共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 664 毫秒
1.
2.
火山喷发物及其显微结构特征记录了喷发之前岩浆体中物理、化学过程的信息,喷发时的爆炸程度、岩浆与地下水的相互关系、在地表的侵位方式(如熔岩流、火山灰空降或火山碎屑流),以及在喷发后期风化特征等有关信息。因此,通过对火山喷发产物的显微构造研究,可以获得许多由宏观研究所无法获得的有关岩浆喷发前、喷发期间和喷发后的作用过程的重 相似文献
3.
锡林浩特-阿巴嘎火山群内的玛珥式火山 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
锡林浩特-阿巴嘎火山群位于内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟,处于大兴安岭-大同新生代火山喷发带中段。火山群内发育300余座不同类型的第四纪玄武质火山,其中玛珥式火山属首次发现,以阿巴嘎旗东南部的浩特乌拉、西北部的车勒乌拉和额斯格乌拉玛珥式火山最具代表性,其火山规模较大,锥体直径一般为3～4km,大者约6.5km。火山结构较完整,具有相似的双轮山地貌景观和明显的阶段性喷发过程,喷发阶段早期为强烈的射汽-岩浆爆发,晚期均转变为弱岩浆爆发,最后为玄武质熔岩流的溢出。这种喷发序列反映了岩浆与水相互作用以及岩浆上升速度和溢出率变化的过程。火山喷发形成的基浪堆积物覆盖在中更新统河谷砂砾石之上,其中近火口溅落堆积物中上新世砂泥岩"包体"的热释光年龄为(0.112±0.0096)Ma,表明玛珥式火山喷发时代属晚更新世早期。 相似文献
4.
用分形理论分析了吉林龙岗火山碎屑物粒度的分形结构特征。结果显示,射气喷发碎屑物分维值>射气岩浆喷发碎屑物分维值>岩浆喷发碎屑物分维值,分维值可作为区分火山不同喷发类型的定量参数。而对于龙岗岩浆喷发碎屑物,不同火山喷发的碎屑物其分维值也有差别,晚期喷发的金龙顶子火山碎屑分维值>2,早期喷发的小金龙顶子碎屑分维值>2,火山碎屑物分维值可作为区分不同喷发源和划分火山喷发地层序列的一种指标。研究表明,分维值<2的火山碎屑中有不同含量的非等轴颗粒,且分维值与非等轴颗粒的含量呈负相关 相似文献
5.
《地震地质》2015,(4)
华北东部海兴一带出露2座第四纪火山,即小山火山和大山火山,并在边庄附近隐伏了火山岩。野外考察和室内分析显示:小山火山为玛珥式火山,喷发方式为射汽岩浆喷发,影响范围仅限于火口附近,喷发物为火山渣、晶屑和火山灰;大山火山早期为爆破式喷发,后有岩浆侵入,喷发强度和规模均不大,产生了火山渣、火山集块岩和致密熔岩颈。边庄隐伏火山岩为气孔状和致密火山岩及火山角砾岩,喷发方式以弱爆破式喷发和熔岩流溢为主,喷发时代为早更新世。小山火山渣和边庄隐伏火山岩成分为玄武质,而大山火山岩Si O2含量低,属于霞石岩。氧化物含量不显示线性关系,说明它们之间不存在岩浆演化关系。3处火山岩均富集轻稀土,边庄隐伏火山岩富大离子亲石元素,无高场强元素Zr、Hf、Ti亏损,大山和小山样品强烈富集Th、U、Nb和Ta,明显负K和Ti。3处火山岩具有不同的岩石学和地球化学特征,具有相对独立的火山结构,虽均可能来自软流圈,但明显经历了不同的岩浆活动过程。 相似文献
6.
沿科洛—五大连池—二克山NNW向分布的五大连池火山带上分布了约40座第四纪单成因火山。通过野外地质特征结合火山岩年代学数据分析表明,研究区火山活动分为2期:上新世—早更新世期火山活动主要分布在北部的科洛火山区,以熔岩溢流式喷发为主;中更新世—全新世期火山活动分布在整个火山带,爆破式喷发形成大量火山碎屑锥,溢流式喷发产生结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩与块状熔岩,形成广泛分布的熔岩流。野外调查发现了夏威夷型、斯通博利型与强斯通博利型等岩浆爆破式火山喷发的典型堆积剖面,首次发现并报道研究区射汽岩浆型火山喷发堆积剖面。结合火山活动历史与火山地质特征,分析认为五大连池火山带的火山系统仍有再次活动的潜力。基于火山时空分布与喷发特征,文中对五大连池火山带未来可能喷发的方式和危险区进行评估。如若发生强斯通博利型喷发,将形成高度10km的喷发柱,产生的火山灰一般不会对航空运输产生影响;斯通博利型喷发产生的火山碎屑最远可抛射约1km;夏威夷型喷发及溢流式喷发产生的熔岩流是主要的灾害源,计算得出结壳熔岩运移的距离为3. 0～13. 5km,渣状熔岩运移的距离为2. 9～14. 9km;射汽岩浆型喷发产生的基浪速度可达200～400m/s,运移距离≤10km,是潜在的重要灾害类型,应该引起更多重视,并积极进行防范。 相似文献
7.
