环流背景场明显不同.第1模态与西太平洋海温成正相关,与东太平洋海温成负相关.第2模态则主要与日本海附近的海温成正相关.当夏季降水TBO以江淮偏多时(第1模态),西太平洋海温偏高,东太平洋海温偏低,中国东部及沿海上空850 hPa有异常反气旋,500 hPa高度相关场东亚上空呈"正负正"波列特征,200 hPa南亚高压加强,西风急流位置偏南.当夏季降水TBO降水位置偏北时(第2模态),中国东部及沿海上空有异常气旋,200 hPa南亚高压偏弱,西风急流位置偏北. 相似文献
6.
以19年（1988～2006年）的SSM/I（Special Sensor Microwave/ Imager）卫星观测为基础,计算了南海的逐月海面蒸发量,并结合SSM/I的降雨观测,得到了南海的逐月净淡水通量,并分析其季节和年际变化.研究结果表明：南海的蒸发量年变化基本呈双峰型结构,降雨和净淡水通量呈单峰型结构.1988～2001年,南海的蒸发量呈上升趋势,增长速率为1 mm/yr;2001～2006年,以1.9 mm/yr的速率减少.南海的降雨量和净淡水通量与Nino3指数成负相关,相关系数为-0.62和-0.58.在1997～1998厄尔尼诺暖事件期间,降雨量和净淡水通量均显著下降,且以其为界,降雨量在此之前以1.3 mm/yr的速率增长,净淡水通量升降趋势不明显;而在此之后,降雨以8.5 mm/yr的速率下降,净淡水通量的下降速率为7.5 mm/yr. 相似文献
7.
Urban expansion in China and its effect on cultivated land before and after initiating “Reform and Open Policy” 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ZengXiang Zhang QingKe Wen Fang Liu XiaoLi Zhao Bin Liu JinYong Xu Ling Yi ShunGuang Hu Xiao Wang LiJun Zuo Na Li MinMin Li LiFeng Shi Tian Zeng HongRun Ju 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2016,59(10):1930-1945
Urbanization in China has expanded at an unprecedented speed since the declaration of "Reform and Open Policy"and presented many challenges. Unbalanced regional development, appearance of super megacities and concomitant problems,and conflicts between urbanization and cultivated land protection are three critical problems that Chinese urbanization has to face. To develop new plans for foreseeable future urbanization in China, it is critical to understand the evolving history of cities across China. This study maps urban expansion of 60 typical Chinese cities based on large amount of remote sensing data and the labor-intensive image interpretation method, in order to understand the history of urban expansion from the 1970 s to 2013.Results showed that area of cities expanded 5.23 times compared to their area in the 1970 s. Urban expansion in China accelerated three times(1988–1996, 1999–2006, and 2009–2011) and decelerated three times(1997–1998, 2007–2008, and 2012–2013) over the 40 years. The urban area of South China expanded most significantly 9.42 times, while the urban area in Northeast China expanded only 2.37 times. The disparity among different administrative ranks of cities was even greater than(3.81 times) the differences among different regions. Super megacities have been continuously expanding at a fast rate(8.60-fold), and have not shown obvious signs of slowing down. The proportion of cultivated land among the land sources for urban expansion decreased to a small extent in the 1990 s, but cultivated land continues to be the major land source for urban expansion. Effective future urbanization needs controlling the expansion scale of large cities and reasonably developing medium and small cities, as well as balancing regional development. 相似文献
8.
