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1.
S. van Asselen 《Basin Research》2011,23(2):239-255
Provision of accommodation space for aggradation in Holocene deltaic basins is usually ascribed to eustatic sea‐level rise and/or land subsidence due to isostasy, tectonics or sediment compaction. Whereas many Holocene deltas contain peat, the relative contribution of peat compaction to total subsidence has not yet been quantified from field data covering an entire delta. Subsidence due to peat compaction potentially influences temporal and spatial sedimentation patterns, and therefore alluvial architecture. Quantification of the amount and rate of peat compaction was done based on (1) estimates of the initial dry bulk density of peat, derived from a relation between dry bulk density and organic‐matter content of uncompacted peat samples and (2) radiocarbon‐dated basal peat used to reconstruct initial levels of peat formation of currently subsided peat samples. In the Rhine‐Meuse delta, peat compaction has contributed considerably to total basin subsidence. Depending on the thickness of the compressible sequence, weight of the overburden and organic‐matter content of peat, subsidence of up to approximately 3 m in a 10‐m thick Holocene sequence has been calculated. Calculated local subsidence rates of peat levels are up to 0.6 mm year?1, averaged over millennia, which are twice the estimated Holocene‐averaged basin subsidence rates of 0.1–0.3 mm year?1 in the study area. Higher rates of subsidence due to compaction, on the order of a few mm year?1, occur over decades to centuries, following a substantial increase in effective stress caused by sediment loading. Without such an increase in effective stress, peat layers may accumulate for thousands of years with little compaction. Thus, the contribution of peat compaction to total delta subsidence is variable in time. Locally, up to 40% of total Holocene accommodation space has been provided by peat compaction. Implications of the large amount of accommodation space created by peat compaction in deltaic basins are: (1) increased sediment trap efficiency in deltas, which decelerates delta progradation and enhances the formation of relatively thick clastic sequences and (2) enhanced local formation of thick natural levees by renewing existing accommodation space. 相似文献
2.
珠江三角洲脆弱性研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
珠江三角洲是我国第二大河三角洲。随着全球变暖、海平面上升和人类活动的加强,珠江三角洲自然的固有脆弱性和人为的特殊脆弱性显著增强。自然的固有脆弱性包括基底沉降、新构造运动、地震、软土层、海平面变化、海水入侵、风暴潮与洪水等;人为的特殊脆弱性包括污染、过度采砂和抽水、人工填土及人工建筑等。通过对目前珠江三角洲各项脆弱性分散研究文献和资料的收集汇总,把珠江三角洲作为一个整体系统进行归纳分析研究。结果表明这些脆弱性的研究还存在初级定性描述、相互矛盾、缺乏整体性和系统性,监测-预警-应急机制不够完善。认为珠江三角洲脆弱性研究还应加强定量分析,采用新的方法和手段,重视各脆弱性之间的耦合作用及珠江三角洲脆弱性变化对人类社会经济发展的影响,重点研究珠江三角洲对脆弱性变化的自适应性。 相似文献
3.
黄河三角洲“三生”用地转型的生态环境效应及其空间分异机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
“三生”用地转型的生态环境效应及其空间分异特征是指导区域国土空间开发与生态环境保护的重要依据。基于1998年、2008年和2018年3期土地利用遥感解译数据,构建黄河三角洲“三生”用地分类体系,通过土地利用转型图谱、生态环境质量指数、重心转移和地理探测器等方法定量分析研究区“三生”用地转型特征、生态环境效应及其空间分异性的主要影响因子。结果表明：① 1998—2018年黄河三角洲“三生”用地转型表现为生产用地占比大幅增加（+13.50%）,生态用地占比大幅减少（?17.19%）,生活用地占比小幅增长（+3.69%）。1998—2008年,“三生”用地转型以生态用地向生产用地转型为主。2008—2018年,无绝对优势转型类型,转型过程复杂化。② 1998—2018年,黄河三角洲生态环境质量整体向好,指数由0.390升至0.395,较高质量区与高质量区占主体地位。研究区中部及黄河入海口区域生态环境质量不断提升,东南及东北沿海地区生态环境质量有所降低。③ 植被覆盖度、微地貌类型、土壤类型是研究区生态环境质量空间分异的主导因子。区位因子与社会经济因子对生态环境质量空间分异的贡献率随生态环境质量的提升而降低,生态保护因子对生态环境质量空间分异的贡献率呈上升趋势。 相似文献
4.
