共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
The formative stages of the geosystem mapping methodology are outlined. It is determined that the early stages of geosystem mapping showed a continuity of the ideas of geobotanical mapping: concerning the hierarchical structure of the phytosphere, and the invariant and the variable states of plant communities. It was found that geosystem mapping involves integrating the facies according to structural and structural-dynamic indicators differing from a traditional typization. Data were generalized having regard to the assignment of the facies to a particular landscape area. Use was made of the facies categories of optimal, limited and reduced development caused by a difference in their structure and biotic productivity. It was determined that a next mapping stage implied identifying the dynamic categories and geosystem state variables associated with one primary geomer regarded as the parent core. The map legend was based on the characteristics of the relief and vegetation. The absence of other indicators has limited the possibilities of using the map to solve forecasting problems. It was established that at present, given a significant body of landscape data, there is almost no research devoted to the cartographic solution of the problem of assessing changes in the natural environment. There is a need for mapping of the structural, dynamic and genetic uniqueness of geosystems and to explain their diagnostic features in all crucial components. We determined that the current stage of mapping should be focused on solving the problem of geographic map-based forecasting. For solving the forecast issues, we identified the features of structural-dynamic and evolutionary transformations of geosystems, their stability, and the direction of transformation under the influence of various factors. The methodology and stages of geosystem mapping are suggested. 相似文献
3.
We investigate the additionality of the principles of geoecological ethics and ethical geography from the perspective of the manifestation of the norms of human activity in the natural environment. Geoecological ethics is based on the through principles of sustainable development and responsibility for breaches of different-quality norms existing in nature, economy and society, and on social relations considered in different systems with due regard for the characteristics of geographical environment. The degree of responsibility is measured in dimensionless indicators of reliability (dependability) theory, the integrated hazard of activity with natural restrictions on the action on geosystems and departures from normative states. Ethical geography generates landscape-cultural norms of implementation of different kinds of activity on a territory. The general ethical laws and quantitative models and methods for responsibility assessment are special interpretations of the notions and axioms of general system theory adopted as the norm of organization of knowledge. The principles of geoecological ethics manifest themselves as a result of the interpretation of the general laws of ethics via the geohistorical environment, primarily in the form of responsibility for a departure from the environment-caused norms of activity. Ethical geography implies responsibility for the reliability of knowledge of the generally significant norms of the state and allowable changes in environment. A violation of geoethical norms and nature management normative will necessarily lead to negative changes in the living conditions of man and society. 相似文献
4.
Using the biogeocenoses of taiga geosystems as an example, we employed the method of correlation analysis and the technique
for analyzing the main components to demonstrate that a relative altitude is a complex indicator of serialness of landscape-level
geosystems, reflecting not only the particular geographical signatures but also a certain system of conjugation of the portions
of landscape and the force of spatial and typological connections that causes the concrete facies to deviate from zonal normal.
Complex indicators: the main components, and the correlation and regression coefficients, were used to reveal a functional
correlation of the sets of BGC attributes between themselves and with a relative altitude of the location. 相似文献
5.
M. V. Ragulina 《Geography and Natural Resources》2016,37(1):1-8
This paper is concerned with the main statements of V.B. Sochava’s theoretical legacy which are currently central to the advancement of modern cultural geography. Among them are the geographical science studies: metageography and geographical tectology, structural-dynamical approach to culture and landscape, and the concept of the geosystem and its invariant. The study brings out the importance of systems approach to culture and landscapes as well as the significance of the theory of geosystems, a catalyst for the emergence of new cultural-geographical knowledge. The problem of geographical tectology as stated by V.B. Sochava is implemented by adjusting the methods and knowledge of related disciplines for the particular purposes of geographical investigation. An outline is given of the specific character of methodological development of cultural geography in circumstances where the postmodernism world outlook platform is dominant as well as of the “drift” of the interests of the scientific community from the material aspect of man–environment interaction to the postmodern “dematerialization” of social geography. These processes which are progressing more intensely in Western science have influence on national geocultural research. Furthermore, the key characteristics of postmodernization, i.e. recognition of the equivalence and uniqueness of cultural-geographical phenomena, the equality of research standpoints, and refusal from the search for a “metanarrative” unfairly push to the methodological periphery the issues related to evolution, hierarchy, and interobjective connections of culture and landscape. The dominant emphasis on the nonmaterial aspects of cultural-geographical phenomena and processes does not imply that their systems side has lost value. V.B. Sochava’s theoretical developments provide a meaningful potential source for a further advancement of cultural geography. Moreover, even the international science has recently shown an enhancement in the tendency toward the “restoration of materialism” in cultural geography. This paper is built upon an integral approach to demonstrate an avenue for a harmonious combination of the “material” and “nonmaterial” sides of the discipline. 相似文献
6.
