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1.
This analysis was done as the preliminary step in an ongoing study of reservoir bank erosion processes that are active in
the northern U.S. The objectives of this analysis were to observe and document bank characteristics, conditions, and changes
along reservoirs with eroding banks, to estimate the amounts of historical bank recession and to discuss its possible causes.
Aerial photographs were used to observe the historical bank changes and estimate bank recession. Site reconnaissance, discussions
with on-site personnel, and published reports were used to evaluate possible relationships between the local erosion and bank
conditions. As part of this analysis linear regressions were done to determine if the estimated recession rates correlate
with selected bank and climatic conditions and with physical characteristics of the reservoirs. The regression results, however,
were generally not useful because they suggested relationships that are contrary to field observations and published results.
Dominant bank erosion processes were wind-wave erosion, capillary wave erosion during high-water periods, groundwater-induced
sliding, freeze-thaw processes, rain splash and rainwash, and boat waves. However, because of the complexity of the interrelationships
of these and many other bank erosion processes and the variability of the processes at and between sites, it would be necessary
to make site-specific measurements and observations year-round to evaluate the processes that are active along a particular
bank. 相似文献
2.
Soil exploration, collection of hydrologic and meteorologic data, and sequential comparative photography were used to investigate erosion/deposition on alluvial banks of an island in the Ohio River from April 1980 through April 1982. Major erosion episodes coincided with flood events and were caused primarily by exit of bank recharge waters from pervious bank soil layers after flood recession. Waves created by wind and/or vessel passage were of little significance in causing bank failure. Floodwater tractive forces, runout of precipitation-derived waters, and wave action were effective only in removing soft sediments or loose debris from upper bank failures. Sediments deposited by spring floods, if allowed to dry for two to three months, strongly resisted subsequent wave attack. 相似文献
3.
Coastal and bank erosion along the St. Lawrence River Waterway in Quebec, Canada, represents a hazard to local communities
living along the river banks, as well as to the local fauna habitat. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential
impact of the waves generated by long containerships on riverbank erosion and recession at critical sites along the St. Lawrence
River Waterway, which have already experienced significant damage. A field study was carried out to investigate the ship-generated
hydrodynamics and the various driving mechanisms of the erosion process induced by ship waves. The field measurements provided
an assessment of the influence of the length of large vessels by comparing the characteristics of the hydrodynamics fields
induced by the passage of two containerships of different lengths. The potential for bank erosion and recession is assessed
in terms of the wake erosive energy incident to the shoreline. The field data are compared against analytical results predicted
by an empirical model, as well as against a ship-generated hydrodynamics model. Several numerical simulations for quantifying
the ship’s drawdown and its effects are also presented. 相似文献
4.
5.
《Engineering Geology》1986,22(3):231-245
Most of the rivers of the Niger Delta flow through alluvial deposits whose general stratigraphy is that of cohesionless sand overlain by cohesive silty clay. Erosion and recession of the river banks have constituted a threat to many villages along the various creeks in the delta area.Analyses of the recessional mechanisms indicate that bank failure is initiated by a fluvial erosion of the lower cohesionless bank layer at a much faster rate than the upper cohesive bank layer. This leads to development of overhangs of the upper cohesive materials. The failure mechanism of the river bank is complex, ranging from slip failures in high banks to shearing and toppling failures in low banks. The use of the common slip circle model for stability evaluation appears to be adequate only for high banks. Results obtained for the low banks suggest that the use of this model of stability analyses for low banks may yield misleading results. 相似文献
6.
Bank failure and erosion on the Ohio river 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
River bank erosion has benn the focus of recent concern surrounding construction and operation of navigation dams along the Ohio River. Such factors as navigation pool levels, pool fluctuations, and towboat traffic have been alleged to be the cause of severe erosion of Ohio River banks. In this paper available information on Ohio River bank erosion is examined from an historical perspective and from the perspective of recent comprehensive investigations. Historical illustrations, photographs, and published reports indicate a history of significant bank erosion for more than 150 years on the Ohio River. Results of field bank condition reconnaissance studies suggest that construction of navigation dams on the Ohio River has not significantly accelerated or intensified bank erosion. Analysis of erosional mechanisms indicates that bank failure and erosion on the Ohio River are complex and episodic phenomena; however, the principal erosional mechanisms appear to be bank material removal by current tractive forces during flood events and internal erosion of bank materials by bank discharge following floods. It is concluded that waves generated by tow and recreational vessels have little impact on bank stability, but land use changes may affect slope stability and bank erosion. 相似文献
7.
