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1.
Stromatolite morphology is usually controlled by a number of biological and environmental factors. In the south‐eastern part of the Korean Peninsula, three stromatolite units of the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation have been studied with regard to the effect of diagenesis on their morphology. Here, it is proposed that subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis are the most significant factors in shaping the stromatolites of the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation. Most previous palaeontological and sedimentological studies on stromatolites have concentrated on the environmental and biogenic controls on stromatolite morphology. These include extrinsic factors such as sedimentation rates or current velocities. The main controlling factor on the morphology of the stromatolites in the Sinyangdong Formation is apparently transient subaerial exposure and related meteoric diagenesis. Textural examination of stromatolite samples from three stratigraphic horizons shows a characteristic repetitive pattern of cycles with gradual transition from fibrous calcite to micrite layers, reflecting changes in the hydrological cycle of the lake in which the stromatolites grew. Stromatolite growth was terminated by corroded surfaces indicative of subaerial exposure related to a fall in lake level. The growth pattern of the stromatolites was mostly determined by the morphology of the corroded substrates during subaerial exposure. Furthermore, the internal stromatolite structure was strongly modified by the process of leaching. As a result, growth forms mostly changed from stratiform to columnar mesostructure. This study strongly implies that diagenesis could make a very significant influence on the morphogenesis of lacustrine stromatolites in the geological past. 相似文献
2.
在柴达木盆地发育了各种类型的渐新世—中新世湖相叠层石，其中丘状叠层石具有重要的地质意义，丘状叠层石直接生长在砾岩上，并向上逐渐演化为藻礁，藻礁向上又重新转化为叠层石沉积。通过对内部纹层特征和沉积组分的研究并结合叠层石的同位素、地球化学以及古生物资料分析表明，微生物自身的钙化作用以及微生物引发的沉淀作用形成了这种具有典型内部纹层的丘状叠层石。较高的温度、炎热和干燥的气候条件、坚硬的基底以及较少的藻类干扰作用是叠层石生成的主要因素。总体上，叠层石形成于较为低能的环境中，与高能环境中所形成的藻礁完全不同，而且两者具有明显的相互竞争作用。因此，与气候和水体条件密切相关的后生生物的生长和真核藻类的发育是叠层石在显生宙迅速衰落的主要因素。 相似文献
3.
Robert J. Horodyski 《Precambrian Research》1975,2(3):215-254
The mode of formation and environmental setting of stromatolites from the lower Missoula Group (ca. 1.1·109 years old) in Glacier National Park, Montana, have been determined. The stromatolite-bearing interval in the lower Missoula Group was deposited in a shallow, intermittently exposed setting of very low relief, the stromatolites forming during periods of submergence. In situ carbonate precipitation was the dominant process involved in the formation of encrusting stromatolitic laminae. This precipitate was deposited within, and probably beneath, algal mats, most likely as a result of the photosynthetic removal of carbon dioxide by the mat-building microscopic algae. Calcite also was precipitated in several types of open-space structures occurring within these stromatolites. Other laminae were produced by the organic stabilization of detrital particles; by the solely physical accumulation of terrigenous material; and probably, by bacterially induced precipitation of iron sulfide which was later oxidized to form hematite layers.Three forms of filamentous microfossils, two of which appear to be oscillatoriacean cyanophytes and the third of which is probably either a cyanophyte or filamentous bacterium, have been detected in these structures. In addition, hematitic pillar-shaped microstructures, interpreted to have been produced by filamentous bacteria, are abundant locally.In gross morphology, the lower Missoula Group stromatolites are simple, unbranched, domal structures ranging from several millimeters to several decimeters in both height and diameter. Physical conditions played a major role in determining the macrostructure of these stromatolites. Of particular importance were the shape of the positive sediment-surface irregularities upon which the stromatolites initially formed, the rate of sedimentation between stromatolite colonies, and the deposition of layers of terrigenous material on stromatolite growth surfaces. The effect of biological factors on stromatolite structure is clearly seen in those portions of stromatolites relatively free of terrigenous material; biological activity was apparently greatest on positive irregularities of the growth surface, resulting in preferential enhancement of such irregularities and development of second- and higher-order hemispheroidal structures. 相似文献
4.