SWAT模型在漳卫河流域应用研究 总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26
漳卫河流域是海河流域重要组成水系, 也是我国北方地区水资源短缺和水环境恶化的典 型区域之一。本文基于SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)构建漳卫河流域分布式水文模型, 对模型的几个重要参数进行敏感性分析, 总结出其取值变化对模拟结果的影响规律。并应用 2000~2004 年的水文气象数据, 进行分布式水文过程模拟, 将模拟结果与8 个行政区划的水资源 公报数据进行对比分析。结果显示模拟相对误差在10%以内, 能够为水资源管理提供重要参考。 研究成果对于SWAT 模型在国内的应用和推广, 具有很好的示范性。也为海河全流域分布式水文 模型的研制奠定了基础。 相似文献
5.
Sediment compaction rates and subsidence in deltaic plains: numerical constraints and stratigraphic influences 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Natural sediment compaction in deltaic plains influences subsidence rates and the evolution of deltaic morphology. Determining compaction rates requires detailed knowledge of subsurface geotechnical properties and depositional history, neither of which is often readily available. To overcome this lack of knowledge, we numerically forward model the incremental sedimentation and compaction of stochastically generated stratigraphies with geotechnical properties typical of modern depositional environments in the Mississippi River delta plain. Using a Monte Carlo approach, the range of probable compaction rates for stratigraphies with compacted thicknesses <150 m and accumulation times <20 kyr. varies, but maximum values rarely exceed a few mm yr?1. The fastest compacting stratigraphies are composed primarily of peat and bar sand, whereas the slowest compacting stratigraphies are composed of prodelta mud and natural levee deposits. These results suggest that compaction rates can significantly influence vertical and lateral stratigraphic trends during deltaic evolution. 相似文献
6.
城市群作为国家新型城镇化的主体形态,表征其空间结构和组织演变的城镇建设用地具有明显“群态化”特征。借鉴群落生态学理论,利用城镇用地开发速率指数、景观指数、核密度估计等方法,对长三角城市群1978—2017年城镇建设用地的规模分布、形态变化和集聚状态进行探讨,提炼出快速城镇化背景下城镇建设用地的群态化演变模式。研究结果显示：① 随着长三角城镇建设用地的不断增长,城镇建设用地规模表现出从低级向高级逐渐跃迁的层级变动特征和明显的区域分异,汇合成群态化发展的“量”的物质基础。② 在空间发展上,城镇建设用地斑块趋于紧密、均衡,其形态变化由分散、无序逐渐变为集中和规整;在空间集聚上,城镇建设用地热点区向大城市集聚,逐渐打破城市行政界线,呈组团式发展态势,催生出群态化演变的“质”的提升。③ 在40年的快速城镇化过程中,长三角城镇建设用地经历了独立发育模式、优先生长模式、组团嵌套模式和圈层共生模式,最终形成“群内有群、多重嵌套”的群态化模式。本文通过分析城镇建设用地群态化的演变过程,重新解读城市群作为城镇化的主体形态这一现实规律,为推进新型城镇化进程和促进城市群高质量一体化发展提供相关的理论基础。 相似文献
7.
