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1.
通过功率谱分析和波阻抗函数计算,本文证实了Aureol 3卫星在电离层高度上(>600km)观测到的极低频(ELF)波场扰动是和舒曼共振相关的电磁振荡.与舒曼共振地面观测相比较,Aureol 3观测到的舒曼共振电场分量具有很好的谐振谱结构,峰值频率和各阶舒曼共振本征频率对应;磁场分量的高阶峰值频率偏离14, 20, 26Hz等舒曼共振本征频率;随着卫星高度的改变,电场与磁场谐振的一阶最大能量峰值并不会发生在同一频率,结合本文分析的数据,分别位于78Hz和10Hz;水平方向的磁场分量更接近南北方向的线极化而不是地球－电离层空腔中的椭圆极化;波阻抗随频率表现出不太规则的准正弦振荡,它会随着频率增加和飞行高度上升呈现减小的趋势.虽然舒曼共振信号和电离层密度梯度间的非线性作用可以解释舒曼共振空间观测的部分特征,但需加入其他机制,如电离层不稳定性,传播模式的耦合,进一步了解电离层高度上舒曼共振各种特征产生的原因.  相似文献   

2.
Nonlinear interactions of the ELF (4–40 Hz) signals excited by worldwide lightning activity in the Earth-ionosphere cavity are investigated. A special algorithm for detecting weak nonlinearities, based on the calculation of a coherence function between the received signal and the multiplicative response of a digital analyzer, has been developed. Using long-term observations of the ELF signals, combination lines at double, sum and difference frequencies of the first three Schumann modes were detected. Possible mechanisms for the cross-modulation due to natural nonlinear effects in the atmosphere and lower ionosphere are discussed.  相似文献   

3.
Variations in the global atmospheric electric circuit are investigated using a wide range of globally spaced instruments observing VLF (∼10 kHz) waves, ELF (∼300 Hz) waves, Schumann resonances (4–60 Hz), and the atmospheric fair weather electric field. For the ELF/VLF observations, propagation effects are accounted for in a novel approach using established monthly averages of lightning location provided by the Lightning Image Sensor (LIS) and applying known frequency specific attenuation parameters for daytime/nighttime ELF/VLF propagation. Schumann resonances are analyzed using decomposition into propagating and standing waves in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. Derived lightning activity is compared to existing global lightning detection networks and fair weather field observations. The results suggest that characteristics of lightning discharges vary by region and may have diverse effects upon the ionospheric potential.  相似文献   

4.
Deamplification of strong motion and the increase of the effective period of soil deposits are typical nonlinear effects; we seek them in SMART1-array data by applying the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique. The recordings, from four soil and one rock stations, represent 23 earthquakes (ML 4.9–7.0); PGA varies between 20–260 cm/s2. For each station, mean HVSR curves are calculated for two PGA ranges: <75 cm/s2 and >100 cm/s2 (weak and strong motion). At the soil stations, the “weak” (linear) and “strong” (nonlinear) responses are significantly different. Below 1–1.8 Hz, the nonlinear response exceeds the linear one. Above 2 Hz, the nonlinear response drops below the linear one and above 4–6 Hz below unity (deamplification). From 10 to 16 Hz, the two responses converge. One soil site shows significant negative correlation between resonance frequency and ground acceleration. Such behaviour agrees with other empirical studies and theoretical predictions. Our results imply that the HVSR technique is sensitive to ground-motion intensity and can be used to detect and study nonlinear site response.  相似文献   

5.
The Earth–ionosphere cavity is characterized by a number of disturbances which cause departures from the behaviour expected for the spherical symmetric case usually applied in model calculations. The main effects are the inhomogeneity of the upper atmosphere which is characterised by different conductivity profiles during day and night, and the conductivity anisotropy introduced by the Earths magnetic field. Standing waves, excited by the global thunderstorm activity, with an eigenfrequency of ≈8 Hz develop in this cavity. This phenomenon, which is called Schumann resonance, suffers a frequency splitting due to the removal of the spherical symmetry.At the Institut für Geophysik we measured the electromagnetic field components for a whole year at frequencies up to 20 Hz. We present the results of the analysis of the polarization of individual events of the horizontal magnetic field components. With the help of the polarization parameters as indicators, we show the existence of the aforementioned splitting. A frequency difference of 0.1–0.2 Hz between the two elliptical modes has been estimated.  相似文献   