The significance of stromatolites as depositional environmental indicators and the underlying causes of lamination in the lacustrine realm are poorly understood. Stromatolites in a ca 600 m thick Miocene succession in the Ebro Basin are good candidates to shed light on these issues because they are intimately related to other lacustrine carbonate and sulphate facies, grew under variable environmental conditions and show distinct lamination patterns. These stromatolites are associated with wave‐related, clastic‐carbonate laminated limestones. Both facies consist of calcite and variable amounts of dolomite. Thin planar stromatolites (up to 10 cm thick and less than 6 m long) occurred in very shallow water. These stromatolites represented first biological colonization after: (i) subaerial exposure in the palustrine environment (i.e. at the beginning of deepening cycles); or (ii) erosion due to surge action, then coating very irregular surfaces on laminated limestones (i.e. through shallowing or deepening cycles). Sometimes they are associated with evaporative pumping. Stratiform stromatolites (10 to 30 cm high and tens of metres long) and domed stromatolites (10 to 30 cm high and long) developed in deeper settings, between the surge periods that produced hummocky cross‐stratification and horizontal lamination offshore. Changes in stromatolite lamina shape, and thus in the growth forms through time, can be attributed to changes in water depth, whereas variations in lamina continuity are linked to water energy and sediment supply. Growth of the stromatolites resulted from in situ calcite precipitation and capture of minor amounts of fine‐grained carbonate particles. Based on texture, four types of simple laminae are distinguished. The simple micrite and microsparite laminae can be grouped into light and dark composite laminae, which represent, respectively, high and low Precipitation/Evaporation ratio periods. Different lamination patterns provide new ideas for the interpretation of microbial laminations as a function of variations in climate‐dependent parameters (primarily the Precipitation/Evaporation ratio) over variable timescales. 相似文献
5.
柴达木盆地中新世叠层石成因与古环境研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
柴达木盆地西部干柴沟一带发育了大量湖相叠层石，主要存在于新近纪中新世地层中。柴西地区的叠层石形态各异，成因各具特点，而且部分叠层石与现代叠层石完全不同而是更类似于前寒武时期的对应物，根据国内外叠层石研究的最新成果和成因分类标准，柴西地区主要发育了骨架、凝集和细粒叠层石。对应于不同的分类标准其成因也各不相同，细粒叠层石的形成主要是通过微生物自身的钙化作用和生物膜上过饱和碳酸盐等物质以及微生物的引发的沉淀作用；凝集型叠层石的形成主要与原核生物和真核藻类共同发挥粘附作用有关；骨架型叠层石的形成主要是真核藻类等的钙化与原地碳酸盐的沉淀综合作用的结果。柴达木盆地频繁变化的湖相水体条件和周围的构造运动是叠层石形态多样，成因各异的主要外部和环境因素。对各类叠层石的深入细致研究将对沉积学和环境学的研究提供宝贯的现代对应物。 相似文献
6.
通过对青藏高原五道梁地区中新世湖相叠层石样品岩石薄片、扫描电镜的观察,发现叠层石纹层主要有层带状、波状和柱状3种形态,且明暗纹层的结构极不相同,富屑层颗粒结构明显,富藻纹层由致密状含有机质泥晶方解石构成,呈泥晶结构;在此基础上,对叠层石进行了成因分类,认为研究区发育骨架叠层石、凝集叠层石和细粒叠层石。综合叠层石的沉积学、矿物学和稳定C,O同位素值特征,认为叠层石沉积期气候湿润,而纹层层偶则形成于呈季节性变化的气候条件下,亮层代表湿润期,暗层形成于相对干旱期。 相似文献
7.
Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) stromatolite mounds in a fore-reef slope setting, Laibin, Guangxi, South China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) is generally a period of scarce carbonate buildups in South China. This study documents
outcrops of stromatolite mounds at Mengcun and Helv villages, in Laibin City, Guangxi Province, South China. The stromatolite
mounds contain various stromatolite morphologies including laminar, wavy-laminar, domal or hemispheroidal, bulbous, and flabellate-growth
columns. Intramound rocks are brachiopod floatstone and dark thin-bedded laminated micrite limestone. Individual stromatolites
at Mengcun village are generally 3–6 cm thick and morphologically represent relatively shallow-water laminar (planar and wavy-undulated
stromatolites) and deeper-water domal, bulbous and columnar forms. Where mounds were formed, the stromatolites continued growing
upward up to 60 cm thick. Thrombolitic fabrics also occur but are not common. Stromatolite microscopic structure shows the
bulk of the lamination to consist of wavy microbialite and discrete thin micritic laminae. These mounds are intercalated in
deep-water fore-reef talus breccia, packstone formed as a bioclastic debris flow and thin-bedded limestone containing common
chert layers of the Tatang Formation (late Viséan). Further evidence supporting the deep-water setting of the stromatolite
mounds are: (1) a laterally thinning horizon of brachiopod floatstone containing deep-water, small, thin-shelled brachiopods,
peloidal micritic sediments and low-diversity, mixed fauna (e.g., thin-shelled brachiopods, tube-like worms and algae) that
have been interpreted as storm deposits, (2) common fore-reef talus breccias, (3) lack of sedimentary structures indicating
current action, (4) preservation of lamination with sponge spicules, and (5) lack of bioturbation suggesting that the stromatolites
grew in a relatively low energy, deep-water setting. The stromatolite mounds are the first described stromatolite mounds in
Mississippian strata of South China and contain evidence that supports interpretations of (1) growth history of Mississippian
microbial buildups and (2) environmental controls on stromatolite growth and lithification. 相似文献
8.
