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建筑物震害空间分布模拟GIS方法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
提出了一个基于GIS技术的建筑物震害空间分布模拟方法，该方法首先利用GIS的模拟活化技术把地震影响场，建筑震害预测等分析模型形成可供空间分析使用的二次数据，并纳入城市基础数据库之中，构成综合基础数据库。然后利用GIS把多重空间数据进行空间复合，给出城市建筑物震害的空间分布及其统计特征，并识别出城市建筑物的重灾区。最后利用东营市建筑区为例，说明该方法的实用性和有效性。 相似文献
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利用高分辨率卫星影像进行地震损失评价所需的城市特征识别 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
高分辨率卫星影像已经在一些国家的民用领域得到应用。利用高分辨率卫星影像来收集地震损失评价所需要的各类城市信息不仅高效和有较好的时间分辨率，而且它可以减少以往所必需的大量的代价高昂且费力的城市调查。基于在印度城市台拉登所做的研究，讨论了如何利用高分辨率卫星影像进行城市特征识别的一些问题，同时也简单论述了利用GIS／RS软件综合所得的数据以便用于地震损失评价的方法。 相似文献
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城市群体建筑物震害模拟方法研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文针对目前进行城市群体建筑物震害预测时,在数据收集和计算工作中遇到的实际困难,提出了一种简化的震害计算方法——单元破坏度指数法。同时将该计算模型嵌入到ArcView 9.0的GIS平台中,并以Oracle数据库为支撑,结合青岛市的实际数据,对城市群体建筑物的震害进行了模拟。结果表明,单元破坏度指数法不仅大大简化了数据收集和处理的工作量,而且计算结果的精度同样能满足工程应用的要求,与GIS相结合可以客观快速地模拟出城市群体建筑物的震害程度及其空间分布。 相似文献
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Web GIS在防震减灾工作中的应用与发展趋势 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
GIS在大中城市防震减灾系统中得到了广泛的应用,渗透到了地震预报、震害预测、地震区划等各个方面。近年来,随着计算机网络的发展和应用的广泛深入,单机或局域网版GIS软件已不能满足社会发展的要求,利用Internet在Web上发布和出版空间数据,为用户提供空间数据浏览、查询和分析功能已经成为GIS发展的必然趋势。网络地理信息系统WebGIS是Internet技术应用于GIS开发的产物,将WebGIS技术引入防震减灾研究领域,拓宽了地理信息资源的应用领域,提高了空间信息的维护、发布和查询效率,实现了地震信息数据的自动化成图,使全社会范围内的空间数据信息的高度共享成为可能。 相似文献
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城市地下空间开发利用是缓解土地资源紧张、解决"城市病"的重要途径,合理开发利用地下空间资源的关键问题是如何实现城市下方地质体"透明化".受施工场地、安全等因素的制约,传统地质填图调查方法难以获取城市地下精细结构信息,地球物理方法具有无损探测的特点,已成为开展城市地下空间精细地质结构探测的主要技术手段.然而地球物理方法种类较多,不同方法应用前提、范围和效果差别较大,为给城市地下空间资源探测选择适合的地球物理方法,本文结合实际案例,系统分析了微重力、高密度电法、浅层反射地震、面波勘探、探地雷达等不同地球物理方法在城市地下空间探测中的应用效果和适用前提.在此基础上,对比了不同方法探测深度、分辨率及其在城市地下空间开发探测的适用阶段,并对未来城市地下空间探测技术发展做了展望. 相似文献
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Influence of land use on the quality of runoff along Israel′s coastal strip (demonstrated in the cities of Herzliya and Ra′anana) 
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下载免费PDF全文 This study presents an analysis of the quality of urban runoff from various land uses by remote‐sensing and GIS technology coupled with hydrological and chemical monitoring. The study areas were located in the cities of Herzliya and Ra′anana, in Israel′s coastal plain, where extensive urbanization has occurred over the last 30 years. Land uses in urban basins were analysed; rain and runoff were measured and sampled at measurement stations representing different land uses (residential, industrial, commercial and roads). The aim was to analyse uses by different remote‐sensing and GIS techniques, to evaluate the quality of urban storm water from various land uses and to verify a method for predicting the impact of urban land uses on the quantity and quality of urban storm water. The quality of urban storm water from residential areas was generally very high, and the water is suitable for reuse or direct recharge into the local aquifer. In light of the serious state of the Israeli water sector and the large amounts of unused runoff produced by Israel′s cities, together with the high quality of urban storm water drained from the residential areas, it is important to exploit this water source. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Cellular‐based approaches for flood inundation modelling have been extensively calibrated and evaluated for the prediction of flood flows on rural river reaches. However, there has only been limited application of these approaches to urban environments, where the need for flood management is greatest. Practical application of two‐dimensional (2D) flood inundation models is often limited by computation time and processing power on standard desktop PCs when attempting to resolve flows on the high‐resolution grids necessary to replicate urban features. Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of coarse grids to represent flood flows through urban environments. To examine these effects, LISFLOOD‐FP, a 2D storage cell model, is applied to hypothetical flooding scenarios in Greenfields, Glasgow. Grid resampling techniques in GIS software packages are evaluated and a bilinear gridding technique appears to provide the most accurate and physically intuitive results. A gridding method maintaining sharp elevation changes at building interfaces and neighbouring land is presented and estimates of the discretization noise associated with the coarse resolution grids suggest little improvement over current gridding methods. The variation in model results from the friction sensitivity analysis suggests a non‐stationary response to Manning's n with changing model resolution. Model results suggests that a coarse resolution model for urban applications is limited by the representation of urban media in coarse model grids. Furthermore, critical length scales related to building dimensions and building separation distances exist in urban areas that determine maximum possible grid resolutions for hydraulic models of urban flooding. Copyright ©, 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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建设韧性城乡的技术途径 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