Presented are the technique and results of studying the landscape structure of the north-west of Western Siberia on the basis of the Hansen mosaic dataset consisting of elements covering the entire territory of the Earth. To study this area used a synthesis of classical methods of thematic system mapping as described in the doctrine of geosystems of V. B. Sochava, and automated interpretation of remote sensing data and mapping using GIS technologies. The method of geoinformational mapping of the landscape structure with the use of MultiSpec and Quantum GIS software programs for the purpose of drawing up real-time raster landscape maps is shown. In drawing up the map and the legend, the principle of geomic system-hierarchical representation of the territory as a complex multi-level “bottom-up” structure from topological-level geosystems (groups and classes of landscape facies) to regional-level geosystems (geoms, groups and classes of geoms) was used. Compilation of operational raster landscape maps of the north-west of Western Siberia involved multilevel automated interpretation of the Hansen mosaic dataset and mapping of areas (clusters) on images with different brightness characteristics, with the landscape structure of key areas and stationary physical and geographical profiles. A characteristic of this approach also implies using a dynamic classification of geosystems based on the study of their variable states. Such an approach permits a monitoring of changes in landscape structure and its areas and the intensity of anthropogenic impacts on forest and marsh landscapes, and determination of permissible pressure on geosystems in areas with high technogenic pressure of the oil and gas complex represented by the north-west of Siberia. An automated processing of data based on a supervised classification of territorial objects allows for the elimination of inaccuracies arising in visual image interpretation. Raster landscape maps can be used both for a further generation of vector maps and as a real-time information base for purposes of environmental management and protection. 相似文献
7.
O. P. Ermolaev K. A. Mal’tsev S. S. Mukharamova S. V. Kharchenko E. A. Vedeneeva 《Geography and Natural Resources》2017,38(2):131-138
An analysis made of the worldwide existing geoinformation systems (HydroSHEDS, CCM, Ecrins, WBD, etc.) suggests that there are as yet no models of adequate quality for the basin boundaries of small rivers in the European part of Russia. For the territory of the European part of Russia with a total area of more than 4 mln. km2 the GIS technology tools were used to construct the electron vector map of river basins and their interbasin spaces. The map thus obtained displays the basins of first-order rivers for a given level of generalization (sc 1:1 000 000). The GMTED2010 model was used as the digital elevation model. A total of 63 553 basin geosystems were identified on the map, averaging 68 km2 in area. Accuracy verification of identifying the basin boundaries showed a good agreement of areal and geometric characteristics of the method used with expert approach. In test areas, the men difference of the indicators of the area of the basins identified automatically and by use of the expert approach made up 3.6%. For areas with weakly dissected lowland topography this error does not exceed 5% while it is about 2% in areas with relatively dissected elevated topography. The basin geosystems thus identified are operational-territorial units with respect to which the geospatial data base is generated to characterize the natural-resource potential of the European territory of Russia. An example is provided for the generation of the geospatial database containing hydrological information covering 1763 hydrological stations collecting streamflow data. 相似文献
8.
We give an outline of the scientific-methodological principles of using the regional-typological approach in geographical research. Based on analyzing cartographic products, we demonstrate the differences in understanding and implementing the approach. The structurallogical schematic diagram for the regional-typological approach has been developed, which opens up possibilities for its implementation in the study and mapping of geosystems and can provide an integral, systemic idea of this approach. 相似文献
9.
《The Professional geographer》2012,64(1):139-151
Past occupations in the Brazilian geographic area showed experiences of particular relations with natural resources. In this sense, landscape archaeology attempts to have a better understanding of the lifestyle of ancestral populations by analyzing archaeological traces. The study approach that translates the natural systems and their relations with the anthropic systems is known as geosystem theory, which helps landscape archaeology in patterns of past occurrences resulting from environmental characteristics. The objective of this study was to show the geosystem landscapes of Ilhéus, in Bahia, Brazil, that defined land occupation since the precolonial period in Brazil. Four geosystems have been identified; they defined how precolonial groups lived in the area and favored colony growth starting in the nineteenth century with local sugarcane production in sugarcane mills. Key Words: geoarchaeology, GIS, natural systems, northeastern Brazil. 相似文献
10.
11.