A failure occurred between December 14 and 17, 2008 in the upper part of a 45-m high, northwest facing bank of the Nelson River in northern Manitoba (56.687°N, 93.777°W). The slope failure occurred at a spring site in a bay associated with a buried valley. The sediment input to the river from this event is roughly 20,000 to 25,000 m3. The source zone is made up of 25 m of water-bearing sand and gravel confined between ice-rich silty clay at the top of the bank and laminated to rhythmically bedded silt and clay at the base of the section. The collapse was confined to the material above the basal silts and clays and was associated with a perched groundwater flow system. A strong argument for drainage cutoff by the advancement of seasonal frost has been demonstrated through the correlation of the bank collapse with the timing of a significant cold snap recorded at two nearby weather stations. The failure illustrates the importance of stratigraphy in controlling bank erosion in this area. Previously, fluvial erosion was seen as an important control on mass wasting in Horseshoe Bay. However, surface information suggests that no toe erosion except to remove the slide deposit has occurred at this site since 2004. 相似文献
8.
通过黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段现场考察及实测资料分析,依据河岸物质来源及组成将黄河上游崩塌河岸划分为粘性河岸及非粘性风沙堆积河岸两大类,前者可分为平面崩塌、弧形滑动崩塌和复合式崩塌3种类型,后者表现出非粘性河岸的表层滑移及平面崩塌两种形式。进一步以磴口、乌海河段为例,分析粘性河岸和风沙堆积河岸的塌岸特征,并结合近10年的遥感影像解译分析河岸线崩退变化规律,揭示塌岸引起河道横向变化特征。结果表明粘性河段的塌岸后退距离大于风沙堆积河段,局部河段短期出现凹退凸淤的动态岸线变化特点,但全河段长期仍然处于总体淤积的态势。 相似文献
9.
在弯道水槽中展开系列试验,研究水力冲刷过程中均质土岸坡冲刷崩塌输移与河床冲淤过程及其影响因素。该过程及变化特征可描述为:水下坡面侵蚀及坡脚淘刷导致岸坡失稳崩塌;暂时堆积在凹岸坡脚处的崩塌体加剧附近水流紊动程度利于其输运与分解;分解后较粗的颗粒随弯道螺旋流以推移质形式被输移至下游凸岸落淤,较细的颗粒大部分都随水流以悬移质形式被携带至下游出口;水流结构随岸坡及河床变形而调整;如此循环往复。试验成果进一步表明:冲刷状态下,试验材料黏性越小、近岸流速越大、作用时间越长,岸坡冲刷崩塌量及河床冲刷量都越大;同条件下岸坡冲刷崩塌总量大于河床冲刷总量,且河床相对冲刷率随岸坡冲刷崩塌量的增大而减小,数值范围为0.40~0.92。 相似文献
10.
三峡水库蓄水后下荆江河段河床冲刷下切, 局部河段崩岸险情频繁发生。为研究下荆江二元结构河岸的土体特性及崩岸机理,结合近期该河段崩岸情况,现场查勘了6个崩岸点,并对河岸土体进行了室内土工试验。试验结果表明下荆江河岸土体的垂向组成具有典型的二元结构特征:下部非粘性土（沙土）层较厚,上部粘性土（低液限粘土）层较薄且松散。以河岸崩塌过程分析为基础,提出了二元结构河岸发生绕轴崩塌时上部土层稳定性的计算方法。结合近岸水动力条件计算及土工试验结果,定量分析了二元结构河岸的崩塌机理及其影响因素:① 下部沙土层的起动流速比近岸流速小得多,故该土层容易受水流冲刷;②上部粘性土层崩塌前抗冲强度很大,但多为低液限粘土且相对松散,崩塌后堆积在岸边容易分解并被水流带走;③ 河岸稳定安全系数在一个水文年内呈周期性变化,落水期安全系数最小,故容易引发崩岸,该计算结果与近期崩岸实际统计结果一致。 相似文献
11.
针对河岸崩塌问题分析和研究,在考虑江河水位升降引起坡外水压力变化及坡内非稳定渗流基础上,同时考虑水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退,提出了水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场和适用于天然江河崩岸的数值模拟,并对水流冲刷过程中的崩岸问题进行了分析。通过对两类不同土质岸坡的崩岸数值模拟,分析了水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退过程中坡体的稳定性变化,探讨了不同土质岸坡的崩岸类型及崩塌模式。结果表明,坡度较陡的黏性岸坡崩塌时趋近于平面破坏且通过坡脚;坡度较缓的粉土岸坡崩塌时沿曲面破坏,且在水位骤降过程中易发生局部崩塌。 相似文献
12.
