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1.
湍流强度定理和湍流发展的宏观机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
湍流是普遍存在而至今仍未被充分理解的自然现象. 简单回顾了湍流理论的发展历史和现状, 指出以不同层次利用和不同方法探讨湍流特征和机制的必要性. 为此利用非平衡态热力学理论将Reynolds湍流和Bénard湍流统一地表述在动量湍流输送定理和湍流强度定理中. 证明了流体湍流发展的宏观原因是速度剪切效应和温度剪切效应共同作用的结果, 速度剪切效应和温度剪切效应也是湍流场相空间轨线不断拉伸和折叠的宏观原因. 并以大气实验资料证明, 湍流强度唯象系数不仅是速度剪切的函数, 还是温度剪切, 即大气热力层结稳定度的函数. 从而以实验事实证明了湍流强度定理的真实性. 相似文献
2.
本文利用2012年4月30日至5月10日华北地区大气湍流实验资料,分析了冬小麦田下垫面温度、湿度、二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的湍流统计和输送特征,利用涡旋相关法计算的CH4通量值确定了松弛涡旋累积(REA)法计算CH4通量的经验系数.结果表明,不稳定层结下,温度、湿度、CO2和CH4的归一化标准差随稳定度参数z/L的关系满足-1/3幂次关系.热量、水汽和CO2水平方向的湍流输送和垂直方向的比值与稳定度参数z/L存在一定的相关关系,但CH4没有类似特征.实验期间,感热通量数值较低,潜热通量较高;CO2在夜间表现出微弱的向上输送,其余时段为向下输送,可以认为实验站所在地区是碳汇;CH4的湍流输送整体为向下输送,无明显的日变化规律,可以认为是CH4汇.利用松弛涡旋累积法获取CO2和CH4通量的参数取值分别为0.61和0.30. 相似文献
3.
利用中科院国家空间科学中心廊坊观测站（40.0° N,116.3° E）钠荧光多普勒激光雷达观测数据对钠原子的重力波输送和湍流输送进行分析,利用流星雷达观测数据对钠原子的环流输送进行分析,结果显示重力波动力学输送、重力波化学输送、湍流混合输送及环流输送对钠原子输送贡献的量级相当.其中重力波动力学输送在85~100 km整体为负向,在90~95 km占主要地位的平均输送速度为-3.1 cm·s-1;重力波化学输送在85~94 km为正向,94~100 km基本为负向,在85~90 km占主要地位的平均输送速度为3.3 cm·s-1;湍流混合输送在85~95 km为负向,95~100 km为正向,在85~90 km占主要地位的平均输送速度为-4.9 cm·s-1;85~100 km环流输送整体为正向,平均输送速度为1 cm·s-1.88~95 km四种动力学输送产生的平均合速度为-1 cm·s-1,负向的垂直输送特征对钠原子"源""汇"平衡十分重要.本文结果可为不同大气圈层之间重力波产生的能量物质交换机制研究和圈层之间的耦合过程研究提供观测事实参考,为大气化学成分的垂直输送机制建模提供参数化依据. 相似文献
4.
本文利用2006年夏季大气边界层观测资料,采用涡动相关法分析了我国西北地区戈壁下垫面碳收支及水热循环的规律和特征,并分析了大气湍流特征.结果表明:夏季白天的CO2湍流通量呈逆输送特征,即CO2白天向下输送,夜间向上输送,平均数值为-0.199 mg·m-2·s-1,整体上表现为碳汇;戈壁地区湿度小,其数值受水平来流的影响较大,日变化特征不明显;温度的归一化标准差与稳定度参数的关系满足Monin-Obukhov Similarity (MOS)理论;温度和CO2的能谱相似;互谱uc与uθ,wc与wθ相似;水汽和CO2的输送主要受水平方向湍流的影响. 相似文献
5.
大量近地层观测试验表明,利用涡动相关法观测的湍流通量小于近地层可利用能量,即近地层能量是不闭合的,这种不闭合度一般为20%甚至更高.而陆面过程模式是基于地气间能量平衡建立,并且模式中的湍流边界层参数化方案通常根据实际观测的湍流通量来确定,因此能量不闭合必将对陆面过程模式造成一定的影响.本文利用2007年春季SACOL站的近地层观测资料,依据能量守恒将能量不闭合中的残余能量通过波文比分配到观测的湍流通量中,即修正涡动相关法观测的湍流通量使得近地层能量达到平衡;之后分别利用观测和修正的湍流通量,建立了能量不闭合和闭合情形下的湍流参数化方案,借助陆面过程模式SHAW,通过数值模拟和对比分析方法考察近地层能量闭合度对陆面过程模式的影响.研究结果表明近地层能量闭合对陆面过程模式有显著的影响:在陆面过程数值模拟中,当应用近地层能量不闭合的湍流通量形成的湍流参数化方案时,陆面过程模式会明显高估地表长波辐射及土壤温度;但当应用修正湍流通量使得近地层能量达到闭合形成的湍流参数化方案后,在不改变任何地表土壤物理生化属性的情况下,陆面过程模式能较好地模拟地表长波辐射和土壤温度. 相似文献
6.