Robert J. Horodyski 《Precambrian Research》1976,3(6):517-536
Calcareous stromatolites of the upper Siyeh Limestone (ca. 1.1 ° 109 years old) were studied in the central part of Glacier National Park, Montana. The stromatolites, mound- and dome-shaped structures deposited in a shallow, generally submerged, tidally influenced setting, were formed by a combination of in situ carbonate precipitation and organic stabilization of detrital material. Well-developed, 1–4 cm diameter, branched columns occur in a single stromatolite bed.Physical factors, including the size and shape of sediment-surface irregularities upon which the stromatolites developed, the rate of sedimentation between stromatolites, and the water depth, played a major role in controlling stromatolite macrostructure. Deposition of non-organically stabilized detritus on stromatolite growth surfaces inhibited the development of small-diameter columns by smoothing over developing growth features. Columnar structures are absent in stromatolites that contain abundant non-organically stabilized sediment. In contrast, they are well-developed in a stromatolite bed that is relatively deficient in such material.“Molar-tooth” structures are common in the impure dolomitic limestones, and the abundant sheet-shaped forms appear to be sparry-calcite-filled syneresis cracks. 相似文献
9.
10.
本文作者之一曾于1993年报道过在泥河湾盆地虎头梁剖面发现的第四纪湖相叠层石,并根据测年数据和其中所含的藻类化石,认为它是末次间冰期的温暖期中藻类生命活动的产物。近年来,作者对叠层石的生态环境做了进一步的分析。结果表明,所发现的湖相叠层石主要生活在古泥河湾湖水深0．4～46cm左右的湖滨浅水地带;在末次间冰期中气温最高的时期,温暖干燥的气候环境和盐度较大的湖泊水体,为藻类的繁衍和叠层石的形成提供了适宜的条件。通过湖相叠层石的生态环境分析,不仅有助于重建古泥河湾湖的环境,而且也有助于加深对本区末次间冰期气候的了解。 相似文献
11.
Santanu Banerjee S.K. Bhattacharya Subir Sarkar 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2007,29(5-6):823-831
Variations of carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in response to cyclical sea level fluctuations have been documented from a Paleoproterozoic peritidal stromatolite succession. The upper division of the Kajrahat Limestone, Vindhyan Supergroup of central India consists of several shallowing upward stromatolite cycles identified by regular and systematic changes in stromatolite size. Normally, larger stromatolites are followed upward in the succession by smaller stromatolites and microbial laminites that occupy the top of the cycle. Desiccation cracks are found in all the facies indicating subaerial exposure. We investigated the stable isotope compositional variations across nine complete stromatolite cycles showing frequent subaerial emergence. Carbon and oxygen isotopic values of the limestones, in general, are comparable to contemporary marine values available from earlier studies but show regular depletion in response to shallowing of the water level. The δ13C and δ18O values of the limestones vary within an individual stromatolite cycle; depleted values characterize the topmost part of the cycles. The isotope pattern is explained by micritic carbonate deposition in different sub environments of the shallow marine domain having different salinity and variable duration of exposure. These variations also probably caused the observed scatter in δ13C and δ18O values of supratidal microbial laminites. 相似文献
12.
天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚度超过3000,m的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,在该序列中潮下相叠层石生物层、凝块石生物丘与潮坪相泥晶白云岩、潟湖相白云质泥页岩一起构成若干个环潮坪型米级旋回——"雾迷山旋回层"。在雾迷山组下部发育微指状叠层石,并被古生物学家定义为"Pseudogymnosolen mo-panyuensis-Scuphus-Yangzhuang columnaris"组合,即假裸枝叠层石科叠层石,沉积学家将其解释为元古代文石(灰华)海底沉淀物所构成的叠层石,代表从太古代海底结壳状文石沉淀物组成的叠层石到新元古代碎屑结构相的泥晶碳酸盐岩叠层石过渡时期的特殊产物。因此,雾迷山组巨厚的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,记录了元古代文石(灰华)海底沉淀物所构成的特殊的叠层石大规模消亡的层位,为研究前寒武纪以叠层石为代表的微生物碳酸盐岩所经历的漫长而复杂的地质历史演变提供了宝贵的材料。 相似文献
13.
