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1.
Summary. Horizontal and vertical intensity data, obtained between 1957.0 and 1961.0 at 69 observatories, are analysed to determine the worldwide distribution of the annual variation of the geomagnetic field. Only data observed near local midnight are used, to avoid the small, but significant contamination from Sq. Over most of the world the variation is found to be small, with a clear dependence on latitude, but near the poles it is larger and more erratic. The non-polar variation is subjected to spherical harmonic analysis and separated into parts of internal and external origin. The polar variations are shown to be consistent with a north—south oscillation of the mean position of the auroral electrojets during the year. It is suggested that, with the exception of the polar effect, the annual variation is not due to ionospheric currents (as was hitherto believed), but results from an annual variation in the latitude of the ring current. 相似文献
2.
The S~p_q equivalent current system of the quiet day geomagnetic variation in the polar region is very complicated. It is composed of several currents, such as the ionospheric dynamo current and the auroral electrojet caused by the field aligned current. S p q is unsymmetrical in both polar regions. In this paper, the S p q current systems are analyzed in the corrected geomagnetic coordinates (CGM) instead of the conventional geomagnetic coordinates (GM), and the symmetries of the S p q current in different systems are compared. Then the causes of S p q asymmetry in the GM coordinates are discussed; the effects of each component in S p q are determined. 相似文献
3.
本文利用电离层数字测高仪 (DPS - 4)所测的f0 F2和从美国NOAA和DMSP卫星观测估算的半球功率指数和午夜极光区赤道侧边界纬度等资料 ,考察中山站电离层的极区特征。结果表明 ,冬季中山站电离层内的电离生成主要取决于从磁层沉降的粒子。在太阳活动和地磁变化宁静环境下 ,磁正午极隙区内的软粒子是最主要的电离源 ,它能使f0 F2达全天的最大值 ;上、下午各有数小时处于极光带内时 ,高能粒子的电离作用也很重要 ;夜间进入极盖区后 ,电子密度则很低。夏季太阳辐射电离效应使f0 F2值比冬季增加 1- 1 .5MHz,而其日变化的最大值时间也提前了 1- 2hr。发生很大扰动时 ,极隙区和极光带的位置均向低纬方向移动。若中山站日间也处于极盖区内时 ,电子密度会大幅度下降 ,并常接收不到电离层回波的信号。在中等扰动环境下情况更加复杂。由于高纬电离层对流速度很高 ,离子 /中性分子间的碰撞复合系数就很大。热层中性大气全球经向环流对高纬电离层电子密度的增加无显著作用。磁暴期间中午从极隙区向南的等离子体对流对中山站f0 F2的增高也无明显影响。 相似文献
4.
极区高空物理现象之观测具有悠久历史。对极区地磁、电离层和极光现象的深入考察将地球物理的研究领域扩展到了外层空间,并提出了太阳风－磁层－电离层－热层间耦合这一重要课题。耦合物理机制的证实不仅是火箭、卫星探测的重要贡献,而且也是基于对地面雷达和遍及全球大陆的地磁台站、电离层垂测站之长期观测成果。对流电场、一区和二区场向电流、电离层扰动电流系（包括极光区电集流）,以及电导率的分布和变化乃是一有机整体,对其每一环节的深入认识均与对整体的全面了解密不可分。有关的理论和模式研究则有助于人们深入理解各个耦合过程的相互关系,以及其各发展阶段中不同物理过程的相对重要性。 相似文献
5.
We present the results of scintillation studies based on the data obtained during the first winter-phase Indian Arctic Expedition in March 2008 at the Indian Himadri Station, Ny-Ålesund (78.9°N, 11.9°E), in the vicinity of the daytime cusp and under the nightside polar cap. A global-positioning-system ionospheric scintillation and TEC monitor (GISTM) receiver (model GSV4004A) was used to record scintillations and the total electron content (TEC). The polar ionosphere is more sensitive to phase than to amplitude scintillations. Occurrence of amplitude scintillation is confined to well-defined regions, while phase scintillation shows a strong characterization both in magnetic latitude and magnetic local time. Occurrence of amplitude and phase scintillation increases during disturbed compared with quiet days. During disturbed days, the phase-scintillation region is displaced towards lower latitudes, following the auroral oval. The observed noon peak in scintillation occurrence may indicate that the irregularities that generate scintillation are caused by precipitation in the daytime cusp/cleft region. A significant enhancement of the TEC and the rate of change of the TEC index (ROTI) signified transits of polar-cap patches across different satellite trajectories during geomagnetic storms. We found that patches are most likely to occur when IMF Bz is southward and/or Kp > 4. Loss of signal lock was more for the L2 signal than for L1, and shows a maximum in the morning sector. Positional errors tend to increase during disturbed conditions. 相似文献
6.