Atif AHMAD WANG Chao TANG Yixian Mubbashra SULTAN Attia FALAK DUAN Wei WANG Jing 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2022,13(5):826-841
The judicious use and management of natural resources is vital to achieve sustainable development. Land and water are prime natural resources, and their depletion and degradation can lead to serious threats like land subsidence. Land subsidence is a phenomenon of the alteration of elevation at a point on the earth through the sinking of the surface. It occurs when the earth’s surface loses its support. The major causes of land subsidence include groundwater extraction, mining, construction overload, and other similar factors that increase pressure on the surface and eventually subsidize the land. Urban centers with excessive groundwater extraction and infrastructure development are at a high risk of subsidence. Lahore, the second-largest city in Pakistan, is undergoing an enormous increase in population density, uncontrolled urbanization with very large-scale construction projects, and intensive groundwater extraction which are responsible for subsidence directly or indirectly. Therefore, studies on groundwater status and unplanned urban appraisals have seriously urged monitoring of the subsidence in Lahore. Herein, we used freely available Sentinel-1 data for one year (from August 2018 to August 2019), with a high spatial and temporal resolution, to monitor subsidence in Lahore. The data were processed using the SNAP/StaMPS approach for Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSI) analysis, which is an advanced InSAR technique. The displacement velocity map from InSAR processing shows a significant land deformation in the area with values ranging from -114 to 15 mm yr-1. Along with the Sentinel-1 data, we also used supplementary data obtained from various government agencies of Pakistan to study the land cover map, transportation network and waterways of Lahore, soil types, population density, and field points for assessing the results and understanding the roles of various factors in the occurrence of uplift or subsidence. A strong correlation was established between subsidence and various parameters such as groundwater extraction and lowering of the water table, soil type variations, land cover changes, surface water channels, and population density. The deformation map confirms the greatest subsidence in the central part of Lahore, while the uplift is observed in the less populated and rural areas situated near Ravi River. The land subsidence and uplift could be attributed to groundwater extraction and recharge through the canal system and the river, respectively. 相似文献
8.
Basin modelling studies are carried out in order to understand the basin evolution and palaeotemperature history of sedimentary basins. The results of basin modelling are sensitive to changes in the physical properties of the rocks in the sedimentary sequences. The rate of basin subsidence depends, to a large extent, on the density of the sedimentary column, which is largely dependent on the porosity and therefore on the rate of compaction. This study has tested the sensitivity of varying porosity/depth curves and related thermal conductivities for the Cenozoic succession along a cross‐section in the northern North Sea basin, offshore Norway. End‐member porosity/depth curves, assuming clay with smectite and kaolinite properties, are compared with a standard compaction curve for shale normally applied to the North Sea. Using these alternate relationships, basin geometries of the Cenozoic succession may vary up to 15% from those predicted using the standard compaction curve. Isostatic subsidence along the cross‐section varies 2.3–4.6% between the two end‐member cases. This leads to a 3–8% difference in tectonic subsidence, with maximum values in the basin centre. Owing to this, the estimated stretching factors vary up to 7.8%, which further gives rise to a maximum difference in heat flow of more than 8.5% in the basin centre. The modelled temperatures for an Upper Jurassic source rock show a deviation of more than 20 °C at present dependent on the thermal conductivity properties in the post‐rift succession. This will influence the modelled hydrocarbon generation history of the basin, which is an essential output from basin modelling analysis. Results from the northern North Sea have shown that varying compaction trends in sediments with varying thermal properties are important parameters to constrain when analysing sedimentary basins. 相似文献
9.
长江三角洲地区生态经济系统协调度及其预警(英文) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
On the basis of Landsat TM data of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) Economic Zone in 1991, 2001 and 2008, this article, taking 90 counties in this region as study units, built spatial data transformation models, ecosystem service value (ESV) and coordination degree of eco-economic system (CDES) models. With the aid of ArcGIS9.3, mass grid and vector data has been processed for spatial analyses. ESV and CDES indexes have demonstrated the relationship between economic development and eco-environment system and its evolu-tion characteristics in the researched areas. Furthermore, the indexes have also been used for functional zoning and pattern recognition. Some results can be shown as follows. Firstly, since 1991, land use in the YRD has greatly changed: urban land area has increased primar-ily from original paddy land, dry land, grassland, garden plot and other land. Secondly, the ESV model has proved the deterioration trend of the YRD ecological system from 1991 to 2001 and slower degradation trend during 2001-2008. Also, it is illustrated that land-use conversion from water area and paddy field to urban area and dry land could cause great damage to ecosystem stabilization. Thirdly, GDP in the central and southern parts of the YRD is higher than that in the northern part since 1991. GDP growth rate in the central part is higher than that in the northern part during 1991-2001. This growth rate in the central part is also higher than that in the southern and northern parts of the YRD from 2001 to 2008. Fourthly, the YRD could be categorized into 12 types of subregions in terms of CDES index. According to its spatial characteristic of CDES index value in the study area, eco-economic conflict area with low CDES value which is located in the central part is surrounded by eco-coordinated areas with high CDES values. This illustrates a core-periphery spatial structure exists in the YRD. During 1991-2001, the CDES value implied the convergent de-terioration trend of eco-economic system in the study area; while it gradually stepped into coexistence of divergent deterioration and coordination during 2001-2008. Finally, this paper analyzed five subregions in the YRD, including initially degrading zone, initially coordinative zone, continuously degrading zone, coordination-declined zone and coordination-promoted zone, based on eco-economic coordination and evolution patterns. And these subregions can be recognized and categorized by spatial transformation model. 相似文献
10.
