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1.
在分析博尔塔拉河水文特征的基础上,对水化学进行了系统的分析,研究结果表明:博尔塔拉河的矿化度和总硬度等主要离子含量沿程均有不同程度的增加,上游到中游增幅不大,中游到下游开始呈直线上升,下游矿化度和总硬度分别超过1000mg/L和250mg/L,主要离子含量也增加明显,其变化特征与矿化度基本一致。上中游河段阴离子中以HCO3-占优势,阳离子中以Ca2 为主;下游河段阴离子中以SO42-占优势,阳离子中以Na 为主。水化学类型由上游向下游过渡变化的分带特征:从上游、中游到下游河水水化学特征依次主要表现为HCO3-型、HCO3-—SO42-型和SO42-型。 相似文献
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基于我国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水资料和NCEP再分析资料,利用自组织特征映射方法对2008—2014年大别山地区极端降水天气事件的天气背景进行了分型研究。结果表明大别山地区极端降水背景环境的类型主要可分为三类,分别是西南强气流型(类型Ⅰ)、副高西北侧气流型(类型Ⅱ)和偏南强气流型(类型Ⅲ)。其中,类型I和类型Ⅱ的极端降水分别集中在6—8月和7—9月,代表了夏季极端降水,而类型Ⅲ的极端降水主要出现在3—6月及10—12月,属于春秋季节的极端降水。通过分析大别山地形与不同类型降水场及背景场的配置关系发现:(1)迎风坡降水是类型I极端降水的主要原因,中层的高湿度、强气流为极端降水提供水汽和抬升条件;(2)类型Ⅱ的极端降水是由气流过大别山西北侧较低山脊时在山脊前和山脊后形成,西太平洋副热带高压的北抬和西进是导致此类环流背景的重要原因;(3)偏南气流与大别山及其西南方地形的配置使得类型Ⅲ的极端降水主要分布在大别山南侧往西南方向。 相似文献
3.
四川盆地雷暴大风雷达回波特征统计分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用2009—2018年地面、高空、闪电定位、多普勒雷达资料统计出四川盆地的34次雷暴大风过程,并根据冷空气参与情况及500 hPa影响系统将其分为五种类型:混合性大风类(Ⅰ类)、深厚低槽(低涡)后部类雷暴大风(Ⅱ-1)、低槽(切变)东移类雷暴大风(Ⅱ-2)、副热带高压西侧切变类雷暴大风(Ⅱ-3)和东风扰动类雷暴大风(Ⅱ-4)。统计分析了五类过程中发生雷暴大风站点对应的雷达回波特征,包括:对流组织类型、雷达回波强度、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量、中层径向辐合、风暴移动速度、回波质心下降、低仰角风速大值区和辐散。结果表明,82%的雷暴大风站点具有风速大值区,不同类型的雷暴大风过程还有其他不同的雷达回波特征,这些特征大多可提前10 min以上。另外,当站点出现中层径向辐合、辐散、回波强度大且伴有强梯度或回波类型为飑线时,也要考虑大风是否出现。 相似文献
4.
伊犁地区沙尘暴天气的卫星云图分析及其山区黄土层来源的探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
利用NOAA气象卫星的遥感资料，发现了造成伊犁天山山区黄土沉积的沙尘暴天气的3条沙尘暴移动路径：第I类型及路径－阿拉伯海急流云北上与南下的冷锋云系相结合－由巴尔喀什湖向阿拉山口路径；第Ⅱ类型及路径－孟加拉湾急流云系翻越横断山脉横穿塔里木盆地腹部－阿拉山口、艾比湖沙尘翻山路径；第Ⅲ类型及路径－塔里木盆地沙尘翻越天山山区－塔里木盆地沙尘翻山路径。且分析了3个沙尘源地。 相似文献
5.
