共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Distribution and partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different size fractions in sediments from Boston Harbor, United States. 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
The concentrations of 16 US EPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in four size fractions (< 62, 62-125, 125-250, and > 250 microm) in three contaminated Boston Harbor sediments. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 7.3 to 358 microg/g dry wt. and varied largely among the different size fractions in these sediments. For all three sites, the highest PAH concentrations were associated with the large size (> 250 microm) fractions while the fine silt and clay fractions (< 62 microm) contained relatively low PAHs. Despite the great concentration differences, the composition of PAHs in the four size fractions of these sediments showed similar patterns dominated by PAHs with three or more rings. By examining the distribution patterns of selected alkyl homologs to parent compounds, the results indicate that the major PAHs contributing to the high contamination in the inner harbor sediments were from pyrogenic sources. A positive correlation between PAHs and sedimentary organic carbon exists for all size fractions in the sediments. Calculated organic carbon normalized partition coefficients (log K(oc)) for selected major PAHs indicate near-equilibrium partitioning of PAHs among the different size fractions despite their large concentration variations. Sedimentary organic matter associated with different size fractions was the controlling factor for the observed distribution differences of PAHs among the size fractions. Our results also suggest that sedimentary organic matter with different origins and maturities may have somewhat different PAH sorption characteristics. Particulate organic matter of charcoal, plant detritus and Capitella fecal pellets in the sediments appear to sorb PAHs more strongly than organic matter associated with clay minerals. The strong association of PAHs with these organic particles in sediments will have a great influence not only on their distribution but also on long-term environmental impact. 相似文献
2.
The occurrence of plutonium isotopes derived from the Windscale reprocessing facility discharges and weapons test fallout in intertidal sediments of the Wyre estuary, northwest England, is reported. Windscale plutonium appears to be slowly transported to the estuary in association with sedimentary material, and its distribution in surface and buried sediments is controlled by the variations in organic matter content of the sediments and/or their grain size characteristics. Results from chemical leaching experiments suggest that very little plutonium is ion exchangeable or in humic substances, but it is in other organic and Fe/Mn hydrous oxide fractions of the sediments. Plutonium shows a similar depositional behaviour to mercury which enters the Wyre directly in local industrial discharges. 相似文献
3.
为明确长江中游地区湖泊沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的分布特征、来源及其生态风险,于2018年7月采集了该地区12个湖泊的表层沉积物样品.采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定了沉积物中16种PAHs的含量.结果表明：12个湖泊沉积物中均检测出16种优控PAHs,PAHs的总含量在572.7~1766.2 ng/g （dw）之间（均值为976.5±285.0 ng/g （dw））.武汉市东湖沉积物中PAHs含量最高,达到1634.8±111.4 ng/g （dw）.与国内外其他地区湖泊沉积物相比,长江中游地区湖泊沉积物中PAHs含量高于国内偏远地区的抚仙湖、青海湖及博斯腾湖,低于东部地区的巢湖、太湖及美国经济工业发达地区的湖泊.根据单体PAH的聚类分析结果,12个湖泊可以分成3种类型,类型1主要以低环为主,占比为64.04%±7.02%,类型2低环和中高环分布相对平均,分别为50.76%±5.17%和49.24%±5.17%,类型3低、中、高环分布相对平均,占比分别为35.35%±3.56%、26.17%±0.45%和38.48%±3.84%.综合该区域PAHs的分布特征及异构体比值法与主成分分析法的结果表明,类型1湖泊沉积物中PAHs主要来源为煤炭、木材等生物质的燃烧源;类型2和类型3湖泊沉积物中PAHs主要来源为煤炭、木材等生物质的低温燃烧以及机动车等燃烧汽油、柴油的尾气排放和工业炼焦等化石燃料的高温燃烧源.沉积物中PAHs与总有机碳（TOC）之间显著的相关性表明,沉积物中TOC含量是影响长江中游湖泊沉积物中PAHs归趋分布的主要因素.长江中游流域湖泊沉积物中PAHs的RQNCs值均小于800,且RQMPCs值大于1的风险商值法生态风险评价结果表明,长江中游流域湖泊表层沉积物中PAHs整体呈中等风险水平. 相似文献
4.