The impacts of floods on river bank erosion are generally significant in the alluvial river reaches. This paper presents the prediction of the river bank erosion along the right bank in the reach of Chenab River (starting from downstream of Marala Barrage) where excessive erosion had been reported. The bank erosion is predicted due to flow/flood events of 2010 by coupling the output from the two-dimensional numerical model to the excess shear stress approach. The predicted bank erosion was compared with the one estimated from Landsat images. The Landsat ETM+ images were processed in the ArcGIS software to assess the external bank erosion. The results show that the excess shear stress approach underpredicts the bank erosion. Therefore, the erodibility coefficient was modified by forcing the best agreement between predicted and estimated (i.e., from Landsat images) bank erosion which was used for further analysis. The results reveal that coupling the output from the numerical model to the excess shear stress approach (by modifying the erodibility coefficient) predicts the river bank erosion with a reasonable level of accuracy, thus helpful to identify the locations for the protection works. The predicted river bank erosion presents good coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.82 when compared with the estimated bank erosion from Landsat images. The findings of the present study will help to implement the river protection works at the identified locations in the selected reach of River Chenab and will also act as a guideline for similar river reaches. 相似文献
13.
三峡库区巫峡段发现多处顺层岸坡滑移−弯曲变形迹象,库水循环涨落加剧了岸坡前缘劣化损伤与失稳破坏。以巫峡段青石 6号坡为例构建室内概化模型,开展顺层灰岩岸坡在消落带岩体劣化下的灾变机制研究。研究结果表明：蓄水前岸坡整体长期处于稳定状态。随着劣化进行,蓄水后岸坡变形加剧直至溃屈破坏,岩体劣化缩短了劣化−溃屈失稳进程。运动学分析显示,溃屈破坏时同一岩层达到速度峰值近似。岩层“弯折点”后部运动特征较为一致,前部较为离散。溃屈破坏点是岸坡能量释放的转折点和顶点;随劣化演变位移、应力逐渐递增,呈现提前破坏征兆,溃屈破坏前后应力产生“集中−释放”。整体来看,应力变化提前于位移,表明应力监测更有效。应力监测的核心在于关键区段的确定,对于劣化−溃屈型岸坡来讲,前缘“挠曲段”处应力陡增可作为岸坡临界失稳的重要表征;“劣化−溃屈”演化进程中后缘推挤始终存在,它是岸坡灾变的前提。但岸坡失稳的主导因素却是消落带岩体持续不断的劣化。青石 6 号坡当前处于向强烈弯曲隆起演化进程中,由于消落带岩体持续劣化,可能由稳定/基本稳定逐渐演变为欠稳定状态。 相似文献
14.
Numerical modeling of combined effects of upward and downward propagation of shear bands on stability of slopes with sensitive clay 
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下载免费PDF全文 Modeling of progressive development of zones of large inelastic shear deformation (shear band) that results from strain‐softening behavior of sensitive clays could explain the failure mechanisms of large landslides. Because of toe erosion, a shear band can be initiated and propagated upward (inward) from the river bank. On the other hand, upslope surcharge loading could generate shear bands that might propagate down towards the river bank. In the present study, upward and downward propagation of shear bands and failure of sensitive clay slopes are modeled using the Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach in Abaqus finite element (FE) software. It is shown that the formation and propagation of shear bands are significantly influenced by kinematic constraints that change with displacements of the soil masses, and therefore the propagation of an existing shear band might be stopped and new shear bands could be formed. The main advantages of the present FE modeling are: (i) extremely large strains in the shear bands can be successfully simulated without numerical issues, (ii) a priori definition of shearing zones is not required to tackle severe strains; instead, the FE program automatically identifies the critical locations for shear band formation and propagation. Toe erosion could significantly increase the slope failure potential because of upslope surcharge loading. FE analyses with a thick and thin sensitive clay layers show that the global failure could occur at lower surcharge loads in the former as compared to the latter cases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
以龙塘山 2号大桥为工程背景 ,在综合考虑桥基岸坡的工程地质条件尤其是岩体结构的基础上 ,建立了数值分析模型 ,采用离散元法对该桥 10 #墩所处岸坡的破坏模式进行了模拟。模拟结果表明 :( 1)龙塘山 2号大桥 10 #墩所处岸坡基本稳定 ;( 2 )施工时 ,应对既有公路上方岸坡坡顶及坡面可能崩滑岩块进行预清除与加固 ;( 3)根据岸坡破坏趋势可得其稳定坡角为 5 0° 相似文献
16.