利用ERA Interim再分析风和海浪资料、SODA三维温盐流资料、WOA09海洋温盐客观分析资料计算了风和潮汐引起的大洋垂直湍流混合系数,并从外部风能量输入、混合引起的重力位能改变、人为限定混合系数上限、不考虑外部能量输入的K理论参数化方案角度分别讨论了大洋垂直混合的能量守恒问题.研究表明:平均化资料和混合系数限定都会造成显著的能量不守恒,二者可造成高达90%的能量损失及能量输入周期律的显著改变.风在南大洋有巨大的能量输入至海洋上层湍流中,潮汐在深海山脉附近也有巨大的能量输入.本文认为严格考虑外部风和潮汐能量输入对于海洋长期气候模拟是必要的,在目前模式技术水平下恰当的使用本文计算出的混合系数集是一个快速经济的选择. 相似文献
7.
从次小尺度海洋运动方程和运动近各向同性假定出发,本文给出高确定性的海洋湍流二阶矩闭合方程和特征量变化方程.这组方程描述波动、涡旋和环流等较大尺度运动对海洋湍流的剪切不稳定性生成机制.同时,基于海浪破碎是湍流海面生成主要机制的认识,本文按破碎海浪统计理论给出湍流特征量变化方程的海面边界条件,包括由破碎能量损耗和卷入深度分别确定的海面动能通量和动能耗散率.根据上层海洋湍流特征量方程的平衡解和关于动能耗散率的观测资料,本文得到海浪生湍流混合系数的解析估计.所得到的海浪生湍流动能耗散率与观测资料进行了定性与定量对比,混合系数与先前Prandtl混合长度理论估计的一致性检验. 相似文献
8.
本文利用高分辨率中尺度WRF模式,通过改变边界层参数化方案进行多组试验,评估该模式对美国北部森林地区边界层结构的模拟能力,同时比较了五种不同边界层参数化方案模拟得出的边界层热力和动力结构.结果表明：除个别方案外,配合不同边界层方案的WRF模式都能成功模拟出白天对流边界层强湍流混合特征和夜间稳定边界层内强逆温、逆湿和低空急流等热力和动力结构.非局地YSU、ACM2方案在白天表现出强的湍流混合和卷夹,相比于局地MYJ、UW方案,模拟的对流边界层温度更高、湿度更低、混合层高度更高、感热通量更大,更接近实际观测,这表明在不稳定层结下考虑非局地大涡输送更为合理,但局地方案在风速和风向的预报上存在一定优势.TEMF方案得到的白天局地湍流混合强度为所有方案中最弱,混合层难以发展,无法体现对流边界层内气象要素垂直分布均匀的特点.对于夜间稳定边界层的模拟,不同参数化方案之间的差异较小,但是YSU方案在一定程度上高估了机械湍流,导致局地湍流混合偏强,从而影响了其对稳定边界层的模拟能力. 相似文献
9.
10.
森林冠层上下湍流谱结构和耗散率 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用新型三维超声风速 /温度仪 ,根据在长白山原始森林冠层上下两个高度上测量的湍流资料 ,采用涡动相关法计算和分析了森林冠层上下湍流谱的结构、局地各向同性和耗散率 .结果表明 ,在惯性副区 ,归一化湍流谱遵从 - 23的指数规律 ;在森林冠层上 ,尽管谱的形状与均匀表面的一致 ,但是 ,大气湍流是非各向同性的 ;而在森林冠层内则是近似各向同性的 ;森林冠层上下湍流能量和热量耗散率比典型草原和牧场的结果大 ,揭示了森林粗糙表面在湍流输送过程中的动力扰动和对大涡的破碎作用 相似文献
11.