中国地震多发、灾害严重,迫切需要提升抗震能力,实现韧性城乡的建设。本文围绕建设韧性城乡的技术途径,梳理了工程抗震技术发展的历史沿革,阐述了韧性城乡的提出背景。基于震害类比、实验验证和理论分析,总结提炼工程结构抗震能力“散”、“脆、”偏、“单”评估法,指出应以“整而不散”、“延而不脆”、“匀而不偏”、“冗而不单”的传统抗震技术及隔震与消能减震新技术作为实现韧性城乡的技术途径。 相似文献
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The documentation existing on both land use and the delineation of pervious and impervious zones in urban areas tends to be rather complete. In addition, topographical information (altitudes, slopes) is generally available, although contours are not drawn in detail on urban‐area maps. The development of urban databases has provided a convenient means of accessing this information for the purpose of hydrological modelling. The objective of this paper is to evaluate a recent model, ‘SURF’ (semi‐urbanized runoff flow), specifically developed for coupling with a GIS based on a digital terrain representation. This model was evaluated by use of an original approach from the field of urban hydrology. A 7‐year continuous data series, which includes the dry periods, has been used as input to run the model. The principles behind the SURF model are briefly described herein. A sensitivity analysis is then performed in order to select the most influential parameters. Following the calibration stage, the model's validation is discussed. This validation is conducted not only by comparing observed and simulated hydrographs, but also by comparing the SURF model with a more conventional model in urban hydrology, called the URBAN model. It is demonstrated that the SURF model provides useful simulation results and does outperform the URBAN model. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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依据《清徐县地震灾害损失预测》项目，以山西省太原市清徐县为例探讨了基于GIS的震害预测信息管理系统的设计方法，叙述了系统的设计原则和总体框架的设计思路以及空间数据库和属性数据库的构建框架，重点介绍了系统主要功能模块——生命线工程模块的设计内容。 相似文献
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Integration of principal components analysis and cellular automata for spatial decisionmaking and urban simulation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper discusses the issues about the correlation of spatial variables during spatial decisionmaking using multicriteria
evaluation (MCE) and cellular automata (CA). The correlation of spatial variables can cause the malfunction of MCE. In urban
simulation, spatial factors often exhibit a high degree of correlation which is considered as an undesirable property for
MCE. This study uses principal components analysis (PCA) to remove data redundancy among a large set of spatial variables
and determine ‘ideal points’ for land development. PCA is integrated with cellular automata and geographical information systems
(GIS) for the simulation of idealized urban forms for planning purposes. 相似文献
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研究以绵阳市为例,选取城市人口密度、固定应急避难场所服务区范围、派出所服务区范围、医院服务区范围、消防队服务区范围及重大危险源爆炸范围等6项基本因子,利用GIS技术和层次分析法（AHP）对城市地震灾后应急能力进行研究。得到的绵阳市地震灾后应急能力主要结论有2个。（1）处于中低灾害应对能力的区域占总研究区面积的60.28%,表明:绵阳市二环路内整体灾害应急能力偏低,防灾减灾风险较大。（2）灾后应急能力较弱的地区主要为园艺山片区、南河片区、小枧片区以及二环路东西沿线。研究成果可为绵阳市制定城市专项防灾规划提供指导和建议,研究分析方法亦可为国内其他城市的防灾研究提供借鉴。 相似文献
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The numerical modeling of the impacts of urban buildings in mesoscale meteorological models has gradually improved in recent years. Correctly representing the latent heat flux from urban surfaces is a key issue in urban land-atmosphere coupling studies but is a common weakness in current urban canopy models. Using the surface energy balance data at a height of 140 m from a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing, we conducted a 1-year continuous off-line simulation by using a coupled land surface model and a single-layer urban canopy model and found that this model has a relatively large systematic error for simulated latent heat flux. To improve the numerical method for modeling latent heat flux from urban surfaces, we combined observational analysis and urban land surface model to derive an oasis effect coefficient for urban green areas; to develop a temporal variation formula for water availability in urban impervious surfaces; and to specify a diurnal profile and the maximum values of anthropogenic latent heat release for four seasons. These results are directly incorporated into the urban land surface model to improve model performance. In addition, this method serves as a reference for studies in other urban areas. 相似文献
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Urban land expansion and arable land loss of the major cities in China in the 1990s 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
TAN Minghong LI Xiubin & LU Changhe Institute of Geographic Sciences Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(9):1492-1500
China is a country with vast population and scarce arable land per capita. China’s population is more than 1.2 billion, about one-fifth of the world’s total, while the arable land area is only 0.106 hm2 per capita, less than half of the world’s average of 0.23 hm2[1]. Arable land conservation/food security has been acknowl- edged as one of the main factors affecting the sustain- able socio-economic development in China[2], which catches the special attention of many scholars at home and abr… 相似文献