闽中北短时暴雨概念模型 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过对福建中北部35个站1994～2001年97次暴雨过程的环流背景、影响系统等进行分析,将天气类型分为冷式切变(或槽)影响型、西南气流影响型、副高型(Ⅰ～Ⅱ型),归纳总结了各天气型的雷达回波源地、加强区域、路径、演变及降水特征,建立了天气图等常规资料与雷达回波资料相结合的闽中北短时暴雨3种概念模型。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型的降水强度总体相差不很大,有西南风急流比没有时降水强,Ⅱ型尤其明显,Ⅲ型降水强度最弱、持续时间最短。 相似文献
6.
在对吉兰泰盐湖南部地下水化学组分特征分析的基础上,利用PHREEQC软件对水文地球化学演化规律进行模拟研究。结果表明,从贺兰山西侧山前到吉兰泰盐湖,水化学类型由HCO-3型过渡到Cl-—SO24-型、最后变为Cl-型;Ca2＋、Mg2＋与SO24-相关分析表明发生石膏溶解出的Ca2＋置换了MgCO3中Mg2＋,从而产生了CaCO3沉淀的水岩反应,而白云石、石膏、岩盐、CO2（g）的溶解是常量离子增加的物质来源,同时伴有强烈的蒸发浓缩作用及阳离子交换作用。特别是深层地下水具有较高的mNa/Cl值与较低的mCa/Na值,表明发生强烈的阳离子交换作用,这对认识吉兰泰盐湖地区及干旱区沙漠地区水体发生的水岩相互作用与演化机制具有借鉴作用。 相似文献
7.
2017年9月14—27日在珠江三角洲地区开展了6个架次飞机观测试验。利用飞行获取的气溶胶、云凝结核、云滴及常规气象探头观测资料,结合天气形势、气象条件及气团后向轨迹分析,研究了珠江三角洲地区深圳气溶胶数浓度及其谱的垂直分布特征,配合不同过饱和度条件下云凝结核浓度观测,分析了气溶胶活化特性。结果表明:在不同天气条件下,深圳低层气溶胶数浓度变化范围为500~9000 cm-3;边界层内气溶胶分布相对均匀,谱型随高度变化与气象条件相关。将6个架次气溶胶观测资料根据数浓度及谱型分为3种类型:类型Ⅰ为海洋型气溶胶,数浓度小,粒子尺度大,谱型呈双峰分布;类型Ⅲ为大陆型气溶胶,数浓度高,粒子尺度小,谱宽较宽且呈三峰分布;类型Ⅱ为海洋大陆影响型气溶胶,即受海洋和大陆共同影响,数浓度低于类型Ⅲ高于类型Ⅰ,谱型为双峰分布。拟合了包含海洋型及大陆型气溶胶的3个架次近地面云凝结核活化谱,计算了气溶胶在不同过饱和度条件下的活化效率。 相似文献
8.
刘新春 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2007,1(1):27-31
根据近些年来有关荒漠化研究的成果,对荒漠化的概念及其发展过程进行了总结和探讨;对荒漠化评价问题进行概述和分析,其中包括荒漠化研究进展和荒漠化评价的类型;总结了荒漠化类型的划分;讨论了新疆荒漠化的主要类型及其分布情况。 相似文献
9.