Willem V. R. Malkus 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1983,121(3):391-400
A new formulation of the problem of the statistical stability of fully turbulent shear flow is proposed, in which one seeks
mean fields that bound the observed flow from the stable side. In the spirit of maximum transport theory, this formulation
admits a larger set of “flows” than are dynamically possible. A sequence of constraints derived from the equations of motion
can narrow this set, permitting at each step the determination of a “most stable” field free of any empirical elements. Turbulent
channel flow is proposed as the first application and test of this quantitative theory. Past deductive theories for this flow,
from “mean field” to “transport upper bounds,” are assessed. It is shown why these theories do not retain the significant
destabilizing mechanisms of the actual flow. The implications for turbulent flow of recent work on the nonlinear and three-dimensional
instability of laminar shearing flow are described. In first exploration of the “decoupled mean” stability theory proposed
here, approximate analytical and numerical stability methods are used to find an amplitude and structure for the averaged
flow propoerties. The quantitative results differ by considerably less than two from the observed values, providing an incentive
for a more complete numerical study and for further constraints on the admitted class of flows. In the language now current
for nonlinear stability theory, evidence is advanced here that anN-dimensional central manifold is adjacent to the realized turbulent flow, whereN has the largest possible value compatible with the dynamical relations. 相似文献
12.
The saltation regime is very important for understanding the sediment transport mechanism. However,there is no consensus on a model for the saltation regime. This study answers several questions raised with respect to the Eulerian-Lagrangian modeling of sediment transport. The first question is why the previous saltation models that use different combinations of hydrodynamic forces yielded acceptable results? The second question is which shear lift model(i.e. a shear lift expression and its coefficient) is more appropriate? Another important question is which hydrodynamic forces have greater contributions to the saltation characteristics of a sediment particle? The last question is what are the contributions of the turbulence fluctuations as well as effects of using two-and three-dimensional(2 D and 3 D) models on the simulation results? In order to fairly answer these questions, a systematic study was done by considering different scenarios. The current study is the first attempt to clearly discuss these issues. A comprehensive 3 D saltation model for non-cohesive sediment was developed that includes all the hydrodynamic forces acting on the particle. The random nature of sediment transport was included using turbulent flow and bed-particle collision models. The eddy interaction model was applied to generate a3 D turbulent flow field. Bed-particle collisions were considered using the concept of a contact zone and a corresponding contact point. The validation of the model was done using the available experimental data for a wide range of sediment size(0.03 to 4.8 cm). For the first question, the results indicated that some of the hydrodynamic effects show opposing trends and some have negligible effects. With these opposing effects it is possible to adjust the coefficients of different models to achieve acceptable agreement with the same experimental data while omitting some aspects of the physics of the process. A suitable model for the shear lift force was developed by linking the lift coefficient to the drag coefficient and the contributions of the hydrodynamic forces and turbulence fluctuations as well as the consequences of using of 2 D and 3 D models were studied. The results indicate that the shear lift force and turbulent flow fluctuations are important factors for the saltation of both sand and gravel, and they cannot be ignored. 相似文献
13.
We propose a new numerical solution to the first‐order linear acoustic/elastic wave equation. This numerical solution is based on the analytic solution of the linear acoustic/elastic wave equation and uses the Lie product formula, where the time evolution operator of the analytic solution is written as a product of exponential matrices where each exponential matrix term is then approximated by Taylor series expansion. Initially, we check the proposed approach numerically and then demonstrate that it is more accurate to apply a Taylor expansion for the exponential function identity rather than the exponential function itself. The numerical solution formulated employs a recursive procedure and also incorporates the split perfectly matched layer boundary condition. Thus, our scheme can be used to extrapolate wavefields in a stable manner with even larger time‐steps than traditional finite‐difference schemes. This new numerical solution is examined through the comparison of the solution of full acoustic wave equation using the Chebyshev expansion approach for the matrix exponential term. Moreover, to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of our proposed solution, seismic modelling results of three geological models are presented and the processing time for each model is compared with the computing time taking by the Chebyshev expansion method. We also present the result of seismic modelling using the scheme based in Lie product formula and Taylor series expansion for the first‐order linear elastic wave equation in vertical transversely isotropic and tilted transversely isotropic media as well. Finally, a post‐stack migration results are also shown using the proposed method. 相似文献
14.
