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1.
基于宜昌站1951～2014年的实测月径流资料,选用标准化径流指数(SSI),运用游程理论识别干旱,应用Copula函数构建干旱特征变量间的多维联合概率分布,进而对宜昌站的干旱特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)宜昌在1950～1980年代,干旱次数呈现交替变化,自1990年代以来,特别是进入21世纪后,宜昌干旱事件增多、持续时间增大、干旱烈度和峰值增高,干旱情势有加重的趋势;(2)Copula函数可很好地描述宜昌地区干旱特征变量间的联合概率分布,多变量的联合重现期和同现重现期可分别作为实际单变量重现期区间估计的下限和上限,用以评估宜昌地区不同干旱变量值所代表的干旱事件发生的频率;(3)宜昌站近60年出现两次严重的干旱事件,一次发生于1978年9月～1979年7月,该事件的干旱历时和干旱烈度均达到了历史极值,这两个变量的联合重现期约为32a,同现重现期约为110a;该事件的干旱历时、干旱烈度和烈度峰值三个变量的联合重现期为9a,同现重现期约为115a。另一次干旱事件发生于2006年6月～12月,其烈度峰值达到了历史极值,其重现期接近90a;该次事件的干旱历时、干旱烈度和烈度峰值三者的联合重现期只有13a左右,同现重现期则超过了231a。 相似文献
2.
椭圆型Copulas函数在西安站干旱特征分析中的应用 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
本文研究了干旱发生的联合概率、条件概率和重现期等干旱特征.以陕西省西安站月降水为例,应用Meta-Gaussian Copula和Student t Copula构造了干旱历时、干旱烈度和烈度峰值的联合概率分布,并进行了多变量分布拟合优质评价及拟合检验,在此基础上计算了联合分布的重现期以及2变量和3变量情形下的条件概率与条件重现期.研究表明,Meta-Gaussian Copula可以描述干旱历时、干旱烈度和烈度峰值三者的联合分布.由于多元联合分布可以考虑到多个变量之间的不同组合,能够求得不同干旱历时、干旱烈度或烈度峰值下的条件概率和条件重现期,因而能够更加全面客观地反映干旱的特征. 相似文献
3.
以甘肃省陇西站月降水资料为例,应用9种3维Archimedean Copulas函数构造了干旱历时、干旱烈度和烈度峰值的联合概率分布,并进行了多变量的拟合优度评价,利用优选出的3维非对称型M12 Copula函数,计算联合分布的重现期以及不同组合下的条件概率与条件重现期。结果表明,M12Copula函数可以描述干旱历时、干旱烈度和烈度峰值间的联合分布。由于Copula函数能够用来构建不同边缘分布的联合分布,可以获得变量间不同组合下的重现期,因而能够更全面客观地反映干旱的特征,是描述干旱多变量分布的一种有效途径。 相似文献
4.
基于Copulas函数的二维干旱变量联合分布 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过构建干旱变量的联合分布揭示干旱演变规律,可作为干旱分析的重要手段。基于8种单参数族的Copulas函数进行新疆乌鲁木齐和石河子气象站二维干旱变量的联合分布。经拟合优度评价:Frank Copula对干旱历时和干旱烈度、干旱历时和烈度峰值的拟合度最好;Clayton Copula对于干旱烈度和烈度峰值的拟合效果最好。二维变量联合超越概率值随单变量值的减小而增大;单变量的重现期介于二维变量联合重现期与同现重现期之间。表明Copulas函数能够描述二维干旱特征变量的联合分布。 相似文献
5.
区域气象干旱评估分析模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为应对全球范围内日益严重的干旱问题,对区域气象干旱相对完整的评估分析模式开展了探讨。提出了从区域气象干旱识别到干旱特征值计算,再到干旱特征多变量分析的3个分析评估步骤。并以渭河流域为例,对研究区域进行了矩形干旱评估单元划分,选取了RDI（Reconnaissance Drought Index）为评估指标对区域内各单元各时段的干旱状态进行了识别,结果与历史记载的干旱年份吻合较好。分别采用了分布拟合、相关系数和Copula函数等统计学方法对区域干旱的干旱特征值（干旱历时、干旱面积、干旱强度和干旱频率）进行了特征分析,得出了一系列的单变量、双变量及多变量特征分析对比结果。通过对各类分布函数的计算和绘图,得到了渭河流域干旱事件发生的条件概率和重现期,形成了一套相对完整的区域干旱评估分析模式。 相似文献
6.