重庆雾水化学组分的时空变化特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
分析了１９８４－１９９０年在重庆测得的１８２个雾水样品，揭示了该地区水化学组分的时空变化特征。结果表明，雾水已酸化，属硫酸型；离子浓度高，且与空气污染及雾的微物理结构密切相关。 相似文献
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To simulate effects of projected climate change on water temperature characteristics of small lakes in the contiguous U.S., a deterministic, one-dimensional year-round water temperature model is applied. In cold regions the model simulates ice and snow cover on a lake. The lake parameters required as model input are surface area, maximum depth, and Secchi depth as a measure of radiation attenuation and trophic state. The model is driven by daily weather data. Weather records from 209 stations in the contiguous U.S. for the period 1961–1979 were used to represent present climate conditions. The projected climate change owing to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 was obtained from the output of the Canadian Climate Center General Circulation Model. The simulated water temperature and ice characteristics are related to the geometric and trophic state lake characteristics and to geographic location. By interpolation, the sensitivity of lake water temperature characteristics to latitude, longitude, lake geometry and trophic status can therefore be quantified for small lakes in the contiguous U.S. The 2× CO2 climate scenario is projected to increase maximum and minimum lake surface temperatures by up to 5.2°C. (Maximum surface water temperatures in lakes near the northern and the southern border of the contiguous U.S. currently differ by up to 13°C.) Maximum temperature differences between lake surface and lake bottom are projected to increase in average by only 1 to 2°C after climate warming. The duration of seasonal summer stratification is projected to be up to 66 days longer under a 2×CO2 climate scenario. Water temperatures of less than 8°C are projected to occur on lake bottoms during a period which is on the order of 50 days shorter under a 2×CO2 climate scenario. With water temperature change projected to be as high as 5.2°C, ecological impacts such as shifts in species distributions and in fish habitat are most likely. Ice covers on lakes of northern regions would also be changed strongly. 相似文献
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采用考虑沉水植物影响的E-ε湍流动能闭合湖泊热力学过程模型,模拟2013年8月东太湖湖-气交换过程,并利用太湖的站点观测数据对模型进行了验证。太湖水温的模拟值与观测值吻合较好,模型计算的各层水温与观测值相比,均方根误差均未超过1℃。同时模型也较好地模拟出太湖表面感热通量和潜热通量,潜热通量的模拟值与观测值的标准差为54.7 W/m2。由于湖水较浅,太湖的水温层结会明显受到天气状况的影响。晴朗小风条件下的湖水呈现显著的热分层现象,当风速为0.8 m/s,高层和底层的温差达到7.9℃。大风天气条件驱动较强的水体湍流混合,水温的热分层消失,风速为12 m/s,湖泊上层与底层的水温差仅0.12℃。此外,模拟结果较好地呈现出了东太湖沉水植物的存在通过增大湖体消光系数,减小到达湖体内部的热量,并增加对湖水的阻力,影响湖体中湍流动能的分布,并进而影响湖水温度的分布。综上所述,该模型能够较好地模拟出浅水大湖湖-气交换的过程。 相似文献
14.
Martin Beniston 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1986,36(1-2):19-37
Several numerical experiments have been undertaken with a three-dimensional mesoscale model in order to determine to what extent a water surface such as a lake can influence mesoscale flow patterns.It is shown that the influence of the lake is important when cumulus clouds are present. These clouds, generated by evaporation from the water surface are small but induce significant secondary circulations which disrupt the flow field on the mesoscale.Artificial suppression of cloud activity results in a situation where the lake exerts little influence on the atmospheric environment in comparison to the control experiment where the body of water is absent. Atmospheric stability controls the intensity of perturbations to the mean flow when clouds are present.The study is of interest when modeling a number of complex phenomena simultaneously; the results shown here indicate that under certain stability conditions, a small lake can be ignored as to its dynamic and thermodynamic influence on atmospheric processes, thus leading to a neglect of a number of equations taking into account moisture terms explicitly. 相似文献
15.
Summary Lake Van is one of the largest terminal lakes in the world. In recent years, significant lake level fluctuations have occurred
and can be related to global climatic change. This fluctuation sometimes exhibits abrupt shifts. Floods originating from the
lake can cause considerable damage and loss in agriculture and urban areas. Therefore, water level forecasting plays a significant
role in planning and design. This study is aimed at predicting future lake levels from past rainfall amounts and water level
records. A dynamical change of the lake level is evaluated by the fuzzy approach. The fuzzy inference system has the ability
to use fuzzy membership functions that include the uncertainties of the concerned event. This method is applied for Lake Van,
in east Turkey. Furthermore, model capabilities are compared with ARMAX model. It is shown that lower absolute errors are
obtained with the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy approach than with the ARMAX model. 相似文献
16.