The effect of present-day and future NOx emissions from aircraft on the NOx and ozone concentrations in the atmosphere and the corresponding radiative forcing were studied using a three-dimensional chemistry transport model (CTM) and a radiative model. The effects of the aircraft emissions were compared with the effects of the three most important anthropogenic NOx surface sources: road traffic, electricity generation and industrial combustion. From the model results, NOx emissions from aircraft are seen to cause an increase in the NOx and ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, and a positive radiative forcing. For the reference year 1990, the aircraft emissions result in an increase in the NOx concentration at 250 hPa of about 20 ppt in January and 50 ppt in July over the eastern USA, the North Atlantic Flight Corridor and Western Europe, corresponding to a relative increase of about 50%. The maximum increase in the ozone concentrations due to the aircraft emissions is about 3-4 ppb in July over the northern mid-latitudes, corresponding to a relative increase of about 3-4%. The aircraft-induced ozone changes cause a global average radiative forcing of 0.025 W/m2 in July. According to the ANCAT projection for the year 2015, the aircraft NOx emissions in that year will be 90% higher than in the year 1990. As a consequence of this, the calculated NOx perturbation by aircraft emissions increases by about 90% between 1990 and 2015, and the ozone perturbation by about 50-70%. The global average radiative forcing due to the aircraft-induced ozone changes increases by about 50% between 1990 and 2015. In the year 2015, the effects of the aircraft emissions on the ozone burden and radiative forcing are clearly larger than the individual effects of the NOx surface sources. Taking chemical conversion in the aircraft plume into account in the CTM explicitly, by means of modified aircraft NOx emissions, a significant reduction of the aircraft-induced NOx and ozone perturbations is realised. The NOx perturbation decreases by about 40% and the ozone perturbation by about 30% in July over Western Europe, the eastern USA and the North Atlantic Flight Corridor. 相似文献
9.
AbstractThe potential impacts of future climate change on the evolution of groundwater recharge are examined at a local scale for a 546-km2 watershed in eastern Canada. Recharge is estimated using the infiltration model Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), with inputs derived from five climate runs generated by a regional climate model in combination with the A2 greenhouse gas emissions scenario. The model runs project an increase in annual recharge over the 2041–2070 period. On a seasonal basis, however, a marked decrease in recharge during the summer and a marked increase during the winter are observed. The results suggest that increased evapotranspiration resulting from higher temperatures does not offset the large increase in winter infiltration. In terms of individual water budget components, clear differences are obtained for the different climate change scenarios. Monthly recharge values are also found to be quite variable, even for a given climate scenario. These findings are compared with results from two regional-scale studies.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor M. Besbes 相似文献
10.
Abstract The trends of annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation in southern China (Guangdong Province) for the period 1956–2000 are investigated, based on the data from 186 high-quality gauging stations. Statistical tests, including Mann-Kendall rank test and wavelet analysis, are employed to determine whether the precipitation series exhibit any regular trend and periodicity. The results indicate that the annual precipitation has a slightly decreasing trend in central Guangdong and slight increasing trends in the eastern and western areas of the province. However, all the annual trends are not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. The average precipitation increases in the dry season in central Guangdong, but decreases in the wet season, meaning that the precipitation becomes more evenly distributed within the year. Furthermore, the analysis of monthly precipitation suggests that the distribution of intra-annual precipitation changes over time. The results of wavelet analysis show prominent precipitation with periods ranging from 10 to 12 years in every sub-region in Guangdong Province. Comparing with the sunspot cycle (11-year), the annual precipitation in every sub-region in Guangdong province correlates with Sunspot Number with a 3-year lag. The findings in this paper will be useful for water resources management. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Sheng Yue Citation Dedi Liu, Shenglian Guo, Xiaohong Chen and Quanxi Shao, 2012. Analysis of trends of annual and seasonal precipitation from 1956 to 2000 in Guangdong Province, China. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 358–369. 相似文献
11.
12.
通过对挪威卑尔根全球大气-海洋-海冰耦合模式300a控制积分结果进行交叉子波分析,揭示了东亚夏季风（EASM）与同期Nio3区（90°W～150°W,5°S～5°N）海洋表面温度异常的相关关系在长期变化中是不稳定的,呈现出明显的阶段性特征.气候要素场在二者联系的紧密（HCP）和微弱（LCP）时期差别显著,在HCP时期,西北太平洋对流层低层出现一对耦合的异常气旋和反气旋性环流系统;东南亚地区对流层低层表现为强东风异常,风速的年际变率加大;热带西太平洋对流层温度和位势高度场的年际变率普遍加强.此外,中国夏季降水与同期Nio3区海洋表面温度异常的相关关系在上述两种时期也存在较大差别. 相似文献
13.
14.