7.
本文分析了１９９１年太阳活动峰年南极中山站地磁静日Ｓｑ变化，结果表明：１）地磁静日Ｓｑ变化叠加有很多扰动。Ｓｑ场是由Ｓ０ｑ场和Ｓｐｑ场所组成。２）Ｓ０ｑ场变化比较规则，其极昼月（夏季）的变幅比极夜月（冬季）大很多。在极昼月Ｓ０ｑ（Ｈ）变化出现有双峰图象。Ｓ０ｑ场主要是由高纬度极区电离层Ｓｑ电流体系所控制。３）Ｓｐｑ场的变化形态没有昼夜之分；它的变化强度为冬季小、夏季大。Ｓｐｑ场源主要是依赖于场向电流和电离层电导率。４）Ｓ０ｑ（Ｚ）变化比Ｓ０ｑ（Ｈ）变化要大，特别是在极夜的冬季，Ｓ０ｑ（Ｚ）的变幅比Ｓ０ｑ（Ｈ）大２／３倍。本文对北京地磁中心台磁静日资料也一并进行了分析。Ｓｑ变化主要是由北半球中、低纬电离层Ｓｑ电流体系所引起的 相似文献
8.
Summary. The paper reports studies of the three-dimensional magnetospheric—ionospheric current systems which produced polar magnetic substorms on 1974 September 7 and September 18. The data were magnetic perturbation fields observed with a two-dimensional array of 23 three-component magnetometers located in western Canada beneath the auroral oval. In an earlier study of a substorm of September 11 (Bannister & Gough) the fields fitted calculated field for a Boström Type 1 current loop with field-aligned currents at east and west ends of the ionospheric segment, and with uniform current density across the width. The substorms here reported could not be modelled with uniform current density. An inverse method due to Oldenburg was therefore used to estimate current density distributions, and satisfactory fits of calculated to observed field resulted. Each substorm was modelled at six representative epochs. In general the principal ionospheric current seem by the array was westward. At four epochs of the September 7 substorm and throughout the September 18 substorm, significant eastward ionospheric current (or its equivalent in terms of the fields produced) was observed north of the westward electrojet. Northwestward bends in the ionospheric current segments were found at four epochs on September 7 and at three epochs on September 18. As in the September 11 substorm (Paper 1), these bends were either west of or close to magnetic midnight. In some cases the bends may follow the auroral oval, but in others they are sharper and may be associated with the Harang discontinuity. East of geomagnetic the ionospheric currents tend to run in a constant geomagnetic midnight latitude range. The developments of the three substorms, of September 7, 11 (Paper 1) and 18, are compared. They showed a variety of shifts in longitude, though all moved eastward relative to magnetic midnight. 相似文献
9.
"极区电急流天线"辐射依赖于低电离层D/E区背景电急流,而高电离层F区极低频调制加热,可产生抗磁性电流,形成极低频波辐射源。利用电离层F区一维时变加热数值模型,采用全波解算法研究高纬Troms(69.59°N,19.23°E)地区电离层F区极低频调制加热。模拟结果表明,极区高电离层激发的极低频波与极区低电离层激发的结果不同。加热泵波的有效辐射功率(effective radiated power,ERP)、调制频率及电离层背景对极低频波强度有着重要影响。 相似文献
10.
20 0 0年 7月 ,太阳表面发生了一系列的耀斑与日冕物质抛射事件 ,最大耀斑能级达X5 .7/3 B。地球表面发生相应特大磁暴 ,Dst指数最大负偏达 - 3 0 0 n T。中国南极中山站地处极隙区纬度 ,白天位于磁层极隙区 ,夜间位于极盖区 ,以多种高空大气物理观测设备详细记录了该磁暴过程。对有关数据的分析表明 ,高能粒子引起电离层吸收急剧增加 ,测高仪数据两天多信号空白 ,宇宙噪声吸收显著增加 ;地磁 Pc3 /5脉动增加与行星际磁场南向分量密切对应 ,显示行星际磁流体波对激发磁层脉动的贡献 ;磁暴主相期间 ,Pc3 /5脉动大幅度增加 ;极区地磁水平分量随南向行星际磁场变化 ,但滞后近 8小时 ;Dst指数与南向行星际磁场密切相关 ,磁暴受控于高度负偏的南向行星际磁场 相似文献
11.