为研究实际水利条件下农业干旱的发生规律,简化农业干旱事件的评估方法,提出基于区域农业用水量的干旱重现期计算方法。通过构建农业用水量距平百分率干旱指标WA,在基于降雨量距平百分率干旱指标PA识别干旱事件的基础上,提取WA干旱指标下的干旱历时和干旱烈度特征变量,并根据以PA为干旱指标的干旱烈度频率分布曲线FS（x）和干旱历时频率分布曲线FD（x）,运用Copula的简化方法计算基于WA的干旱事件重现期T,最后结合基于PA的干旱事件重现期T0,回归分析出T与T0间关系的计算公式。选取干旱灾害影响严重的亳州市为实证区域开展应用研究,计算得到1975-2007年各场干旱事件的T0和T以及T0与T的经验关系式。结果表明:T比T0更合理地反映区域农业实际受旱状况,重现期T0和T间存在高度的相关关系,采用T的回归方程可简化计算考虑区域实际抗旱能力下的干旱事件重现期,在区域防旱减灾实践中具有推广应用价值。 相似文献
7.
单变量水文统计中一些广为接受的概念在多变量环境下尚缺乏深入分析,也易被误解,如N年内重现期大于等于T的多变量事件发生的次数与N/T的关系。实践中,多变量联合重现期与其边缘分布变量重现期的一些经验关系被发现并通过了案例验证分析,但缺乏解释和推导。基于GH Copula推导了双变量联合重现期与边缘分布变量重现期的关系以及双变量事件发生次数与其重现期、变量相关程度间的定量关系。以昆明56年的逐月SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index)和SRI(Standardized Runoff Index)识别了干旱事件,采用GH Copula构建了干旱历时和烈度的联合分布函数,验证了双变量联合重现期与边缘分布变量重现期的关系以及多变量事件发生次数与其重现期的定量关系。表明不宜以“and”第1重现期是否接近于比该干旱事件的旱情更重的干旱发生的平均时间间隔来说明干旱特征值重现期分析的合理性。变量的相关性不强时,需谨慎采用边缘分布变量重现期的较大值近似代替“and”事件的第1重现期。 相似文献
8.
研究多变量干旱特性联合分布的推求方法。选择干旱历时、干旱烈度和烈度峰值为水文干旱特性变量。单变量的边际分布参数分别采用矩法、概率权重法、极大似然法和遗传算法进行计算和优化。应用检验、Kolmogorov-Smirnov等6种检验法进行单变量分布的拟合度检验。采用Pearson’s古典相关系数,Spearman秩相关系数,Kendall’s,Chi-Plots和K-Plots进行变量间的相依性度量。选择4种常用的3维Archimedean Copula函数进行干旱特性变量联合分布拟合。根据RMSE、AIC和BIC准则选择最优copula。在此基础上,采用基于Rosenblatt变换的Bootstrap法进行3维copula的拟合度检验。模型应用于渭河流域北洛河状头站径流序列,结果表明:Gumbel-Hougaard copula拟合效果最好,可以描述洛河状头站3维干旱变量的联合分布。 相似文献
9.
洪水过程由多个特征变量组成,各变量之间存在正相关性,应进行多变量联合分析。但随着变量的增多,在相同样本条件下,多维联合分布具有更大的抽样不确定性。将历史洪水纳入多维联合频率分析,以提升各特征变量边缘分布和Copula函数相关性参数的准确性。以分层Archimedean Copulas函数为基础,构建了考虑历史洪水不确定性的多维联合洪水频率分析层次模型,将多维联合分布分解成为若干个二维Copula函数的多级层叠形式,并结合极大似然法,选用遗传算法求解特征变量边缘分布及各层Copula函数的相关性参数。长江流域宜昌站的应用结果表明,考虑历史洪水不确定性的多维联合洪水频率分析层次模型能够完整地描述整个洪水过程,考虑洪水过程特征变量之间的相关性,也能够有效利用历史洪水,改善样本的代表性,Copula函数的相关性参数符合实测序列峰量之间的相关关系。 相似文献
10.
从干旱定义与识别、点干旱频率分析和区域干旱频率分析3个方面系统阐述了干旱频率分析研究进展和存在问题,归纳了适用于干旱频率分析的干旱定义,干旱识别存在的主要问题以及区域干旱频率分析研究的3种途径。提出综合利用研究区域水文气象特性、干旱成因、旱情、旱灾,并结合前期的大气环流条件等信息来描述和识别干旱,重点开展对干旱特征变量的理论分布、干旱事件重现期公式和经验频率公式等基本理论的研究,关注区域干旱频率分析,注重对径流、土壤水、地下水和供水系统的干旱特性分析。 相似文献
11.
提出不同网格干旱等级影响下的区域干旱指数。采用copula函数,建立了区域干旱历时和干旱强度的联合分布,计算联合分布的重现期,并对实际重现期作区间估计。所提出的区域干旱指数能够反映研究区域内发生干旱的严重程度和该区内不同干旱等级所影响面积的大小,且联合分布同时考虑了干旱历时和干旱强度,更全面地反映区域的干旱状况。重庆市2006年干旱实证分析表明,区域干旱指数能够较好地描述本次干旱的发生发展过程,并计算出联合分布的重现期为118年。 相似文献
12.