A. N. Ivanov 《Geography and Natural Resources》2013,34(4):378-384
An analysis is made of the issue related to the structural-functional organization of ornithogenous geosystems evolving in islands with large maritime colonial bird nest clusters. It is shown that under moderate ornithogenous pressure (Talan Island), the long-term vital activity of birds acts as an ecological factor identical to light, heat and atmospheric precipitation, and the geosystem is in an equilibrium state. In the case of a strong impact exceeding the stability threshold (Shelikan Island), the geosystem switches to a nonequilibrium state, which is accompanied by a degradation of the soil-vegetation cover, a mass extinction of ornithophobic plant species, a change in soilformation directedness, and by a most dramatic development of erosion processes. 相似文献
12.
A. G. Osipov V. V. Dmitriev S. A. Maslennikov L. A. Plastinin V. M. Plyusnin 《Geography and Natural Resources》2017,38(1):12-19
This paper presents the scientific-methodological approaches to cartographic GIS-based modeling of pipelines with geoecological restrictions which essentially imply a spatial multiparametric analysis of the natural potential of the study territory in order to explore its possibilities of consistently performing the socioeconomic functions as pre-assigned without disturbing the life-support (environment and resource reproduction) functions. The suggested technique is illustrated by the example of selecting the route for the laying of the pipeline system on the model territory in the arctic zone of Siberia. Critical principles are applied to the technique of cartographic modeling of the pipeline route, i.e. the principles of systemacy, ecological security, priority of estimated indicators, unity of assessment and economic expediency. The following investigation methods were used in implementing the technique: ranking of the properties of natural landscapes according to their influence on the suitability of the territory, qualimetric assessments for the suitability classes of lands of natural systems, and graph theory for determining the optimal pipeline route on the basis of Dijkstra’s algorithm. The table of unnormalized and normalized weight factors is compiled, which are taken in consideration for assessing the suitability of natural landscape components and their characteristic properties. Archival and published reference data are used to calculate the reference values of the indicators used in an integral assessment of the suitability of the territory for the laying of the pipeline route. 相似文献
13.
研究历史遗址的空间分布,有助于深入了解历史时期人类活动与自然地理环境的关系,从而更加科学有效地管理和保护历史文化遗址。以河西地区3?654处历史文化遗址为研究对象,结合当时的历史文化背景,在GIS技术的支持下,对河西地区历史文化遗址的空间分布特征及其自然影响因素进行了研究。结果显示：研究区历史文化遗址受自然环境的影响较大,但不同遗址类型受影响的程度不大相同,军事设施遗址和石窟寺及石刻遗址更反映地形和区位因素,居住址和城址则对水源和综合自然条件的要求更严格;除军事和宗教遗址外,生产和生活型遗址点多分布于海拔2?200?m以下、距河流不超过10 km、坡度小于15°的平地、微斜坡、缓斜坡和斜坡上;为获取更多的生存空间,人们生产生活一般选择在走廊绿洲平原区,对坡向的要求不显著;遗址呈现出以石羊河中游、黑河中游及北大河中下游3个高密集分布区,另外在疏勒河中游和党河中下游存在2个较高密集分布区。 相似文献
14.
阿尼玛卿山地祁连圆柏径向生长对气候的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对阿尼玛卿山地5 个坡面20 个祁连圆柏树轮宽度标准年表的分析, 发现公共区间内各树木年轮宽度标准年表中的信噪比SNR 和样本总解释量EPS 值都较高, 说明年表中都含有较强的环境信息; 树轮宽度年表之间的平均相关为0.35 (大多达到95%的置信程度), 具有较好的区域一致性。聚类分析使树木年轮宽度年表分成东、西两大部分, 而年表的第一主分量显示出: 西部树轮的指数序列明显长于东部即树木生长有自西向东扩展的趋势, 并且东、西区域树木生长变化的特征年变化具有同步性。东、西树轮宽度年表中第一主分量和第二主分量与气候因子的相关和响应都表现出一定的相似性, 但第二主分量对气候因子响应的差异性更显著。西部树木生长PCI 的主要限制因子是温度, 尤其当年春末夏初及前一年秋季温度影响最大, 同样降水也起着重要的作用, 西部树木生长PC2 的主要限制因子是降水量; 而东部树木生长PC1 主要受降水的制约, 第二主分量PC2 的响应分析显示出气候的滞后影响(树木前期生长) 是非常重要的限制因子。 相似文献
15.