Radiocarbon dating of soils and sediments is notoriously problematic for the purposes of dating a specific event due to their heterogeneous mix of multiple organic fractions, each of which may have a different radiocarbon age. Numerous studies have failed to agree on which sedimentary fraction or radiocarbon pre-treatment method, if any, provides the closest agreement between the age of a sedimentary fraction and that of associated plant macrofossils or charcoal. We tested the stepped-combustion method of McGeehin et al. (2001), as well as standard radiocarbon humin and humic extraction techniques, using samples from a chronologically well-constrained perennially-frozen site at Quartz Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada. The ages in closest agreement with associated radiocarbon-dated plant macrofossils and with the overlying Dawson tephra were given by the humic and humin fractions, but even these were still older than the macrofossil ages by up to 4195 ± 260 radiocarbon years. The low temperature (LT) humin method recommended by McGeehin et al. (2001) yielded ages older than the macrofossils by up to nearly 4425 ± 240 radiocarbon years. These fractions, while still providing information on the mobility and potential residence times of carbon in soils and sediments, should not be relied upon to provide consistently accurate site chronologies. 相似文献
5.
Hung CC Gong GC Ko FC Lee HJ Chen HY Wu JM Hsu ML Peng SC Nan FH Santschi PH 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,63(5-12):464-470
This study measured concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments in the East China Sea (ECS) to investigate possible sources and fate of PAHs. Total concentration of PAHs in the sediments of the ECS ranged from 22 to 244 ng g(-1), with the highest levels in the coastal area and outer shelf. The observed PAH results showed elevated levels in both inner and outer shelf areas, a finding that is different from predictions by an ocean circulation model, suggesting that terrestrial sources are important for PAH contaminations in the ECS, while sediment resuspension, tidal changes and lateral transport may be important in affecting the distribution of PAHs in the outer shelf. The distribution of PAHs in the surface sediments of the ECS is similar to the distribution of carbonaceous materials (e.g., particulate organic carbon and black carbon), suggesting that carbonaceous materials may strongly affect the distribution of PAHs. 相似文献
6.
为探究洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物有机磷的空间分布及外源输入对其形态转化的影响,本文利用Ivanoff法开展有机磷形态特征研究,并通过实验室添加常见外源有机质和铁离子,深入探讨外源物质对沉积物有机磷形态变化的长期影响.研究结果表明,洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物有机磷含量范围为34.8～398.6 mg/kg,占总磷的7.7%～36.9%,其中非活性有机磷(NOP)中活性有机磷(MLOP)活性有机磷(LOP).濉河沉积物LOP平均占比为19.4%,高于其他河流,而成子河NOP平均占比最高,为56.41%,表明有机磷的空间分布不均匀.总体而言,安河和濉河沉积物中总氮、总磷和有机磷含量显著高于成子河和淮河,显示前两条河流有较高的污染水平.冗余分析表明河流沉积物有机磷形态明显受到其理化性质影响,而不同污染程度沉积物的影响因素有所不同.外源物质添加能够活化沉积物的有机磷,促使NOP向LOP和MLOP转化,有机质输入引起的沉积物有机磷形态变化要大于铁元素输入,而外源物质输入对污染较重河流沉积物的有机磷转化作用更为显著.因此,减少入湖河流周边的外源污染排放是减少湖泊生物可利用磷的有效途径. 相似文献
7.
8.
First order removal rates for 15 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, sediments and mangrove leaves were compared in relation to the parameters used in fate transport analyses (i.e., octanol–water partition coefficient, organic carbon–water partition coefficient, solubility, diffusivity in water, HOMO–LUMO gap, molecular size, molecular aspect ratio). The quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) and quantitative structure property relationships (QSPR) showed that the rate of disappearance of PAHs is correlated with their diffusivities in water as well as molecular volumes in different media. Strong correlations for the rate of disappearance of PAHs in sediments could not be obtained in relation to most of the parameters evaluated. The analyses showed that the QSAR and QSPR correlations developed for removal rates of PAHs in soils would not be adequate for sediments and plant tissues. 相似文献
9.