黄河三角洲新生湿地土地覆被演替图谱 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
本文根据黄河三角洲新生湿地盐生、湿生、中生以及人工等不同生境的生态景观类型 ,将本区土地覆被类型分为 9类 ,即研究区海域、滩涂、柽柳 -翅碱蓬群落、獐毛 +白茅群落、芦苇 +荻群落、有林地、天然河流与人工水体、耕地和居民工矿用地。从遥感影像数据 (包括LandsatTM432、CBERS 1CCD432 )和专题矢量数据中提取了 1 984、 1 991、 1 996和 2 0 0 0年四期土地覆被数据 ,采用区域质心函数计算四个时期 9类覆被的分布重心 ,并合成土地覆被重心演替过程图谱 ,通过图谱分析 ,归纳出湿地植被演替的三种模式 ,即陆进模式、海退模式以及人类活动影响模式 ,为认识新生湿地植被演替规律以及人类活动的影响、制定湿地保护措施提供参考依据。 相似文献
11.
The Yangtze delta area is among the fastest developing areas in China. Here there are mega-cities like Shanghai, Nanjing and the attached urban areas of different sizes including those along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Shanghai up to Nanjing as well as their satellite cities and towns, forming one of the most densely distributed urban areas in China. This is a case study done in Suzhou city at the center of the Yangtze delta to reflect the impact of urban sprawl on soil resources using satellite images and digital soil databases. The extent of the developed land in the studied area and the impact of development on soil resources at 1:100,000 scale are estimated and the soil types impacted most by urbanization development are determined through overlaying the soil map on the satellite images (Landsat-7) of the studied area at different times (1984, 1995, 2000 and 2003). The methodology for this study consists of analyzing data resulting from using a geographic information system (GIS) to combine urban land use maps of different times derived from satellite images with data on soil characteristics contained in the established soil databases by which some results come into being to present the fast expanding trend of urbanization in the Yangtze delta area, the urban spread and the soils occupied by the urbanization process, and also the quality of the occupied soils. 相似文献
12.
黄河三角洲新生湿地土地利用变化图谱 总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26
在陈述彭先生提出的地学信息图谱理论和方法基础上,构建了土地利用图谱模型,在黄河三角洲新生湿地四期土地利用数据提取的基础上,合成了土地利用系列图谱,分别是1956～1984年,1984～1991年,1991～1996年三个时序。本文从黄河三角洲新生湿地土地利用强度变化、土地利用结构变化和土地利用格局变化三个方面进行了土地利用变化图谱分析,为地学信息图谱在土地利用变化研究中的应用提供了典型案例和实证。 相似文献
13.
苏州城郊土地利用变化对土壤的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
1IntroductionThe conversion of natural systems to agricultural production has been the primary basis for the successful growth of human populations for the last 9,000 years (Kates etal., 1990). The conflict between urban and agricultural land use, however… 相似文献
14.