Freshwater stromatolites with the cone-in-cone structure from the Neogene lacustrine sediments of Vietnam 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. R. Geptner Phan Dong Pha V. V. Petrova Nguen Xuan Huyen Le Thi Nginh Nguyen Minh Quang 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2013,48(1):55-64
Morphological features of the columnar-stratiform stromatolites, which resemble the cone-in-cone structure, from Neogene lacustrine sediments of northern Vietnam are analyzed. Their structural-textural peculiarities and interrelations with the host terrigenous sediments of a stromatolitic buildup are discussed. It is shown that stages of the growth of columns are recorded in the succession of vertically oriented carbonate plates, which form stromatolites, and in the serrate surface protrusions of the plates at their contacts with host sediments. It is established that replacement of the columnar stromatolites by the stratiform varieties in the section can be related to variations in the intensity of terrigenous material influx to the sedimentation basin. Stratiform stromatolites were formed during relatively slow accumulation of sedimentary material. Appearance of the columnar varieties is attributed to intensification of sedimentation. 相似文献
14.
PETER A. DRUSCHKE GANQING JIANG THOMAS B. ANDERSON† ANDREW D. HANSON 《Sedimentology》2009,56(5):1275-1291
Well-preserved siliciclastic domal stromatolites, up to 2 m wide and 1·5 m high, are found in a 10 to 15 m thick interval within the Late Ordovician Eureka Quartzite of Southern Nevada and Eastern California, USA. These stromatolites appear as either isolated features or patchy clusters that contain more than 70% by volume quartz grains; their association with planar, trough and herringbone cross-bedding suggests that they were formed in an upper shoreface environment with high hydraulic energy. In this environment, sand bars or dunes may have provided localized shelter for initial microbial mat colonization. Biostabilization and early lithification of microbial mats effectively prevented erosion during tidal flushing and storm surges, and the prevalence of translucent quartz sand grains permitted light penetration into the sediment, leading to thick microbial mat accretion and the formation of domal stromatolites. Decimetre-scale to metre-scale stromatolite domes may have served as localized shelter and nucleation sites for further microbial mat colonization, forming patchy stromatolite clusters. Enrichment of iron minerals, including pyrite and hematite, within dark internal laminae of the stromatolites indicates anaerobic mineralization of microbial mats. The occurrence of stromatolites in the Eureka Quartzite provides an example of microbial growth in highly stressed, siliciclastic sedimentary environments, in which microbial communities may have been able to create microenvironments promoting early cementation/lithification essential for the growth and preservation of siliciclastic stromatolites. 相似文献
15.
气候、沉积环境和湖平面的演变直接或间接地影响湖相叠层石的生长,因而叠层石的出现可以作为此三者变化的判别标志。通过对比研究柴达木盆地西部地区西岔沟、长尾台两条新生代陆相地层剖面中近10个湖相叠层石的发育层位、垂向沉积序列,表明叠层石主要发育于新生代两个气候温暖湿润的高湖面时期,而且叠层石沉积亦同时出现在青藏高原其他邻近陆相新生代盆地,显示区域性的大规模异常湿润性气候,以强蒸发和强降水的交替为特征;划分出的4种含叠层石基本沉积序列中,叠层石可在泥岩或砂砾岩硬底上生长,含叠层石灰岩层之上通常是细粒碎屑沉积或间断面,这暗示了叠层石的生长出现在滨湖、浅湖相次级湖泛面附近,或指示湖水的突然加深。 相似文献
16.
燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义 总被引：21，自引：7，他引：14
在燕山地区中元古代高于庄组一套厚度千余米的碳酸盐沉积序列中,第三段组成一个特别的非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。两个剖面(天津蓟县剖面和北京延庆千沟剖面）的详尽观察与研究结果表明：高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列以灰岩序列为特征,厚度为300 m至600 m不等,在蓟县剖面发育有存在成因争论的臼齿状构造,在延庆千沟剖面发育奇形怪状的席底构造。该非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列表明,在前寒武纪除了3次叠层石衰减事件(分别发生在2 000 Ma、1 000 Ma和675 Ma）外,在1 450 Ma左右还可能发生过一次叠层石衰减事件。再者,高于庄组第三段构成的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,可以大致与北美地区的Belt超群中的Helena组非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列相对比,从而表明了1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件因具有全球性而有重要意义。在漫长的前寒武纪,臼齿状构造常常集中发育在叠层石衰减事件之后,因此,尽管这两种沉积构造的成因还不完全清楚却成为了解前寒武纪世界的重要线索。1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件,正好处于叠层石发育的黄金时段(2 800 Ma至1 000 Ma）,对该次事件的识别,有助于正确认识漫长而复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐世界。 相似文献
17.
系统性地对湖北松滋地区下奥陶统叠层石特征进行的详细研究。结果显示,叠层石在研究区下奥陶统南津关组、分乡组和红花园组均有分布,在纵向上具有规模、厚度和数量逐渐减小的特征,横向上叠层石类型也发生有规律的变化,由水平层状、波状逐渐变为柱状的类型。新发现并命名了两种叠层石类型,即凝块状叠层石和双锥柱状叠层石。根据几何形态特征,可以将研究区的叠层石分为层状、波状、柱状、丘状以及凝块状五种类型。在对各类型叠层石的沉积特征进行详细阐述基础上,根据叠层石发育的形态类型,结合不同类型叠层石内部的岩性、微相及显微特征,对研究区各类叠层石沉积环境进行了分析,并总结了研究区叠层石的沉积模式。根据中奥陶世初期后生动物的大量增加与叠层石突然减少的对应关系,结合研究区叠层石中发现大量后生底栖食草腹足类Ecculiomphalus化石等现象,认为叠层石的逐渐减少、衰退与后生动物丰度增加有一定关系,食草动物不仅啃食了形成叠层石的菌藻类微生物,造成叠层石数量的不断减少,而且破坏了叠层石的生长状态,并形成了独具研究区特征的凝块状叠层石。此外,研究认为,中奥陶世开始,海平面的快速上升也是研究区叠层石减少直至消失的原因之一。 相似文献
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19.
The Chalbi flat, located 60 km outside the rift to the east, forms a moist, salt-clay encrusted playa which also functions as an inland sink for alluvial fans. Residual lacustrine beds, including freshwater carbonates and travertines, crop out along its higher periphery. Mammalian bones of lacustrine and terrestrial elements, and K/Ar dating of the capping lava suggest a lake or a swamp environment 2–2.5 million years ago. Radiocarbon dating of Melanoides tuberculata and Planorbis and a sediment assemblage composed of clotted micrite, calcareous molds, root marks and stromatolites point to an additional early Holocene Chalbi lake or swamps 11000-9500 yr BP. The data suggest wet environmental conditions outside the rift, which is consistent with the occurrence of a wet period in the early to middle Holocene in intertropical Africa, but out of phase with the climatic conditions in Sinai and Israel and with the high-latitude maximum lake levels and glacier advance. These relations have probably been caused by migration of climatic belts. 相似文献
20.
自从Kalkowsky在1908年构筑了叠层石的术语之后,叠层石一直是地质学家采用不同方法研究和思考的主题,而且一直被当作证明地球早期生命历史的代表物而得到深入调查。叠层石确实为地球早期生命历史提供了间接而且复杂的证据,所以,现代叠层石确实代表着明显的生物信号而成为研究的焦点。最为引人注目的是,现代叠层石的多样化构成,确实表明了蓝细菌生物席建造了叠层石,而且进一步表明了微生物席转化成叠层石不是一个直接的作用过程。那些反映现代叠层石多样化构成的典型实例包括:(1)南极Untersee地区的湖泊相锥状泥质叠层石;(2)新西兰North群岛被称为煎锅湖的热水湖泊中以及美国黄石国家公园热泉中的硅质叠层石;(3)巴哈马台地、澳大利亚鲨鱼湾以及巴西东南部海湾碳酸盐沉积物构成的叠层石。由于蓝细菌微生物席是否代表了古代叠层石的形态学前体总是存在争议,而且在生命的图像中叠层石一直是一个迷惑的关键片段,因此,现代叠层石的多样化构成,将成为认识古代叠层石形成的关键和窗口。立足于前人的研究成果,追踪和总结现代叠层石的多样化构成,以及它们所代表的沉积作用和微生物新陈代谢活动丰富而复杂的信息,将不但丰富微生物沉积学的研究内容,还将拓宽沉积相分析的基本内容,对深入了解叠层石复杂的沉积学特征和生物学属性具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献