Determination of Partition Coefficients for Selected PAHs between Water and Dissolved Organic Matter
The fate and transport of highly hydrophobic chemicals are affected by the partitioning between water and dissolved organic carbon. Large variation in the partition coefficient (KDOCw) is often found, due to the selection of model organic matter or potential experimental artifacts. To investigate the roles of the type of organic matter on the partitioning of highly hydrophobic compounds, the partition coefficients of eight selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with 3–6 aromatic rings, were determined using a passive dosing/extraction method between water and model dissolved organic matter (humic acid, fulvic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle (SDS), and 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin). Although the KDOCw values for 3–4 ring PAHs in this study were close to those reported in the literature, experimental KDOCw values between Aldrich humic acid (AHA) and water were higher than values reported in the literature for 5–6 ring PAHs. The KDOCw values were highest for AHA, followed by SDS and Suwannee river fulvic acid (SFA). The slopes of the linear regression between log KDOCw and log Kow were 1.23 (± 0.13), 0.82 (± 0.09), and 0.59 (± 0.13) for AHA, SDS, and SFA, respectively. The differences in the KDOCw values between AHA and the other organic matter (SDS, SFA, and CD) increased with increasing hydrophobicity of the PAHs, showing that the sorption of highly hydrophobic chemicals to the humic acid fraction may be important in the presence of mixed organic matter. 相似文献
10.
11.
《Acta Geochimica》2016,(1)
Characteristics and distributions of humic acid(HA) and soil organic matter(SOM) in a yellow soil profile and a limestone soil profile of the southwest China Karst area were systematically investigated to reveal their evolutions in different soils of the study area. The results showed that characteristics and distribution of SOM along the two soil profiles were notably different. Total organic carbon(TOC) contents of soil samples decreased just slightly along the limestone soil profile but sharply along the yellow soil profile. TOCs of the limestone soils were significantly higher than those of the corresponding yellow soils, and C/N ratios of SOMs showed a similar variation trend to that of TOCs, indicating that SOM can be better conserved in the limestone soil than in the yellow soil. The soil humic acids were exhaustively extracted and further fractionated according to their apparent molecular weights using ultrafiltration techniques to explore underlying conservation mechanisms. The result showed that C/N ratios of HAs from different limestone soil layers were relatively stable and that large molecular HA fractions predominated the bulk HA of the top soil, indicating that HA in the limestone profile was protected while bio and chemical degradations were retarded. Combined with organic elements contents and mineral contents of two soils, weconcluded that high calcium contents in limestone soils may play a key role in SOM conservation by forming complexation compounds with HAs or/and enclosing SOMs with hypergene CaCO_3 precipitation. 相似文献
12.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(5-12):464-470
This study measured concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments in the East China Sea (ECS) to investigate possible sources and fate of PAHs. Total concentration of PAHs in the sediments of the ECS ranged from 22 to 244 ng g−1, with the highest levels in the coastal area and outer shelf. The observed PAH results showed elevated levels in both inner and outer shelf areas, a finding that is different from predictions by an ocean circulation model, suggesting that terrestrial sources are important for PAH contaminations in the ECS, while sediment resuspension, tidal changes and lateral transport may be important in affecting the distribution of PAHs in the outer shelf. The distribution of PAHs in the surface sediments of the ECS is similar to the distribution of carbonaceous materials (e.g., particulate organic carbon and black carbon), suggesting that carbonaceous materials may strongly affect the distribution of PAHs. 相似文献
13.