黄河三角洲沉积物的自然固结压实过程及其影响 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
对黄河三角洲及下伏沉积物的压实量和压实过程及其引起的地面沉降进行了分析研究。分析认为,在厚度为15 m的新淤积的黄河三角洲沉积重压下,前三角洲粘土和下伏海相粘土总固结量可达约1.35 m,海湾或烂泥湾及前三角洲和海相粘土总压缩量为1.48 m。这些粘土层在亚三角洲建设时期就开始受压固结,但是在亚三角洲废弃后,仍要经过几十年自然固结才会基本完成。除去前10年的固结量,前三角洲粘土与下伏海相粘土叠加形成的14 m厚粘土在随后的27年内可能会压缩50 cm;而海湾或烂泥湾及前三角洲和海相粘土叠加成的20 m厚粘土在50年内可能会压缩86 cm,两者的年平均压缩速率都超过17 mm/a。固结量和速率与上负沉积物重量成正比,而亚三角洲沉积厚度从沉积中心向外围逐渐减少,所以下伏粘土固结量和速率也向周围逐渐降低。但从亚三角洲沉积厚度分布情况看,在大范围内,下伏粘土固结引起的地面沉降在几十年内都将比较明显,从而可能加重三角洲地区风暴潮和海岸侵蚀灾害,降低已有灾害防治工程的作用。 相似文献
15.
近50年来渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲耕地变化及其成因 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
利用 195 0～ 2 0 0 0年的统计和普查数据 ,对渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲近 5 0年来耕地数量变化及区域差异进行分析 ,并探讨了影响耕地动态变化的驱动因子。近 5 0年渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲耕地面积经历了 3个增长期和 2个减少期的变化。经综合分析发现影响渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲耕地变化的主要驱动因素是 5次大的政策变动 ,耕地需求增加与非农业部门占用 ,导致土壤肥力下降 ,沙化、盐渍化等问题出现。 相似文献
16.
土壤质量时空变异及其与环境因子的时空关系 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
土壤质量能体现自然因素与人类活动对土地的影响,深入认识土壤质量的时空变异与环境因子的关系对 土地质量改善与土地可持续利用具有重要意义。土壤质量的时空变异是指在一定的景观内,不同时间不同地点不 同土层的土壤特征存在明显的差异性和多样性,由确定性(Deterministic)和随机性(Stochastic)两大组分构成。土壤 质量时空变异是由多重尺度上的土地利用(植被)、气象(降雨)、地形、土壤、人为活动等多因子综合作用的结果,但 是就某一具体地区而言存在重点尺度和主控因子,土壤质量时空变异的重点尺度与主控因子的时空关系因时间、 空间和尺度而异。本文首先介绍了土壤质量时空变异的概念与内涵,重点综述了土壤理化特性(尤其是黄土高原地 区)的时空变异及其与环境因子时空关系的研究进展,探讨了土壤质量时空变异的发展趋势,以期对我国土壤质量 的时空变异研究有所启迪与帮助。 相似文献
17.
长三角区域绿色技术创新效率的时空演化格局及驱动因素 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
在长三角更高质量一体化的战略背景下,绿色技术创新作为绿色发展和创新驱动两大国家战略的结合点,已成为长三角区域绿色转型发展的重要引擎。通过构建包含非期望产出的超效率SBM-DEA模型,对2010—2017年长三角区域核心城市的绿色技术创新效率进行测度,并研究其时空演化格局和驱动因素。结果显示：① 在时序演变上,长三角区域的绿色技术创新效率呈现“W”型变化特征;② 在空间演变上,长三角东南部地区的绿色技术创新效率相对稳定,而中部、西南部变动明显,整体呈现连片集聚发展特征;③ 在空间关联上,长三角区域绿色技术创新效率的区域空间联系逐渐由“极化效应”转变为“涓滴效应”,泰尔指数和基尼系数整体表现为与时序演变相反的“M”型变化特征;④ 基于长三角区域绿色技术创新投入、产出及效率测算结果,将各城市划分为高高高、高高低、高低低、低高高、低低高和低低低六种类型,进一步揭示了长三角区域绿色技术创新发展路径的区域差异;⑤ 驱动因素分析结果表明,环境规制、经济发展、产业结构、对外开放和人力资本皆对长三角区域整体的绿色技术创新效率有着显著的正向促进影响,但创新支持具有显著的负向溢出效应。 相似文献
18.