Various methods that take account of the potential nature of the field have been proposed for modelling geomagnetic data on a regional scale. Several of these have been applied to a standard data set based on annual mean values from observatories in Europe. Here, we examine some of the properties of spherical cap harmonic analysis when applied to this data set, and compare the quality of fit with that of the other models. It is found that, for this data set, rectangular polynomial analysis provides a compact fit to main field data, but that in most other cases, for both main field and anomaly data, spherical cap harmonic analysis provides the better fit. Although relatively insensitive to chosen cap size, spherical cap harmonic analysis deteriorates more rapidly than the other methods when the number of coefficients is reduced. 相似文献
12.
Summary . The first four harmonics of the lunar, L, and the solar, S, daily geomagnetic variations in the H, D and Z elements are determined for the observatories at Sabhawala and Hyderabad. Also included are similar results for Alibag with the main lunar terms separated into parts of oceanic and ionospheric origin. The data used are the alternate hourly mean values of H, D and Z for locally selected quiet days during the IQSY period, 1964–66. The predominances of the first lunar harmonic of H at Sabhawala and Alibag, and of the second solar harmonic at Sabhawala, are pointed out and discussed. The ratios of the seasonal ranges of both L and S to the respective annual mean ranges are found relatively enhanced in two of the seasons, in comparison with. the average global values for these latitudes for the IGY/C (sunspot maximum) period. This would indicate an inverse relationship of these ratios with solar activity. 相似文献
13.
基于CHAMP卫星高精度磁场观测数据,对2001—2009年径向行星际磁场(RIMF, radial interplanetary magnetic fields)条件下的场向电流的分布特征进行了统计学分析, 并与2001—2009年期间场向电流的平均强度进行了对比研究, 结果表明：正午时刻场向电流的平均强度对地偶极子倾角有明显线性依赖, 冬夏季电流强度比值约为3左右, RIMF条件下冬夏季比值降为2;相对年平均值来说, RIMF条件下行星际磁场总幅度、重联电场、太阳风动压均有所减小, AE指数减弱, Dst指数略有降低;在通常情形下重联电场是场向电流很好的控制参数, 但是在RIMF下, 重联电场不再与电流强度相关;北半球电流强度在向地IMF条件下大于向日IMF, 而南半球则相反, 虽然RIMF条件下场向电流的均值小于年平均值, 但是正午时段场向电流强度大于年平均值的概率大约为0.2, RIMF条件下仍然有地磁扰动事件(比如亚暴事件)发生。 相似文献
14.
Summary. The daily variation for the mean of the eight most quiet days of the IGY is represented as a function of latitude, longitude and UT by means of a spherical harmonic model. The most appropriate choice of Sq baseline is investigated, on the assumption that the external electric currents deduced from the model should be negligible at local midnight. The properties of the final model are discussed, particularly with regard to the external current foci, and are compared with those of previous models. 相似文献
15.
Wallace H. Campbell 《Geophysical Journal International》1983,73(1):51-64
Summary. An order 4, degree 12 spherical harmonic analysis of the smoothed quiet geomagnetic daily variations was used to separate the external and internal geomagnetic S q field at North American locations for the quiet-Sun year, 1965. These fields were represented by a month-by-month display of equivalent current vortex systems with dominant, pre-noon foci. The focus reached 40° latitude near the June solstice and about 30° latitude near the December solstice. The daily range of S q current amplitudes was largest in late July to early August and smallest in mid-December. Semi-annual variations of S q currents dominated only the equatorial region. Daily maxima in mid-latitudes, occurred mostly near local noon in December to February and about 1 hr before noon in June to mid-October. The ratio of external to internal current amplitude vxied from about 1.5 to 1.9 in the middle latitudes with both annual and semiannual changes. An error treatment indicated that the analysis reproduced the form of the surface field with a correlation coefficient of about 0.9 and the amplitudes of the surface field to about 10 per cent of the S q daily range. 相似文献
16.