Sources and geochemical constraints of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and mussels of two Northern Irish Sea-loughs. 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were sampled from 30 sediment and 8 mussel (Mytilus edulis) stations in two Northern Irish Sea-toughs. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sedimentary organic carbon, % silt/clay and mean grain size were analysed in order to assess the role of geochemistry on PAH distribution. With the exception of two sites in Larne Lough representing localized regions of high contamination, sum(PAHs) in sediments ranged between 83 and 2300 ng g(-1). Regression analysis indicated that particle size and organic C were dominant factors in controlling the distribution of PAHs throughout the sediments. Sources of PAHs in both sea-loughs were dominated by pyrogenic inputs suggesting that diffuse sources such as atmospheric deposition may be a major source to both water bodies. The sum of PAHs in mussels ranged between 95 and 184 ng g(-1). Variations in concentrations may be explained by differences in the condition between mussel populations. Mussels in both sea-loughs exhibit similar metabolic activities towards the PAH compounds which were predominantly bioaccumulated from sediments. 相似文献
14.
To determine the impact of genetic toxicity caused by the Hebei Spirit oil spill on December 7, 2007, we measured DNA damage in the blood cells of striped beakperch in vitro after exposure to extracts from sediments in the Taean area. The objective of this study was to investigate temporal changes of toxic effects caused by residual PAHs in the sediments up to 18 months after an oil spill. In conclusion, DNA damage had reduced over this 18-month period; that is, the sediments recovered quickly from the oil pollution. In addition, statistically significant correlations between PAHs and DNA damage were observed. Because the comet assay is sensitive to DNA damage induced by genotoxic substances from the polluted sediments, the comet assay can be considered a useful tool as a biomarker in investigating genetic toxicity in environmental monitoring and elucidating the recovery of oil pollution after oil spill as well. 相似文献
15.
Organic matter (in terms of carbohydrates and proteins), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and bacterial density were investigated in the sediments of three stations in Genoa-Voltri Harbour (NW Mediterranean), and related to the sedimentary fungal community. Sites were significantly different in all investigated parameters (ANOVA, p<0.05), and a sharp gradient of impact in the area was found. All the 81 strains of filamentous fungi isolated, belonging to 7 genera, appeared to be linked with PAHs (p<0.05; r=0.95), whereas bacterial density was positively correlated with organic matter content (p<0.05; r=0.98). Within the fungal community, strains with a high capability to degrade xenobiotics were found. Among the genera identified, Penicillium, Mucor and Cladosporium showed the highest frequency in the sites where the heaviest concentrations of PAHs were recorded. This study suggests that fungal communities are important for in situ degradation of xenobiotics in impacted sediments. 相似文献
16.
太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物磷形态与生物可利用磷的分布及相互关系 总被引：31，自引：1，他引：30
采用EDTA螯合剂法和不同的化学提取法,研究了太湖3个不同营养水平湖区中8个位点表层沉积物总磷、各组分磷及生物可利用磷的含量分布,探讨了太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物的释磷潜力和生物可利用磷的来源．结果表明,太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物总磷、无机磷和生物可利用磷含量分布差异较大,且与各湖的营养水平相一致．有机磷含量与有机质和含水率显著相关;沉积物中Fe-P和Ca-P对生物可利用磷的贡献较大,这部分磷具有较大的潜在释放风险． 相似文献
17.
Zhiguang Song Keith W. Jones Nebojsa Marinkovic Xian Ming Xiao Huan Feng Elli Tchouparova 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(12):1041-1049
Dredging and remediation of contaminated Harbor sediments requires characterization of organic pollutants. In this paper, we apply a combination of Fourier transform IR attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) and synchrotron FTIR techniques to the investigation of sediments and related materials from New York/New Jersey Harbor and other locations. The FTIR techniques give information on the functional groups of the compounds found in the sediments and make possible measurements with a spatial resolution of about 0.015 mm. Comparisons of natural organic materials namely, river and groundwater humic substances, recent marine and lacustrine sediments, and ancient sedimentary kerogen show that contaminated NY/NJ Harbor sediments display a strong and distinct absorption in their IR spectra at 2850–2950 cm?1 identified as a C? H stretching band, indicative of the presence of anthropogenic hydrocarbons. We suggest that the presence of this band could be used for rapid screening for the presence of contaminant organic compounds in sediments encountered in dredging operations and/or as an indicator for the efficacy of sediment decontamination technologies used for treatment of dredged material. 相似文献
18.