根据火山喷发实例总结了火山喷发在不同阶段的活动状态,并探讨了可能的物理机理。火山活动从岩浆补给到岩浆喷发的物理过程可分为3个阶段:1)岩浆补给阶段,岩浆囊压力差或过剩压力的大小决定了火山活动是否休眠或扰动,岩浆补给速率对压力差起了决定性的作用;2)通道形成阶段,当过剩压力超过围岩破裂强度时,围岩开始破裂,之后水热活动起了重要的作用;3)岩浆运移与失稳喷发阶段,主要是岩浆运移与地壳盖层的相互作用与失稳的过程。文中还讨论了火山活动状态与火山喷发危险性等级之间的关系,7个危险性等级分别对应于火山活动的7种状态,即休眠、平静、扰动、动荡、临界、活动、灾变 相似文献
8.
9.
长白山火山的历史与演化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
长白山火山跨越中朝两国,在我国境内包括天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,火山活动从上新世持续到近代,是我国最大的第四纪火山分布区。长白山火山的母岩浆是钾质粗面玄武岩,将长白山火山岩区称钾质粗面玄武岩省,岩浆结晶分异作用和混合作用主导了岩浆演化过程。天池火山之下地壳岩浆房和地幔岩浆房具双动式喷发特点,一方面来自地幔的钾质粗厨玄武岩浆直接喷出地表;另一方面钾质粗面玄武岩浆持续补给地壳岩浆房,发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,导致双峰式火山岩分布特征和触发千年大喷发。西太平洋板块俯冲-东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山火山活动的动力学机制。 相似文献
10.
11.
12.
P. Boivin J. L. Bourdier G. Camus A. de Goer de Herve A. Gourgaud G. Kieffer J. Mergoil P. M. Vincent R. Auby 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1982,45(1):25-39
Many volcanic forms resulting from phreatomagmatic eruptions of differentiated magmas have been studied in the Massif Central (France), in the Phlegrean Fields (Italy), and on Saõ Miguel island (Azores). They show a continuous series between explosion crater maar type — and the hyaoloclastic tuff-cone. An essential feature of this morphological series is the preponderance of tuff-rings resulting from subaerial eruptions. Subaerial tuff-rings of basic compositions are less common than maars. A thermodynamic approach shows that the quantity of heat supplied by the different kinds of magmas and the water / magma ratio are the essential parameters controlling the activity, and the resulting morohology of these volcanoes. 相似文献
13.
The Quaternary Herchenberg composite tephra cone (East Eifel, FR Germany) with an original bulk volume of 1.17·107 m3 (DRE of 8.2·106 m3) and dimensions of ca. 900·600·90 m (length·width·height) erupted in three main stages: (a) Initial eruptions along a NW-trending, 500-m-long fissure were dominantly Vulcanian in the northwest and Strombolian in the southeast. Removal of the unstable, underlying 20-m-thick Tertiary clays resulted in major collapse and repeated lateral caving of the crater. The northwestern Lower Cone 1 (LC1) was constructed by alternating Vulcanian and Strombolian eruptions. (b) Cone-building, mainly Strombolian eruptions resulted in two major scoria cones beginning initially in the northwest (Cone 1) and terminating in the southeast (Cones 2 and 3) following a period of simultaneous activity of cones 1 and 2. Lapilli deposits are subdivided by thin phreatomagmatic marker beds rich in Tertiary clays in the early stages and Devonian clasts in the later stages. Three dikes intruded radially into the flanks of cone 1. (c) The eruption and deposition of fine-grained uppermost layers (phreatomagmatic tuffs, accretionary lapilli, and Strombolian fallout lapilli) presumably from the northwestern center (cone 1) terminated the activity of Herchenberg volcano. The Herchenberg volcano is distinguished from most Strombolian scoria cones in the Eifel by (1) small volume of agglutinates in central craters, (2) scarcity of scoria bomb breccias, (3) well-bedded tephra deposits even in the proximal facies, (4) moderate fragmentation of tephra (small proportions of both ash and coarse lapilli/bomb-size fraction), (5) abundance of dense ellipsoidal juvenile lapilli, and (6) characteristic depositional cycles in the early eruptive stages beginning with laterally emplaced, fine-grained, xenolith-rich tephra and ending with fallout scoria lapilli. Herchenberg tephra is distinguished from maar deposits by (1) paucity of xenoliths, (2) higher depositional temperatures, (3) coarser grain size and thicker bedding, (4) absence of glassy quenched clasts except in the initial stages and late phreatomagmatic marker beds, and (5) predominance of Strombolian, cone-building activity. The characteristics of Herchenberg deposits are interpreted as due to a high proportion of magmatic volatiles (dominantly CO2) relative to low-viscosity magma during most of the eruptive activity. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007,159(1-3):285-312