Mostafa Bakhoday Paskyabi 《Ocean Dynamics》2016,66(11):1429-1448
The dispersion and transport of single inertial particles through an oscillatory turbulent aquatic environment are examined numerically by a Lagrangian particle tracking model using a series of idealised test cases. The turbulent mixing is incorporated into the Lagrangian model by the means of a stochastic scheme in which the inhomogeneous turbulent quantities are governed by a one-dimensional k- ε turbulence closure scheme. This vertical mixing model is further modified to include the effects of surface gravity waves including Coriolis-Stokes forcing, wave breaking, and Langmuir circulations. To simplify the complex interactions between the deterministic and the stochastic phases of flow, we assume a time-invariant turbulent flow field and exclude the hydrodynamic biases due to the effects of ambient mean current. The numerical results show that the inertial particles acquire perturbed oscillations traced out as time-varying sinking/rising orbits in the vicinity of the sea surface under linear and cnoidal waves and acquire a non-looping single arc superimposed with the high-frequency fluctuations beneath the nonlinear solitary waves. Furthermore, we briefly summarise some recipes through the course of this paper on the implementation of the stochastic particle tracking models to realistically describe the drift and suspension of inertial particles throughout the water column. 相似文献
15.
在采用各向异性湍流动能闭合方案和3阶Runge Kutta时间积分方案的大涡模式中,引入由森林冠层粗糙元造成的动量拖曳项、热量输入项和TKE耗散项,以模拟森林冠层和森林边界层的气象场. 通过中性和不稳定层结条件下不同叶面积指数算例的模拟分析及与已有观测结果的比较表明,本文所建大涡模式对森林冠层和森林边界层有较好的模拟效果. 进一步研究表明：不稳定层结条件下较稠密的森林冠层中特有的Kinking & Pairing湍涡结构与森林边界层中湍流的大涡运动相互作用,形成了森林冠层附近的温度斜坡型结构. 相似文献
16.
This work is the seventh in a series that introduces and employs the thermodynamically constrained averaging theory (TCAT) for modeling flow and transport in multiscale porous medium systems. This paper expands the previous analyses in the series by developing models at a scale where spatial variations within the system are not considered. Thus the time variation of variables averaged over the entire system is modeled in relation to fluxes at the boundary of the system. This implementation of TCAT makes use of conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy as well as an entropy balance. Additionally, classical irreversible thermodynamics is assumed to hold at the microscale and is averaged to the megascale, or system scale. The fact that the local equilibrium assumption does not apply at the megascale points to the importance of obtaining closure relations that account for the large-scale manifestation of small-scale variations. Example applications built on this foundation are suggested to stimulate future work. 相似文献
17.
《Advances in water resources》1998,21(3):237-249
The transport and fate of reactive chemicals in groundwater is governed by equations which are often difficult to solve due to the nonlinear relationship between the solute concentrations for the liquid and solid phases. The nonlinearity may cause mass balance errors during the numerical simulation in addition to numerical errors for linear transport system. We have generalized the modified Picard iteration algorithm of Celia et al.5 for unsaturated flow to solve the nonlinear transport equation. Written in a ‘mixed-form’ formulation, the total solute concentration is expanded in a Taylor series with respect to the solution concentration to linearize the transport equation, which is then solved with a conventional finite element method. Numerical results of this mixed-form algorithm are compared with those obtained with the concentration-based scheme using conventional Picard iteration. In general, the new solver resulted in negligible mass balance errors (< ∥10−8∥%) and required less computational time than the conventional iteration scheme for the test examples, including transport involving highly nonlinear adsorption under steady-state as well as transient flow conditions. In contrast, mass balance errors resulting from the conventional Picard iteration method were higher than 10% for some highly nonlinear problems. Application of the modified Picard iteration scheme to solve the nonlinear transport equation may greatly reduce the mass balance errors and increase computational efficiency. 相似文献
18.
Reactive contaminant transport models are used by hydrologists to simulate and study the migration and fate of industrial waste in subsurface aquifers. Accurate transport modeling of such waste requires clear understanding of the system’s parameters, such as sorption and biodegradation. In this study, we present an efficient sequential data assimilation scheme that computes accurate estimates of aquifer contamination and spatially variable sorption coefficients. This assimilation scheme is based on a hybrid formulation of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and optimal interpolation (OI) in which solute concentration measurements are assimilated via a recursive dual estimation of sorption coefficients and contaminant state variables. This hybrid EnKF-OI scheme is used to mitigate background covariance limitations due to ensemble under-sampling and neglected model errors. Numerical experiments are conducted with a two-dimensional synthetic aquifer in which cobalt-60, a radioactive contaminant, is leached in a saturated heterogeneous clayey sandstone zone. Assimilation experiments are investigated under different settings and sources of model and observational errors. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid EnKF-OI scheme successfully recovers both the contaminant and the sorption rate and reduces their uncertainties. Sensitivity analyses also suggest that the adaptive hybrid scheme remains effective with small ensembles, allowing to reduce the ensemble size by up to 80% with respect to the standard EnKF scheme. 相似文献