Lake Baikal is the oldest, deepest, and most voluminous freshwater lake on Earth. Despite its enormous depth, episodically (almost twice a year) large amounts of surface, cold, and oxygenated water sink until the bottom of the lake due to thermobaric instability, with consequent effects on the ecology of the whole lake. A minimal one-dimensional model is used to investigate how changes in the main external forcing (i.e., wind and lake surface temperature) may affect this deep ventilation mechanism. The effect of climate change is evaluated considering the IPCC RCP8.5 and some idealized scenarios and is quantified by (i) estimating the mean annual downwelling volume and temperature and (ii) analyzing vertical temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles. The results suggest that the strongest impact is produced by alterations of wind forcing, while deep ventilation is resistant to rising lake surface temperature. In fact, the seasons when deep ventilation can occur can be shifted in time by lake warming, but not dramatically modified in their duration. Overall, the results show that Lake Baikal is sensible to climate change, to an extent that the ecosystem and water quality of this unique lacustrine system may undergo profound disturbances. 相似文献
17.
R. G. Bill Jr. E. Chen R. A. Sutherland J. F. Bartholic 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,16(1):23-33
A steady-state, two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate air temperatures and humidity downwind of a lake at night. Thermal effects of the lake were modelled for the case of moderate and low surface winds under the cold-air advective conditions that occur following the passage of a cold front. Surface temperatures were found to be in good agreement with observations. A comparison of model results with thermal imagery indicated the model successfully predicts the downwind distance for which thermal effects due to the lake are significant. 相似文献
18.
I. Bischoff-Gauß N. Kalthoff M. Fiebig-Wittmaack 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,85(3-4):227-241
Summary High-resolution model simulations were performed with the quadruple-nested version of the mesoscale model KAMM to investigate
the impact of the new storage lake ‘Embalse Puclaro’ on the arid environment. The storage lake covers an area of 1 to 2 km
in width and about 7 km in length. Model simulations were performed for a summer and a winter day.
Due to a change in the surface properties, the installation of the storage lake resulted in a modification of the energy balance.
Above the lake area, a stably stratified atmosphere establishes during the day and unstable stratification during the night.
During the day, the latent heat flux is similar to that of the replaced cultivated ground, but is higher at the night. The
influence of the storage lake on temperature and humidity can be seen to a height of about 300 m above ground level. During
the night, water vapour accumulation results in relative humidity values of 100%, as a result a greater number of days with
fog above the storage lake is likely when compared to the surrounding area. The storage lake does not produce its own lake
breeze during the day, because the larger-scale up-valley wind is too dominant. However, a significant modification of the
nocturnal down-valley wind above the lake area can be observed, especially in summer. As a consequence of the larger-scale
valley wind system, the influence of the storage lake on the temperature, humidity, and wind field can be identified up to
about 4 km on the downwind side. 相似文献
19.
A significant challenge in resource management is addressed: the perceived trade-off between economic growth and ecosystem restoration and conservation. Traditional approaches to management regard restoration as a potential cost to economic productivity. In this study we show that by considering a broader range of economic values, including ecosystem services values, an argument can be made that restoration of lake ecosystems also leads to favourable economic outcomes when commonly disregarded values are considered. Our case study analyses the ecological outcomes of different catchment mitigation and land use scenarios in terms of water quality results in a lake, assessing changes in land use values based on opportunity costs, and ecosystem services values. We show that when considering the value of ecosystem services, intensive agricultural land use is not necessarily the most economically valuable form of land use within a lake catchment. Indeed, a shift towards alternative land uses within a catchment can lead to both ongoing economic benefits and improvements in water quality. In this context, land-use change offers an option for water quality improvement that minimises lake and land mitigation costs, while adding value to catchment land use. An argument is made supporting land use change towards indigenous forest types, which can sustain alternative sources of income such as a range of recreational values, while supporting important ecosystem functions for the region. 相似文献
20.
R. G. Bill Jr. E. Chen R. A. Sutherland J. F. Bartholic 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,16(3):23-33
A steady-state, two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate air temperatures and humidity downwind of a lake at night.
Thermal effects of the lake were modelled for the case of moderate and low surface winds under the cold-air advective conditions
that occur following the passage of a cold front. Surface temperatures were found to be in good agreement with observations.
A comparison of model results with thermal imagery indicated the model successfully predicts the downwind distance for which
thermal effects due to the lake are significant. 相似文献