Maar–diatreme volcanoes represent the second most common volcano type on continents and islands. This study presents a first review of syn- and posteruptive volcanic and related hazards and intends to stimulate future research in this field. Maar–diatreme volcanoes are phreatomagmatic monogenetic volcanoes. They may erupt explosively for days to 15 years. Above the preeruptive surface a relatively flat tephra ring forms. Below the preeruptive surface the maar crater is incised because of formation and downward penetration of a cone-shaped diatreme and its root zone. During activity both the maar-crater and the diatreme grow in depth and diameter. Inside the diatreme, which may penetrate downwards for up to 2.5 km, fragmented country rocks and juvenile pyroclasts accumulate in primary pyroclastic deposits but to a large extent also as reworked deposits. Ejection of large volumes of country rocks results in a mass deficiency in the root zone of the diatreme and causes the diatreme fill to subside, thus the diatreme represents a kind of growing sinkhole. Due to the subsidence of the diatreme underneath, the maar-crater is a subsidence crater and also grows in depth and diameter with ongoing activity. As long as phreatomagmatic eruptions continue the tephra ring grows in thickness and outer slope angle.Syneruptive hazards of maar–diatreme volcanoes are earthquakes, eruption clouds, tephra fall, base surges, ballistic blocks and bombs, lahars, volcanic gases, cutting of the growing maar crater into the preeruptive ground, formation of a tephra ring, fragmentation of country rocks, thus destruction of area and ground, changes in groundwater table, and potential renewal of eruptions. The main hazards mostly affect an area 3 to possibly 5 km in radius. Distal effects are comparable to those of small eruption clouds from polygenetic volcanoes. Syneruptive effects on infrastructure, people, animals, vegetation, agricultural land, and drainage are pointed out. Posteruptive hazards concern erosion and formation of lahars. Inside the crater a lake usually forms and diverse types of sediments accumulate in the crater. Volcanic gases may be released in the crater. Compaction and other diagenetic processes within the diatreme fill result in its subsidence. This posteruptive subsidence of the diatreme fill and thus crater floor is relatively large initially but will decrease with time. It may last millions of years. Various studies and monitoring are suggested for syn- and posteruptive activities of maar–diatreme volcanoes erupting in the future. The recently formed maar–diatreme volcanoes should be investigated repeatedly to understand more about their syneruptive behaviour and hazards and also their posteruptive topographic, limnic, and biologic evolution, and potential posteruptive hazards. For future maar–diatreme eruptions a hazard map with four principal hazard zones is suggested with the two innermost ones having a joint radius of up to 5 km. Areas that are potentially endangered by maar–diatreme eruptions in the future are pointed out. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007,159(1-3):198-209
Cora Maar is a Quaternary volcano located to the 20 km northwest of Mount Erciyes, the largest of the 19 polygenetic volcanic complexes of the Cappadocian Volcanic Province in central Anatolia. Cora Maar is a typical example of a maar-diatreme volcano with a nearly circular crater with a mean diameter of c.1.2 km, and a well-bedded base surge-dominated maar rim tephra sequence up to 40 m in thickness. Having a diameter/depth ratio (D/d) of 12, Cora is a relatively “mature” maar compared to recent maar craters in the world.Cora crater is excavated within the andesitic lava flows of Quaternary age. The tephra sequence is not indurated, and consists of juvenile clasts up to 70 cm, non-juvenile clasts up to 130 cm, accretionary lapilli up to 1.2 cm in diameter, and ash to lapilli-sized tephra. Base surge layers display well-developed antidune structures indicating the direction of the transport. Both progressive and regressive dune structures are present within the tephra sequence. Wavelength values increase with increasing wave height, and with large wavelength and height values. Cora tephra display similarities to Taal and Laacher See base surge deposits. Impact sags and small channel structures are also common. Lateral and vertical facies changes are observed for the dune bedded and planar bedsets.According to granulometric analyses, Cora Maar tephra samples display a bimodal distribution with a wide range of Mdφ values, characteristic for the surge deposits. Very poorly sorted, bimodal ash deposits generally vary from coarse tail to fine tail grading depending on the grain size distribution while very poorly sorted lapilli and block-rich deposits display a positive skewness due to fine tail grading. 相似文献
16.