6.
Horizontal components of extremely low-frequency (ELF) fields in the gyrotropic Earth–ionosphere cavity are expressed through the fields of an isotropic cavity. A linear approximation of the perturbation method with respect to two small parameters is used. These are the impedance z0 of the isotropic ionosphere and the ratio γ≡z2/z1 of the off-diagonal to diagonal elements of the surface impedance matrix of the gyrotropic ionosphere. It is shown that the effect of splitting of the Schumann resonance frequencies caused by the existence of the d.c. geomagnetic field results in an “apparent” angular shift of all ground-based sources of ELF radiation toward the geographic West (“refraction of ELF fields in the gyrotropic Earth–ionosphere cavity”) and excitation of an elliptical magnetic polarization. An analytical relation for the mentioned phenomena is derived. Explicit expressions for polarization characteristics of the electromagnetic ELF noise excited by an arbitrary number of equatorial thunderstorm centers are obtained. Expected values of the “apparent” angular shift for these sources are estimated. Analysis of the estimated magnitudes shows that locations of thunderstorm centers and isolated Q-bursts determined with the use of multi-component ELF measurements should be corrected to exclude the “gyrotropic refraction” effect. Equations to calculate the necessary corrections are presented. The results are generalized to the case of an arbitrary latitudinal location of the sources.  相似文献   

7.
The spectral resonance structure (SRS) of the magnetic component of natural electromagnetic noise in the frequency range 0.5 – 2.5 Hz is investigated to estimate the frequency scale of the structure. The magnetic field data recorded at 49°20'N, 22°40'E, in the Bieszczady Mountains, Poland, at night hours of May 1996 – 2001 are used. It is assumed that the resonant frequency pattern of the ionospheric Alfvén resonance (IAR) appears in the spectral resonance structure. Both a model of the ionospheric Alfvén resonance for night-time conditions of the ionosphere and an algorithm of evaluating the frequency scale are presented. The algorithm is applied to the experimental data. The results are compared to those obtained with the International Reference Ionosphere model.  相似文献   

8.
Band-limited, non-stationary random vibrations of a shear beam are studied in order to investigate high frequency seismic effects on building structures. A solution for the evolutionary spectral density of the shear beam response to a time segment of band-limited white noise is given in a closed form. The root mean square (rms) and peak response of the shear beam are studied for two characteristic frequency bands: the conventional 1–4 Hz and higher frequency 4–16 Hz, characteristic for rockburst ground motion. Applying the criterion of equal excitation intensity with constant rms velocity, both responses are analyzed in detail and compared. The “switching off” fundamental mode for high frequency excitations results in characteristic overshoot of the stationary response level by the non-stationary rms response and an amplification of the response in the upper part of the shear beam.  相似文献   

9.
The CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment on board a space shuttle was accompanied by a broad campaign of rocket, balloon and ground-based measurements. Supporting lower ionospheric ground-based measurements were run in Europe and Eastern Asia between 1 October–30 November, 1994. Results of comparisons with long ionospheric data series together with short-term comparisons inside the interval October-November, 1994, showed that the upper middle atmosphere (h =80–100 km) at middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the interval of the CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment (4–12 November, 1994) was very close to its expected climatological state. In other words, the average results of the experiment can be used as climatological data, at least for the given area/altitudes. The role of solar/geomagnetic and “meteorological” control of the lower ionosphere is investigated and compared with the results of MAP/WINE, MAC/SINE and DYANA campaigns. The effects of both solar/geomagnetic and global meteorological factors on the lower ionosphere are found to be weak during autumn 1994 compared to those in MAP/WINE and DYANA winters, and they are even slightly weaker than those in MAP/SINE summer. The comparison of the four campaigns suggests the following overall pattern: in winter the lower ionosphere at northern middle latitudes appears to be fairly well “meteorologically” controlled with a very weak solar influence. In summer, solar influence is somewhat stronger and dominates the weak “meteorological” influence, but the overall solar/meteorological control is weaker than in winter. In autumn we find the weakest overall solar/meteorological control, local effects evidently dominate.  相似文献   