He Jun Yang Xiao-Hua Li Jian-Qiang Jin Ju-Liang Wei Yi-Ming Chen Xiao-Juan 《Natural Hazards》2014,75(2):199-217
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis.
相似文献13.
Spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts based on the daily comprehensive drought index in the Haihe River basin,China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Jun He Xiao-Hua Yang Jian-Qiang Li Ju-Liang Jin Yi-Ming Wei Xiao-Juan Chen 《Natural Hazards》2015,75(2):199-217
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis. 相似文献
14.
This study analyses regional drought characteristics (frequency, severity, and persistence) of meteorological droughts occurred in the northwestern parts falling under arid and semiarid regions of India with mean annual rainfall ranging between 100 and 900 mm. A drought is defined as a season or a year with rainfall less than 75% of corresponding mean at a place. Long-term monthly rainfall records (1901–2013) of 90 districts of north-west India located in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat are used in the analysis. The percentage departure of seasonal rainfall from long-term average rainfall has been used for identification of onset, termination, and quantification of drought severity. The average frequency varied from once every 3–4 years. The westerly districts have an average drought return period of 3 years, while districts lying toward the east had droughts once every 4 years. Only four of the 90 districts in the study area experienced droughts once every 5 years. Persistent droughts of 2, 3, and 4 year duration occurred widely. Severe droughts occurred in the years 1904, 1905, 1911, 1918, 1931, 1939, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, and 2002, with an average frequency of severe drought events of one in 10 years. The analysis presented in this paper improves understanding of the regional drought characteristics and will inform drought mitigations and strategies in these arid and semiarid areas. 相似文献
15.
In this study, the Variable Infiltration Capacity model and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) were combined for drought identification on the Loess Plateau. The calibration method of climatic characteristic (K j ) in PDSI was improved. Land cover datasets in 1980 and 2005 were used to drive the model. The driest periods over the past four decades of the study region emerged in 1976–1982, 1997–2001 and 2003–2008. Regardless of ranking by duration, spatial extent or severity, most of the prominent droughts occurred in the detected driest periods. The drought severity and area over the upper reaches of the Yellow River were higher than other domains. A total of 53 droughts with area greater than the 25,000 km2 threshold were identified with durations longer than 3 months using clustering algorithm. Most regions of the study area exhibited spatially increasing trends in drought severity and frequency, indicating that the Loess Plateau has experienced apparent drying and warming processes between 1971 and 2010. 相似文献
16.
Esmaeel Dodangeh Kaka Shahedi Jenq-Tzong Shiau Maryam MirAkbari 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(6):80
Investigation on drought characteristics such as severity, duration, and frequency is crucial for water resources planning and management in a river basin. While the methodology for multivariate drought frequency analysis is well established by applying the copulas, the estimation on the associated parameters by various parameter estimation methods and the effects on the obtained results have not yet been investigated. This research aims at conducting a comparative analysis between the maximum likelihood parametric and non-parametric method of the Kendall \(\tau \) estimation method for copulas parameter estimation. The methods were employed to study joint severity–duration probability and recurrence intervals in Karkheh River basin (southwest Iran) which is facing severe water-deficit problems. Daily streamflow data at three hydrological gauging stations (Tang Sazbon, Huleilan and Polchehr) near the Karkheh dam were used to draw flow duration curves (FDC) of these three stations. The \(Q_{75}\) index extracted from the FDC were set as threshold level to abstract drought characteristics such as drought duration and severity on the basis of the run theory. Drought duration and severity were separately modeled using the univariate probabilistic distributions and gamma–GEV, LN2–exponential, and LN2–gamma were selected as the best paired drought severity–duration inputs for copulas according to the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), Kolmogorov–Smirnov and chi-square tests. Archimedean Clayton, Frank, and extreme value Gumbel copulas were employed to construct joint cumulative distribution functions (JCDF) of droughts for each station. Frank copula at Tang Sazbon and Gumbel at Huleilan and Polchehr stations were identified as the best copulas based on the performance evaluation criteria including AIC, BIC, log-likelihood and root mean square error (RMSE) values. Based on the RMSE values, nonparametric Kendall-\(\tau \) is preferred to the parametric maximum likelihood estimation method. The results showed greater drought return periods by the parametric ML method in comparison to the nonparametric Kendall \(\tau \) estimation method. The results also showed that stations located in tributaries (Huleilan and Polchehr) have close return periods, while the station along the main river (Tang Sazbon) has the smaller return periods for the drought events with identical drought duration and severity. 相似文献