Stephen Self Juergen Kienle Jean-Paul Huot 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1980,7(1-2)
The initial phase of the eruption forming Ukinrek Maars during March and April 1977 were explosions from the site of West Maar. These were mainly phreatomagmatic and initially transitional to strombolian. Activity at West Maar ceased after three days upon the initiation of the East Maar. The crater quickly grew by strong phreatomagmatic explosions. During the first phases of phreatomagmatic activity at East Maar, large exotic blocks derived from a subsurface till were ejected. Ballistic studies indicate muzzle velocities for these blocks of 80–90 m s−1.Phreatomagmatic explosions ejected both juvenile and non-juvenile material which formed a low rim of ejecta (< 26 mhigh) around the crater and a localized, coarse, wellsorted (σφ = 1−1.5) juvenile and lithic fall deposit. Other fine ash beds, interstratified with the coarse beds, are more poorly sorted (σφ = 2−3) and are interpreted as fallout of wet, cohesive ash from probably milder phases of activity in the crater. Minor base surge activity damaged trees and deposited fine ash, including layers plastered on vertical surfaces. Viscous basalt lava appeared in the center of the East Maar crater almost immediately and a lava dome gradually grew in the crater despite phreatomagmatic eruptions adjacent to it.The development of these maars appears to be mainly controlled by gradual collapse of crater and conduit walls, and blasting-out of the slumped debris by phreatomagmatic explosions when rising magma contacted groundwater beneath the regional water table and a local perched aquifer.Ballistic analysis on the ejected blocks indicates a maximum muzzle velocity of 100–150 m s-1, values similar to those obtained from other ballistic studies on maar ejecta. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2004,129(1-3):99-108
The fragmentation of magma and of the hosting country rocks is a major process in explosive eruptions. It is important to quantify the mechanical energy needed for fragmentation in order to assess the physical processes of this volcanic phenomenon. This paper presents a method to calculate the fragmentation energy of country rock using granulometry data of a typical phreatomagmatic Eifel maar volcano explosion. The total fracture area of country rock fragments in one tephra layer was quantified and related to the critical fragmentation energy of these country rocks. The rock parameters critical shear stress and critical fragmentation energy were determined experimentally, whereas the pre-volcanic crack inventory was measured in the field. The paper concludes with the calculation of the energy balance (i.e. partitioning of thermal energy into kinetical energy and mechanical energy of the fragmentation) of one Eifel maar volcanic explosion. 相似文献
18.
Károly Németh Shane J. Cronin Ian E. M. Smith Javier Agustin Flores 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(9):2121-2137
Orakei maar and tuff ring in the Auckland Volcanic Field is an example of a basaltic volcano in which the style and impacts of the eruption of a small volume of magma were modulated by a fine balance between magma flux and groundwater availability. These conditions were optimised by the pre-85?ka eruption being hosted in a zone of fractured and variably permeable Plio-Pleistocene mudstones and sandstones. Orakei maar represents an end-member in the spectrum of short-lived basaltic volcanoes, where substrate conditions rather than the magmatic volatile content was the dominant factor controlling explosivity and eruption styles. The eruption excavated a crater ?80?m deep that was subsequently filled by slumped crater wall material, followed by lacustrine and marine sediments. The explosion crater may have been less than 800?m in diameter, but wall collapse and wave erosion has left a 1,000-m-diameter roughly circular basin. A tuff ring around part of the maar comprises dominantly base surge deposits, along with subordinate fall units. Grain size, texture and shape characteristics indicate a strong influence of magma–water and magma–mud interactions that controlled explosivity throughout the eruption, but also an ongoing secondary role of magmatic gas-driven expansion and fragmentation. The tuff contains >70?% of material recycled from the underlying Plio-Pliestocene sediments, which is strongly predominant in the >2 ? fraction. The magmatic clasts are evolved alkali basalt, consistent with the eruption of a very small batch of magma. The environmental impact of this eruption was disproportionally large, when considering the low volume of magma involved (DRE?<?0.003?km3). Hence, this eruption exemplifies one of the worst-case scenarios for an eruption within the densely populated Auckland City, destroying an area of ~3?km2 by crater formation and base surge impact. An equivalent scenario for the same magma conditions without groundwater interaction would yield a scoria/spatter cone with a diameter of 400–550?m, destroying less than a tenth of the area affected by the Orakei event. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007,159(1-3):179-197