10.
Summary Using methods of numerical modelling of the propagation of ULF waves through the ionosphere, the characteristics of the vertical flux of electromagnetic energy are analysed in the ULF range — at the outer boundary of the modelled ionosphere (altitude 1000 km) the reflexibility and penetrability of the energy, at the Earth's surface the transmissivity of the energy. The existence of two frequency bands is proved within the ULF range with different forms of ionospheric wave filtration: a) The band of extremely low frequencies, f<0.1–0.2 Hz (pc3–5 and Pc2 pulsation ranges) with a mirroring effect of the ionosphere-Earth system, but with small absorption; b) the band f>0.2 Hz (the Pc1 range) with increased absorption, but with resonance windows and wave emissions with a very well defined frequency structure.  相似文献   

11.
Spectrograms and ELF power spectra of magnetic variations originated from sprite-producing lightning discharges have been analyzed to extract both parent lightning and sprite parameters. Some of the spectrograms and power spectra have been found to have approximately quasi-oscillatory shape in the frequency range 0–40 Hz with maximum repetition period about 15–20 Hz. A theory predicts that this interesting peculiarity of the power spectra can be due to interference between electromagnetic fields originated from the parent lightning discharge and from the sprite. A smooth envelope of the power spectrum was shown to have a form of damped oscillations with period close to reciprocal value of sprite lag time. A technique of extracting sprite parameters based on the sprite-producing lightning power spectrum is proposed. The lack of the first Schumann resonance and other features occasionally observed in spectral resonance structure were also discussed.  相似文献   

12.
电磁监测台站观测的舒曼谐振背景变化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文
舒曼谐振是由闪电激发的电离层与地面之间的全球电磁震荡,在地球与电离层空腔中传播,由于共振作用,其电磁波能量明显高于其他频率电磁波能量.舒曼谐振具有稳定的频域参数和频谱结构,近几年的研究发现,地震发生前会使这些固有参数发生扰动,因此利用舒曼谐振异常来进行地震短临监测可能是一种行之有效的手段.要判断舒曼谐振地震电磁异常,了解舒曼谐振电磁场背景变化规律是前提.本文利用极低频电磁台站观测的天然电磁场数据,处理和分析了各台站观测的舒曼谐振频率电磁场功率谱随时间的变化,得到了舒曼谐振随季节和纬度的背景变化规律.并提出将舒曼谐振背景变化规律应用到地震短临监测预报中,能够为今后辨别地震监测中的舒曼谐振异常提供物理依据.  相似文献   

13.
Global thunderstorm and shower cloud activity generate the global electric potential difference between the Earth's surface and the lower ionosphere. The finite conductivity of atmospheric air, which arises from cosmic ray and natural radioactive ionisation, permits a vertical conduction current density (1 pA m−2) between the lower ionosphere and the surface during fair-weather conditions; this current provides a physical link between the upper and lower atmospheres. A new instrument system is described to measure the conduction current density at the surface (the “air–Earth current”), which operates on a novel principle using two collecting electrodes of different geometry. Simultaneous measurements from two independent co-located systems using the geometrical principle show close agreement (correlation of 0.96 during 2.5 h of 5 min measurements). The sensor design described is durable and successful measurements in fair and disturbed weather have been obtained in air temperatures between −6 and 35 °C, relative humidity between 44% and 100%, fog, rain and snowfall. The uncertainty in conduction current density determinations is 0.20 pA m−2.  相似文献   

14.
The observation of ULF/ELF electromagnetic waves in the frequency range below 50 Hz has been continued at Nakatsugawa (in the Gifu prefecture), Japan since 1998. This paper summarizes anomalous Schumann resonance (SR) phenomena and SR-like line emissions observed at Nakatsugawa in possible association with recent nearby earthquakes (EQs) (the 2004 Mid-Niigata prefecture and the 2007 Noto-Hanto (peninsula) EQs), which have been already described in detail by Ohta et al. (2009). The intensity of particular modes of SR increased before these large EQs and the excitation of other anomalous SR-like line emissions also existed at the frequency shifted by about 2 Hz from the typical SR modes. Since temporal changes of the anomalous SR modes and line emissions are synchronous in time, there might be a possibility that the line emission is a consequence of the anomalous SR. In this paper we propose an interpretation of those anomalous phenomena in terms of excitation of gyrotropic waves due to input wave from below with a band from 15 to 20 Hz as an exciter. The theoretical computational results seem to be generally consistent with the observational finding.  相似文献   