《Geography and Natural Resources》2008,29(2):156-162
The manifestation conditions for the pyrogenic factor in the geosystem dynamics of the southwestern Baikal region are outlined. The distribution of forest fires in the territory, and the conditions of their occurrence and spread are considered. The need to put territorially differentiated fire-control measures into effect is substantiated. 相似文献
16.
《Geography and Natural Resources》2008,29(3):267-272
We estimate the effectiveness of several methods of identifying different-scale functionally integral mosaic geosystems interconnected by a common type of intercomponent relationships by considering an example of relief – vegetation system. The form of the function is used to reveal the physical process that is responsible for the spatial differentiation. A comparison is made of the informational content and the limitations of using multi-regression equations, information measures of connection, nonparametric correlation coefficients, and the Jacobi determinant. 相似文献
17.
V. M. Plyusnin A. D. Kitov E. N. Ivanov V. S. Sheinkman 《Geography and Natural Resources》2013,34(1):1-13
Separate mountain massifs, separated by a considerable distance from one another, exhibit in their evolutionary development some similar traits. On the other hand, mountain geosystems occurring in them show differences associated with the location of the mountains, their morphological structure and climatic conditions. Global warming has been producing changes in the dynamics of mountain geosystems over the last three decades. However, the response of nival-glacial intracontinental geosystems is different from that in near-oceanic regions. 相似文献
18.
遥感、地图和地理信息系统（ＯＩＳ）三者呈“你中有我，我中有你”的相辅相成关系．三者一体化应用使地球科学得以进展，又能在资源开发、环境保护、自然灾害监测评价等方面发挥重要作用．一体化应用的基础是掌握三者的学科一技术特性与相通关系． 相似文献
19.
The combined study of present-day processes and stratigraphic data, has permitted the reconstruction of the dynamics of scree slopes of the northern Gaspé Peninsula throughout the postglacial period. In this region, liberated progressively from beneath an ice cover between 13,500 and 10,000 years BP, the scree slopes have to be seen as an integral part of a regional geosystem. Evolution of these slopes has been rapid, influenced by local paraglacial conditions (glacio-isostatic rebound, glacio-eustatic fluctuations, and re-equilibration of glacially over-steepened rockwalls) which operated against a backdrop of Late Glacial and Holocene climatic fluctuations. During the Younger Dryas and part of the Early Holocene period, as the foot slopes emerged from beneath the Goldthwait Sea, the basal part of several scree slopes advanced onto marine terraces as lobate rock glaciers, under the influence of a periglacial climate, characterised by permafrost. Many scree slopes continued to transfer debris downslope after regional establishment of a closed forest cover at ca. 7250 years BP. Forest colonisation in the early pre-emergent phase of the postglacial period was retarded, due to constant replenishment of the debris removed from the foot slopes by marine processes. In the later post-emergent phase, development of a complete forest cover has only been possible on slopes where the summit rockwall segment has been completely eliminated, a condition not yet fulfilled for many geomorphologically active scree slopes of the region. In fact, both of these paraglacial influences have been diachronous on a regional scale. Advance upslope of the forest front on the scree slopes appears to have been slow, difficult and subject to periodic regressions of possible climatic origin, as indicated by numerous buried soils in colluvial stratigraphic sequences, and for the past 150 years by dendro-ecological studies. Stratigraphic exposures, along with direct observation of slope events, have revealed the operation of a large variety of debris transfer processes, including niveo-aeolian sedimentation and frost-coated clast flows, the latter representing an important process first recognised on the scree slopes of Gaspésie. 相似文献
20.
《Urban geography》2013,34(8):691-722
Interest in the concept of "quality of life" (QOL) has increased exponentially in many areas of public policy. A constant theme in QOL research in the last 30 years has been a focus on the measurement and the types of indicators utilized. The objective of this paper is to identify the structure, spatial variation, and change in quality of life from 1991 to 1996 within Saskatoon, Saskatchewan by using a range of indicators relating to the social and physical environment, modified by perception. The QOL model u ed was developed by combining aspects of Cutter's (1985) geographical model of quality of life and Myers' (1987) community of quality of life model to assess QOL over time from a geographical perspective. The integration of objective, subjective and perceptual indicators, using a survey of Saskatoon residents, allowed for a broader interpretation of quality of life than is normally the case. The structure of QOL identified from the results of a series of principal component analyses consistently identified two important structures, structures of general affluence and general disadvantage. Results showed that the most disadvantaged residents in 1991 and 1996 were living to the west of the Central Business District, clustered in several neighborhoods, while residents enjoying a higher QOL tended to live in the suburbs toward the periphery of Saskatoon. 相似文献