Recycling the large amounts of organic wastes produced by agriculture, forestry, urban and industrial activities as soil, organic amendments are the most popular and efficient option for avoiding their dispersion in the environment and restoring, maintaining, and/or improving the content of soil organic matter. Chemical stability and biological maturity are two important factors for the successful use of organic wastes in agriculture with limited risk for the surrounding environment. Stabilization and maturation of raw organic wastes inherently imply the achievement of an extensive humification, that is, a wide conversion of easily degradable organic matter to refractory organic compounds that resemble native soil humic substances (HS). Soil HS are the most important components of soil organic matter responsible of several soil functions and processes. As a consequence, the amount and quality of HS‐like fractions in any organic amendment are believed to be of primary importance for its agronomic efficacy, environmental safety and economic value. The first part of this review focuses on the chemical and physico‐chemical changes occurring in the humic substances (HS) ‐like fractions of organic wastes of various nature and sources subjected to common treatment processes aimed at producing environmentally‐safe soil amendments with beneficial agronomic properties. The second part discusses the composition, structure, and chemical reactivity of the HS‐like components in organic amendments of various origins and nature, and their effects on native soil HS. The review concludes by highlighting the need for innovative research targeted mainly to achieve a better fundamental understanding of the molecular structure and reactivity of soil HS and HS‐like fractions in organic amendments, the mechanisms of HS formation and transformations in the natural environment and during the treatment processes of raw organic wastes, the interactions with metals and organic xenobiotics, and the direct physiological effects that HS may exert on plants. 相似文献
19.
Phosphorus (P) fractions and their bioavailability in the sediments from El Mex Bay and Lake Mariut in Egypt were investigated using different chemical extraction methods. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) extractable P (Olsen-P) was the largest fraction (14.42%), followed by algal available P (AAP) (3.56%), water soluble P (WSP) (0.79%), and readily desorbable P (RDP) (0.06%) for El Mex Bay. While AAP con-tributed 9.94% to total P in sediments from Lake Mariut, Olsen-P 8.53%, WSP 4.11%, and RDP 0.92%. Summation of the bioavailable P fractions didn't exceed the sediment quality guidelines, and, therefore, P doesn't represent a danger to marine organisms. Correlation coefficients showed that no apparent relations between total P (TP) and iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and calcium (Ca) in the sediments. Fur-thermore, Fe:P ratio was less than 15 indicting that there was not enough Fe in surface sediments to bind to P at most of the sampling sites. The positive correlation between TP and organic matter (OM) for Lake Mariut and El Mex Bay sediments indicated that the organic matter content of the sediment was a useful predictor of the total phosphorus content. Data from this study constitute a baseline of phosphorus bioavailability in sediments from El Mex Bay and Lake Mariut and could be used as a reference for future studies on the changes of bioavailable and residual phosphorus fractions over time. 相似文献
20.
Sediment characteristics influence the distribution and bioavailability of phosphorus (P) in river sediments. In this study, we analyzed different P fractions in the sediments of the Bronx River, New York City, NY, using sequential extraction. The results showed that the average P pool rank order was HCl?P > NaOH?P > NaHCO3?P > residue?P, and their relative proportions were 3.7: 2.0: 1.4: 1 in sediments collected in 2006, while HCl?P > NaOH?P > residue?P > NaHCO3?P, with their relative proportions of 27.8:6.2:2.7:1 in the sediments obtained in 2007. The strong correlation between microbial P and organic P (OP), along with the changes in microbial P over time indicate that most of the OP in the river bed sediments is potentially bioavailable. The sediment transport, deposition, assimilation, the exchange of P between sediments and water columns, the land use changes, raw sewer discharge, gas spill, construction, fertilizer application, etc., as well as the hydro‐climatic changes could result in the spatial and temporal variations in P bioavailability in the river bed sediments. The estimations of P pools and their bioavailability in river bed sediments could help determine the spatial and temporal variations in P transport and impacts of land use on water quality, in turn, help regulate P in the river's watershed. 相似文献