15.
During the summer of 2005, transient luminous events were optically imaged from the French Pyrénées as part of the EuroSprite campaign. Simultaneously, extremely low frequency (ELF: 3–3000 Hz) and broadband very low frequency (VLF: 3–30 kHz) data were recorded continuously at two separate receivers in Israel, located about 3300 km from the area of the parent lightning discharges responsible for the generation of sprites. Additionally, narrowband VLF data were collected in Crete, at about 2300 km away from the region of sprites.The motivation for the present study was to identify the signature of the sprite-producing lightning discharges in the ELF and VLF electromagnetic frequency bands, to qualify and compare their parameters, and to study the influence of the thunderstorm-activated region on its overlaying ionosphere. For the 15 sprites analyzed, their causative positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) discharges had peak current intensities between +8 and +130 kA whereas their charge moment changes (CMC) ranged from 500 to 3500 C km. Furthermore, the peak current reported by the Météorage lightning network are well correlated with the amplitudes of the VLF bursts, while showing poor correlation with the CMCs which were estimated using ELF methods.Additionally, more than one +CG was associated with six of the sprites, implying that lightning discharges that produce sprites can sometimes have multiple ground connections separated in time and space. Finally, for a significant number of events (33%) an ELF transient was not associated with sprite occurrence, suggesting that long continuing current of tens of ms may not always be a necessary condition for sprite production, a finding which influences the estimation of the global sprite rate based on Schumann resonance (SR) measurements.  相似文献   

16.
Earthquake ground-motion relationships for soil and rock sites in Iran have been developed based on the specific barrier model (SBM) used within the context of the stochastic modeling and calibrated against up-to-date Iranian strong-motion data. A total of 171 strong-motion accelerograms recorded at distances of up to 200 km from 24 earthquakes with moment magnitudes ranging from Mw 5.2 to 7.4 are used to determine the region-specific source parameters of this model. Regression analysis was conducted using the “random effects” methodology that considers both earthquake-to-earthquake (inter-event) variability and within-earthquake (intra-event) variability to effectively handle the problem of weighting observations from different earthquakes. The minimization of the error function in each iteration of the “random effects” procedure was performed using the genetic algorithm method. The residuals are examined against available Iranian strong-motion data to confirm that the model predictions are unbiased and that there are no significant residual trends with distance and magnitude. No evidence of self-similarity breakdown is observed between the source radius and its seismic moment. To verify the robustness of the results, tests were performed to confirm that the results are unchanged if the number of observations is changed by removing different randomly selected datasets from the original database. Stochastic simulations, using the derived SBM, are then performed to predict peak ground-motion and response spectra parameters for a wide range of magnitudes and distances. The stochastic SBM predictions agree well with the new empirical regression equations proposed for Iran, Europe and Middle East in the magnitude–distance ranges well represented by the data. It has been shown that the SBM of this study provides unbiased ground-motion estimates over the entire frequency range of most engineering interests (1–10 Hz) for the Iranian earthquakes. Our results are also important for the assessment of hazards in other seismically active environments in the Middle East and Mediterranean regions.  相似文献   

17.
The most common volcanic tremor produced by Ruapehu is a continuous signal with a dominant frequency of about 2 Hz. This signal has a sharply peaked spectrum, and an autocorrelation function with a high degree of coherence, even for lags of over 20 seconds. These characteristics strongly suggest that the cause of this tremor is a single resonator, probably a fluid-filled cavity resonating in an “organ-pipe” mode.The stochastic simulation of such a resonator uses the equation of motion of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator, which applies to an “organ-pipe” fundamental resonance, with either the characteristics of the oscillator, or the forcing function, containing a random element. A “white noise” forcing function, which would be appropriate for excitation of the cavity by a high pressure gas input, gave good agreement with the observed spectra and autocorrelation functions. Another possible model used an oscillator with a damping factor which varied randomly, and was sometimes negative, so oscillations built up, rather than decayed. This also gave a reasonable simulation of Ruapehu tremor.The third excitation model used a Poisson process, in which during each time interval there was a certain probability of applying a fixed impulse to the resonator. It was found that the impulses had to be frequent, i.e. several times a second, to match the characteristics of Ruapehu tremor.It has been suggested that tremor is composed of a succession of low-frequency (“B-type”) earthquakes. The results of this simulation show that at Ruapehu tremor could be produced by a resonator with positive feedback just sustaining oscillation, or by a resonator excited by external impulses. The most promising model for low-frequency earthquakes describes them as the result of a major external disturbance of the resonator.  相似文献   