Land subsidence in the western San Joaquin Valley has been studied and monitored for almost six decades. Especially in the 1950s and 1960s, land subsidence had tremendous negative environmental and socioeconomic implications. The rate of land subsidence in the Los Banos–Kettleman City area, however, has decreased during the last three decades as a result of a decrease in groundwater withdrawal, following the importation of surface water to the Valley in late 1960s. The land subsidence in the Valley potentially could be a serious issue if the existing surface water supplies cannot meet increasing water demands during future critical drought periods. In this respect, this paper proposes a preliminary analysis to predict magnitudes of subsidence for the period 2000 to 2040, based on historical occurrences. In this study, extrapolation from earlier subsidence is based on: (1) knowledge of recent post-drought records at extensometers, (2) assumption of a single time porosity scenario, and (3) the premise that pumpage from the confined aquifer gradually will decrease as a result of progressive water quality degradation. Predicted magnitudes of land subsidence in the Los Banos–Kettleman City area are expected to be in the range 0.5 to 4.0 m for the next 4 to 5 decades under the scenario considered in this paper. [Key words: subsidence, groundwater extraction, aquitard, inelastic compaction, active porosity, Los Banos-Kettleman City, California.] 相似文献
19.
基于冲突—适配视角的土地利用可持续性评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
土地利用可持续性评价是土地系统科学与可持续发展交叉学科研究中一个重要内容,对识别区域土地利用与管理问题,制定可持续土地管理决策具有重要意义。本文从土地利用可持续内涵解析出发,提出了一种基于土地系统冲突与适配视角、适用于不同区域与时段的土地利用可持续评价框架,并以2000—2015年长三角地区为例进行实证分析。结果显示：① 基于土地系统外部发展施压及土地系统内部支撑角度,可以构建由“资源子系统冲突”“功能子系统冲突”“承载子系统冲突”“资源—功能适配性”“功能—承载适配性”组成的土地系统结构。并基于静力学平衡方程,通过计算结构支撑性与平衡性得到土地利用可持续性;② 长三角地区各项土地冲突适配指标中,土地系统功能冲突改善程度最高,但土地功能与承载适配程度最低。各项冲突适配指标具有显著的城乡、纬度、海陆空间分异特征;③ 长三角地区包含17种土地系统构型,呈现最稳定与最不稳定构型两极分布多、中间构型数量少的特征。长三角地区土地利用可持续性结果范围是0.20~1.58,其中浙江>安徽>长三角地区均值>江苏>上海,浙江诸暨市、安吉县等实施绿色发展战略地区显著高于江苏连云港市、如东县等实施传统经济主导型发展战略地区。本文可以为分析区域土地系统可持续性、设置土地可持续发展规划目标、探索土地系统转型方向提供思路与方法借鉴。 相似文献
20.
塔里木河中游典型绿洲盐渍化土壤的反射光谱特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究盐渍化土壤的光谱特性是利用遥感技术实现在区域尺度上进行土壤盐渍化监测和评价的工作基础, 是建立地面数据和遥感数据关系的桥梁。本文以塔里木河中游典型绿洲--渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究对象, 采用光谱学技术以及多元统计相结合的方法, 研究干旱区典型绿洲盐渍化土壤的反射光谱特征。首先, 对光谱数据进行预处理(去噪、剔除水分吸收波段), 以便消除仪器本身噪声及外界条件的影响, 并且计算了部分盐渍地样本的光谱吸收特征参数, 说明相同程度的盐渍化土壤具有相似的吸收特征;其次, 研究盐渍化土壤的反射光谱与盐分因子(八大离子、电导率(EC)、含盐量(salt content)、pH、总溶解固体(TDS)等) 之间的关系, 并选择具有代表性的盐分因子与野外实测光谱数据建立定量回归模型, 通过多元线性回归分析得出含盐量、SO42-、TDS、EC与原始光谱数据的相关性分别是0.746、0.908、0.798 和0.933, 达到了理想的效果。本研究对于干旱区典型绿洲盐渍土的光谱特征研究有着重要指示意义, 为发展和完善中国盐渍土理化特征的可见光-近红外反射光谱分析理论奠定科学积累, 并进一步为干旱区土壤盐渍化、沙漠化灾害等环境恶化问题的解决提供新的科学技术手段。 相似文献