通过对已蓄水运行的三峡、二滩、宝珠寺、大朝山、漫湾、天生桥一级和紫坪铺7个山区河道型水库实际塌岸的现场调查和室内分析,提出冲磨蚀型、崩(坍)塌型、滑移型和流土型4种塌岸模式,描述了各塌岸模式的发生条件及特点.在计算各水库塌岸岸坡结构和塌岸模式分布概率的基础上,分析塌岸的影响因索.结果显示,山区河道型水库塌岸主要发育于残... 相似文献
17.
剪刀峰岸坡位于三峡库区巫山县巫峡左岸,全长2.1 km。受北侧神女峰箱状背斜及南侧神女溪—官渡口向斜影响,岸坡为陡倾顺层岩质岸坡。岸坡坡度45°～89°,整体为陡坡与的陡崖复合地貌;岸坡出露的第四系地层主要为崩坡积碎块石土,出露的基岩含三叠系大冶组三段、四段及嘉陵江组一段至四段地层,地层多元化;岩组类别主要为大冶组及嘉陵江组碳酸盐溶岩组成的坚硬岩组及嘉陵江组二段岩溶角砾岩组成的较软岩组;岩体结构从极薄层至巨厚层状,岸坡地形、地层、岩组及结构复杂。岸坡上游至下游,2.1 km范围内,坡体结构变化大,岸坡变形破坏特征差异大,成因机制及破坏模差异大。根据岸坡不同的地质条件及特征,划分为6个大段、6个亚段。研究从岸坡宏观变形、破坏特征出发,将岸坡目前的变形、破坏总结为“构造切割及卸荷”“局部压裂、滑移”“地表溶蚀”“消落区岩体劣化”四个方面,并从岸坡成因机制上分析了各段的破坏模式。此外,本次研究还分析了库水位以上岸坡及库水位消落区的岩体劣化特征,从岩体劣化的角度提出了沿层面渐进式松脱滑移、沿软弱夹层溃屈滑移、沿“X型”节理滑移、沿层面倾倒溃屈四种岩体劣化及破坏类型。 相似文献
18.
库岸稳定性取决于最大崩塌临界机制的驱动力和抵抗力的平衡,二者的平衡又取决于库岸边坡形态、岩土组成、水流浪涌特征、植被覆盖等.边坡形态是库岸稳定性的基本条件,主要指标有坡度、岸高及坡面形态.以三峡库区忠县石宝镇段为例,利用BSTEM模拟分析库岸边坡形态对其稳定性的影响,从而得到如下结论,研究库岸坡形形态对其稳定性的影响,... 相似文献
19.
非均质岸滩广泛分布于冲积河流中,其侧蚀过程沿垂向具有分层特点。基于全三维水沙模型及河岸侧蚀坍塌力学模式,提出动态网格跟踪技术,构建了非均质岸滩侧蚀沿垂向差异的三维动力学模拟方法。以连续弯道概化水槽为例,模拟分析了非均质河岸侧蚀过程中三维水流结构的响应特征。研究结果表明:坡脚冲刷后,底部主流向凹岸偏移,在已有弯道环流的基础上,于坡脚处出现一反向次生流;上部粘性土层坍塌后,崩塌土体堆积于坡脚处,上部主流明显左偏,下部次生流消失;随着坡脚堆积体的冲刷搬运,下部主流进一步向凹岸偏移;如此循环,主流不断向凹岸偏移,致使岸坡持续崩退、河道摆动。 相似文献
20.
海底浊流的运动及其沉积,是目前浊流研究的热点之一。根据经过验证的基于雷诺平均纳维尔-斯托克斯方程及浮力项修正 k-ε 湍流模型的三维数值计算模型模拟了海底弯曲圆弧形峡谷内的浊流的流动和沉积,结果表明:（1）浊流在运动过程中由于对环境水体的夹带厚度不断增加,浊流厚度一般会超过峡谷深度,溢出峡谷,使浊流产生密度和动量损失;（2）浊流到达弯道部分后,由于离心力的作用会产生剥离,溢出更多的浊流至漫滩区域。浊流剥离的最大处为弯道顶点外岸下游处,其过量密度可达入流的37.5%;（3）对于模拟的横剖面为圆弧型的峡谷内的浊流来说,弯道顶点处的二次流在底部形成一个顺时针的循环圈,靠近峡谷底部从外岸指向内岸;（4）在峡谷中间及弯道顶点内岸下游处形成沉积,在弯道顶点外岸下游处形成侵蚀。这些特征对根据浊流的沉积观察推测其形成环境及油气储层的调查等方面有一定的参考意义。 相似文献