18.
The natural spectrum of electromagnetic variations surrounding Earth extends across an enormous frequency range and is controlled by diverse physical processes. Electromagnetic (EM) induction studies make use of external field variations with frequencies ranging from the solar cycle which has been used for geomagnetic depth sounding through the 10\(^{-4}\)–10\(^4\) Hz frequency band widely used for magnetotelluric and audio-magnetotelluric studies. Above 10\(^4\) Hz, the EM spectrum is dominated by man-made signals. This review emphasizes electromagnetic sources at \(\sim\)1 Hz and higher, describing major differences in physical origin and structure of short- and long-period signals. The essential role of Earth’s internal magnetic field in defining the magnetosphere through its interactions with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field is briefly outlined. At its lower boundary, the magnetosphere is engaged in two-way interactions with the underlying ionosphere and neutral atmosphere. Extremely low-frequency (3 Hz–3 kHz) electromagnetic signals are generated in the form of sferics, lightning, and whistlers which can extend to frequencies as high as the VLF range (3–30 kHz).The roughly spherical dielectric cavity bounded by the ground and the ionosphere produces the Schumann resonance at around 8 Hz and its harmonics. A transverse resonance also occurs at 1.7–2.0 kHz arising from reflection off the variable height lower boundary of the ionosphere and exhibiting line splitting due to three-dimensional structure. Ground and satellite observations are discussed in the light of their contributions to understanding the global electric circuit and for EM induction studies.  相似文献   

19.
Employing a three-component search coil magnetometer (f = 0.01–30 Hz) the ultra-low-frequency (ULF) magnetic field observations have been taken in a noise free rural site at Bichpuri, Agra, India since 20 April 2007. We have analysed 7 months of night time data from 01 May to 30 November 2007. The data show seven occurrences of ULF bursts with periods ranging from a few minutes to an hour in a wide frequency range up to 15 Hz. The occurrence of such ULF bursts has been statistically analysed. The polarization parameter analysis shows that two of these bursts occurred from sources in the ionosphere and magnetosphere (Z/X < 1). It is further seen that four bursts correlated very well with some regional earthquakes (M > 4.5), which occurred at distances less than 628 km from the observation site at Agra. In some cases the bursts occurred 1–3 days prior to the main shocks.Since earthquakes are also known to perturb the ionosphere, we have analysed total electron content (TEC) data obtained from a GPS receiver stationed at Agra since June 2006. Analysis of the data for the same period as the magnetic field observations shows that there existed TEC anomalies on all the days when ULF bursts occurred. The TEC anomalies show enhancement and depletion in the data in all cases. While the mechanisms of the ULF and TEC anomalies are not well known, it is expected that the ULF bursts occurred due to microfracturing of the earth's crust during stress accumulation and that the TEC anomalies occurred as a result of the electric field induced in the ionosphere during such processes.  相似文献   

20.
Results of simultaneous TV observations of pulsating auroral patches and ELF-VLF-emissions in the morning sector carried out in Sodankylä (Finland) on February 15, 1991 are presented. Auroral pulsating activity was typical having pulsating patches with characteristic periods of about 7 s. Narrow-band hiss emissions and chorus elements at intervals of 0.3–0.4 s formed the main ELF-VLF activity in the frequency range 1.0–2.5 kHz at the same time. The analysis of auroral images with time resolution of 0.04 s allowed perfectly separate analysis of spatial and temporal variations in the auroral luminosity. Mutual correspondence between the behaviour of the luminous auroral patches and the appearance of ELF noise type hiss emissions and VLF chorus trains was found in two intervals chosen for analysis. While the hiss emissions were associated with the appearance of luminosity inside a limited area close to the zenith, the structured VLF emissions were accompanied by rapid motion of luminosity inside the area. The spatial dimension of the pulsating area was about 45–50 km and luminosity propagated inside it with velocity of about 10–12 kms. We discuss a new approach to explain the 5–15 s auroral pulsation based on the theory of flowing cyclotron maser and relaxation characteristics of ionosphere.  相似文献   

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