The Atexcac maar is located in the central part of the Serdán–Oriental lacustrine/playa basin in the eastern Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is part of a dispersed and isolated monogenetic field consisting of maar volcanoes, basaltic cinder cones and rhyolitic domes. Atexac is a maar volcano excavated into pyroclastic deposits, basaltic lava flows and the flanks of a cinder cone cluster, which itself was built on a topographic high consisting of limestone. It has an ENE-trending elliptical shape with beds, mostly unconsolidated deposits that dip outward at 16–22°. The Atexcac crater was formed from vigorous phreatomagmatic explosions in which fluctuations in the availability of external water, temporal migration of the locus of the explosion, and periodic injection of new magma were important controls on the evolution of the maar crater. Variations in grain sizes and component proportions of correlated deposits from the different sections suggest a migration of the locus of explosions, producing different eruptive conditions with fluctuating water–magma interactions. Deposits rich in large intrusive and limestone blocks are associated with a matrix enriched in small andesitic lapilli. This could suggest differential degrees of fragmentation due to inherited (previously acquired) fragmentation and/or relative distance to the locus of explosions. Initial short-lived phreatic explosions started at the southwest part of the crater and were followed by an ephemeral vertical column and the influx of external water that led to relatively shallow explosive interactions with the ascending basaltic magma. Drier explosions progressed downward and/or laterally northward, sampling subsurface rock types, particularly intrusive, limestone and andesitic zones as well as localized altered zones (N-NE), caused by repetitive injection of basaltic magma. A final explosive phase involved a new injection of magma and a new influx of external water producing wetter conditions at the end of the maar formation. We infer the aquifer was formed by fractured rocks, predominantly andesitic lava flows and limestone rocks. Andesitic accessory clasts dominate in all stratigraphic levels but these rocks are not exposed in the nearby area. These local hydrogeological conditions contrast with those at nearby maar volcanoes, where the water for the magma/water interactions apparently mostly came from a dominantly unconsolidated tuffaceous aquifer, producing tuff rings with a much lower profile than Atexcac. 相似文献
20.
Juergen Kienle Philip R. Kyle Stephen Self Roman J. Motyka Volker Lorenz 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1980,7(1-2)
During ten days of phreatomagmatic activity in early April 1977, two maars formed 13 km behind the Aleutian arc near Peulik volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. They have been named “Ukinrek Maars”, meaning “two holes in the ground” in Yupik Eskimo. The western maar formed at the northwestern end of a low ridge within the first three days and is up to 170 m in diameter and 35 m in depth. The eastern maar formed during the next seven days 600 m east of West Maar at a lower elevation in a shallow saddle on the same ridge and is more circular, up to 300 m in diameter and 70 m in depth. The maars formed in terrain that was heavily glaciated in Pleistocene times. The groundwater contained in the underlying till and silicic volcanics from nearby Peulik volcano controlled the dominantly phreatomagmatic course of the eruption.During the eruptions, steam and ash clouds reached maximum heights of about 6 km and a thin blanket of fine ash was deposited north and east of the vents up to a distance of at least 160 km. Magma started to pool on the floor of East Maar after four days of intense phreatomagmatic activity.The new melt is a weakly undersaturated alkali olivine basalt (Ne = 1.2%) showing some transitional character toward high-alumina basalts. The chemistry, an anomaly in the tholeitic basalt-andesite-dominated Aleutian arc, suggests that the new melt is primitive, generated at a depth of 80 km or greater by a low degree of partial melting of garnet peridotite mantle with little subsequent fractionization during transport.The Pacific plate subduction zone lies at a depth of 150 km beneath the maars. Their position appears to be tectonically controlled by a major regional fault, the Bruin Bay fault, and its intersection with cross-arc structural features. We favor a model for the emplacement of the Ukinrek Maars that does not link the Ukinrek conduit to the plumbing system of nearby Peulik volcano. The Ukinrek eruptions probably represent a genetically distinct magma pulse originating at asthenospheric depths beneath the continental lithosphere. 相似文献