Spatial and temporal variability of NO2 tropospheric column over Europe was analyzed for a 3 year period (2008–2010) based on monthly average observations from SCIAMACHY and the GEM-AQ model results. The GEM-AQ model was run in a global variable configuration with a resolution of ～15 km over Central Europe. Spatial averaged time series were calculated for two selected regions in Western and Central Europe in order to assess the seasonal and interannual variability of the tropospheric NO2. The spatial pattern is similar near large emission sources for consecutive years. However, in remote regions there are differences due to interannual variability of meteorological conditions. Highest tropospheric NO2 column values (over 150 × 1015 molecules/cm2) were persistent over the Benelux and over most of the European agglomerations. The general agreement between modelled and observed NO2 column is good. In the remote areas, the modelled NO2 column shows weaker gradients than the observed field. 相似文献
15.
Precipitation change and human impacts on hydrologic variables in Zhengshui River Basin, China 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
Juan Du Fei He Zhao Zhang Peijun Shi 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2011,25(7):1013-1025
Climate change and anthropogenic impacts on hydrologic variables have received significant attention in recent years. We assessed
stream flow and water level in the Zhengshui River basin, China, in the period 1960 to 2003 in response to precipitation variation
and anthropogenic factors. Analyses of daily discharge and water level records, and derived annual, seasonal and monthly series,
showed that Zhengshui River flows had a significant increasing trend, with an abrupt change point in 1990. There was a significant
decreasing water level trend with an abrupt change point in 1995. Human activities and precipitation contributed 53 and 47%,
respectively, to increase in stream flow during 1991–2003. Anthropogenic activities such as sand dredging, dominated the decrease
in water level during 1994–2003. Human-induced land use change, soil erosion and sand excavation driven by rapid economic
development have played a more important role than precipitation variation in hydrological changes in the Zhengshui River
basin over the past 50 years. 相似文献
16.
A. Seco P. J. González F. Ramírez R. García E. Prieto C. Yagüe J. Fernández 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(8-9):1519-1531
In this article we analyze the variations of the Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) and its components, Zenith Hydrostatic Delay (ZHD) and Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) recorded by the GPS reference stations in the area of the Canary Islands during the passing of the tropical storm Delta on November 28 and 29, 2005. During this event, we observed that all GPS stations experienced significant increases of the ZWD value of over 100 mm and a decrease in the ZHD values of about 30 mm. The increase of the normal ZWD values was detected several hours prior to the manifestation of the weather phenomena on the ground. We also noticed a connection between the maximum ZWD values observed and the temporal distribution of the rain. The observed variations of the tropospheric slant directional gradients correlate significantly with the variations in direction and intensity of the observed winds. The relation noted between the ZWD values and the tropospheric slant delay gradients with meteorological observables highlights the convenience of using existing or new GPS networks when studying weather phenomena such as severe cyclones. 相似文献
17.
利用1951～2002年全国733个测站经过非均一性检验的月平均气温资料,在剔除50万以上人口大城市测站后,分析了52年来中国东、西部及青藏高原地区的气温变化趋势的一致性和差异性,并讨论了其可能原因.结果表明我国东、西部地区年、季平均气温变化有着较好的一致性;近52年来,我国东、西部和青藏高原地区年平均气温均呈升温趋势,年平均气温的增温速率东部为026℃/10a,西部018℃/10a,东部比西部高008℃/10a;季平均气温东部地区冬、春季的增暖趋势大于西部和青藏高原,而其夏、秋季的增暖趋势小于西部和青藏高原.我国东、西部地区年、季平均气温变化关系密切,说明其主要是受全球气候变化的影响而变化,但东部年平均气温的增暖总趋势大于西部,又说明地域差异在气温变化中也有重要作用. 相似文献
18.