The geomagnetic power spectrum 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stefan Maus 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(1):135-142
Combining CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements with aeromagnetic and marine magnetic data, the global geomagnetic field has now been modelled to spherical harmonic degree 720. An important tool in field modelling is the geomagnetic power spectrum. It allows the comparison of field models estimated from different data sets and can be used to identify noise levels and systematic errors. A correctly defined geomagnetic power spectrum is flat (white) for an uncorrelated field, such as the Earth's crustal magnetic field at long wavelengths. It can be inferred from global spherical harmonic models as well as from regional grids. Marine and aeromagnetic grids usually represent the anomaly of the total intensity of the magnetic field. Appropriate corrections have to be applied in estimating the geomagnetic power spectrum from such data. The comparison of global and regional spectra using a consistently defined azimuthally averaged geomagnetic power spectrum facilitates quality control in field modelling and should provide new insights in magnetic anomaly interpretation. 相似文献
17.
The relation between magnetic range values and spectral power 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D. H. Boteler 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,134(2):613-616
Spectral power is shown to be proportional to the square of the range for variables with a normal distribution. Plots of log power versus log range for 3 hr intervals of data from Canadian magnetic observatories show a close fit to a straight line with a slope of 2. The same results are obtained from all sites in the Canadian magnetic observatory network, which extends from the polar cap to auroral and sub-auroral latitudes. This indicates that a square-law relation between spectral power and range is a general property of magnetic field variations. 相似文献
18.
分析了近年来南极地区极光沉降粒子的卫星、火箭、地面观测和研究结果,分别给出了极光椭圆区、极盖区、南大西洋异常区和极尖／极隙区粒子沉降的形式来源和特点。并根据磁尾研究的新进展,提出极光粒子沉降谱存在另外两种形式谱：（１）κ分布谱;（２）κ分布加上一个或多个脉冲谱,这两种谱来源于磁尾中性片区（绝热区非绝热区）。南极不同的区域,极光粒子有不同的沉降特点。这些沉降对极区电离层产生极大的影响。根据带电粒子在磁化大气中运动的Ｆｏｋｋｅｒ Ｐｌａｎｋ 方程,利用带电粒子在大气中传输的电离理论,导出极光粒子谱在极区大气中传播的解析表达式,对各种极光粒子谱在极区中的演化规律加以分析,并以此来解释在南极地区探测到的不同高度的极光电子谱的演化 相似文献
19.
Rotation of the geomagnetic field about an optimum pole 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
S. Bülent Tank 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,140(2):461-464
Since 1693, when Halley proposed that secular change was the result of the westward drift of the main field, his simple model has undergone many refinements. These include different drift rates for dipole and non-dipole parts; separation into drifting and standing parts; latitudinal dependence of drift rate; northward drift of the dipole; and non-longitudinal rotations of the individual harmonics of the geomagnetic field. Here we re-examine the model of Malin and Saunders, in which the main field is rotated about an optimum pole which does not necessarily coincide with the geographical pole. The optimum pole and rotation angle are those that bring the main field for epoch T 1 closest to that for T 2 , as indicated by the coefficients of correlation between the spherical harmonic coefficients for the two epochs, after rotation. Malin and Saunders examined the pole positions and rates of rotation using data from 1910 to 1965, and noticed a number of trends. We show that these trends are confirmed by recent IGRF models, spanning the interval 1900–2000 and to degree and order 10. We also show that the effect of the level of truncation is small. 相似文献
20.
A time-varying spherical harmonic model of the palaeomagnetic field for 0–7 ka is used to investigate large-scale global geomagnetic secular variation on centennial to millennial scales. We study dipole moment evolution over the past 7 kyr, and estimate its rate of change using the Gauss coefficients of degree 1 (dipole coefficients) from the CALS7K.2 field model and by two alternative methods that confirm the robustness of the predicted variations. All methods show substantial dipole moment variation on timescales ranging from centennial to millennial. The dipole moment from CALS7K.2 has the best resolution and is able to resolve the general decrease in dipole moment seen in historical observations since about 1830. The currently observed rate of dipole decay is underestimated by CALS7K.2, but is still not extraordinarily strong in comparison to the rates of change shown by the model over the whole 7 kyr interval. Truly continuous phases of dipole decrease or increase are decadal to centennial in length rather than longer-term features. The general large-scale secular variation shows substantial changes in power in higher spherical harmonic degrees on similar timescales to the dipole. Comparisons are made between statistical variations calculated directly from CALS7K.2 and longer-term palaeosecular variation models: CALS7K.2 has lower overall variance in the dipole and quadrupole terms, but exhibits an imbalance between dispersion in g 1 2 and h 1 2 , suggestive of long-term non-zonal structure in the secular variations. 相似文献