Sedimentation in the floodplains of the Mekong Delta,Vietnam. Part I: suspended sediment dynamics 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Nguyen Nghia Hung José Miguel Delgado Andreas Güntner Bruno Merz András Bárdossy Heiko Apel 《水文研究》2014,28(7):3132-3144
Suspended sediment is the primary source for a sustainable agro‐ecosystem in the Mekong Delta by providing nutrient input for the subsequent cropping season. In addition, the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) plays an important role in the erosion and deposition processes in the Delta; that is, it influences the morphologic development and may counteract the deltaic subsidence and sea level rise. Despite this importance, little is known about the dynamics of suspended sediment in the floodplains of the Mekong Delta. In particular, quantitative analyses are lacking mainly because of data scarcity with respect to the inundation processes in the floodplains. In 2008, therefore, a comprehensive in situ system to monitor the dynamics of suspended sediment in a study area located in the Plain of Reeds was established, aiming at the characterization and quantification of suspended sediment dynamics in the deeply inundated parts of the Vietnamese part of the Mekong Delta. The monitoring system was equipped with seven water quality–monitoring stations. They have a robust design and autonomous power supply suitable for operation on inundated floodplains, enabling the collection of reliable data over a long period of time with a high temporal resolution. The data analysis shows that the general seasonal dynamics of suspended sediment transport in the Delta is controlled by two main mechanisms: the flood wave of the Mekong River and the tidal backwater influences from the coast. In the channel network, SSC decreases exponentially with distance from the Mekong River. The anthropogenic influence on SSC could also be identified for two periods: at the start of the floodplain inundation and at the end of the flood period, when subsequent paddy rice crops are prepared. Based on the results, we recommend an operation scheme for the sluice gates, which intends to distribute the sediment and thus the nutrients equally over the floodplain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
本文以超大城市上海为例,分析了近50年四季城郊温差的总体变化趋势,同时利用城市化进程中4个年份(1987、1990、1997和2004年)9个气象站的气温数据,重点研究了上海地区热岛效应的季节变化特征及年际差异.结果表明,近50年来上海城郊温差逐年显著增长,年平均热岛天数频率为86.0%,年平均热岛强度为1.17 ℃,秋季热岛频率和强度高于其他季节,累积热岛强度也最大.不同时刻热岛的特征表明,夜间热岛(2∶00,20∶00时刻)累积强度在四季都较大,在春、夏季14∶00时刻热岛累积强度较大,而在秋、冬季8∶00时刻热岛累积强度较大.进一步分析表明,热岛效应的四季差异主要在于较强热岛和强热岛出现频率的差异;秋季大气最稳定的F类型比例较高可能是热岛效应更加显著的原因之一.四个年份对比分析表明,1997年之前的三个年份,热岛效应的四季差异比较显著.之后,随着年代的推移,四季累积热岛强度逐渐趋于均化,并且夏季低强度热岛有向中强热岛和强热岛转化的趋势,一定程度上反映了夏季人为热的贡献. 相似文献
20.
Characteristics of low-frequency oscillation intensity of air-sea turbulent heat fluxes over the northwest Pacific 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on the daily turbulent heat fluxes and related meteorological variables datasets (1985–2006) from Objectively Analyzed
air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), characteristics of low-frequency oscillation
intensity of air-sea turbulent heat fluxes over the northwest Pacific are analyzed by linear perturbation method and correlation
analysis. It can be concluded that: 1) the distribution of low-frequency oscillation intensity of latent heat flux (LHF) over
the northwest Pacific is mainly affected by that of low-frequency oscillation intensity of anomalous air-sea humidity gradient
(Δq′) as well as mean air-sea humidity gradient (), while the distribution of low-frequency oscillation intensity of sensible heat flux (SHF) is mainly affected by that of
low-frequency oscillation intensity of anomalous air-sea temperature gradient (ΔT′). 2) The low-frequency oscillation of turbulent heat fluxes over the northwest Pacific is the strongest in winter and the
weakest in summer. And the seasonal transition of low-frequency oscillation intensity of LHF is jointly influenced by those
of low-frequency oscillation intensity of Δq′, low-frequency oscillation intensity of anomalous wind speed (U′), and mean wind speed (Ū), while the seasonal transition of low-frequency oscillation intensity of SHF is mainly influenced by those of low-frequency
oscillation intensity of ΔT′ and Ū. 3) Over the tropical west Pacific and sea areas north of 20°N, the low-frequency oscillation of LHF (SHF) is mainly influenced
by atmospheric variables q
a
′ (T
a
′) and U′, indicating an oceanic response to overlying atmospheric forcing. In contrast, over the tropical eastern and central Pacific
south of 20°N, q
s
′ (T
s
′) also greatly influences the low-frequency oscillation of LHF (SHF).
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40675028) and National Basic Research Program of China
(Grant No. 2006CB403600) 相似文献