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1.
The influence of Zn speciation on Zn transport by drainage from different soils to surface water is examined in a stream catchment
in an agricultural area. Drainage waters were collected from two types of soils, a mineral soil (MS) and a soil rich in organic
matter (OS) by means of artificial drainage pipes. The speciation of dissolved Zn in the stream and the drainage waters was
determined using ligand-exchange and voltammetry. About 50–95% of dissolved Zn is bound in strong complexes, and the free
Zn2+ ion concentration is in the range of 1–16% of dissolved Zn. A substantial part of Zn is present in weaker organic or inorganic
complexes. The simulated Zn speciation using the WHAM VI model is compared to the determined speciation. Free Zn2+ concentrations predicted by the WHAM VI model are generally higher than the analytically determined free Zn2+, but are mostly within the same order of magnitude. Effects of different soil organic matter content on Zn speciation and
transport are discussed. Zn speciation in the drainage at the OS site is influenced by the distribution of organic matter
between the solid and solution phase. The abundant organic Zn complexes in solution contribute to facilitate Zn transport
from soil into surface waters, through the drainage at the OS site. Drainage from the OS site contributes about twice as much
Zn input to the receiving water as the MS soil, as related to specific area. The mineral soil contains much lower organic
matter, and a part of Zn bound with inorganic phases can hardly be released by dissolved organic ligands, leading to much
higher Zn retention at the MS site. 相似文献
2.
1 IntroductionIncorporation of potentially toxic metals ( e.g.Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Hg, As, Se, Zn, Ni) into soils ei-ther through sewage-sludge irrigation or some othersources of pollution (e.g. atmospheric deposition, ap-plication of agri-chemicals) has posed… 相似文献
3.
Transformer oil leakage having large quantity of PCBs is one of the most deplorable incidents resulting in huge negative impacts on the environment. In this paper, two different models, i.e. CHEMCAN and the hydrocarbon spill screening models, were applied to the case study adapted from a real case of PCBs in transformer oil spill in Montreal. The oil migration was examined in three dimensions including site-specific data, soil characteristics and hydrogeological properties. This study aims to investigate the fate, transport and transformation rates of PCB in the soil, the unsaturated and the saturated zones. The proposed modelling concept helps to define the processes to be used in characterization of soil and subsurface environment as a receptor of transformer oil spill. This study includes the simulation techniques for assessing the effect of PCBs on groundwater and soil. Results from multimedia environmental model and HSSM model verify with each other, and both show that 92.7 % of PCBs were found in soil as compared to groundwater. Considering decay and sorption processes at spill location, concentration of PCBs in soil was >50 mg/kg. This study can serve as a basis for further analysis and assist in selection of remediation technique. 相似文献
4.
《Applied Geochemistry》1998,13(1):31-42
Organic material typically constitutes a substantial volume (∼ 90%) of the low-level radioactive wastes (LLRW) intended for near-surface disposal at Chalk River Laboratories (CRL), Ontario, Canada. These wastes can contain a large variety of organic materials, including paper, cardboard, plastic bags, used clothing, and mop heads. After emplacement in a disposal facility, leaching of the LLRW by water can mobilize inorganic and organic substances, ranging from small molecules such as acetic acid to unidentifiable material of colloidal size range. This study determined the potential for colloid formation produced by LLRW degradation, because colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants could affect the safety performance of a disposal facility.The decomposition of compacted LLRW was simulated by recirculating water in a closed system over several compacted bales of waste to determine the potential composition and colloid content of leachates. Size fractionation of organic matter was performed on leachate samples that had been aged for 18 months to simulate the microbial degradation of organic matter within leachates during migration out of the LLRW disposal facility. The aged leachates contained high concentrations of dissolved organic matter, ranging between 74 and 5074 mg/l as C. In most of the leachates, volatile fatty acids accounted for a significant fraction (up to 81%) of the dissolved organic carbon. Although 5–110 mg/l of organic colloids were observed in leachates, in most cases, the organic colloids made up a very small fraction of the total leached organic carbon. Therefore, since the complexation properties of dissolved and colloidal organics are probably similar, contaminants complexed to organics are most likely to be dissolved and not affected by colloid transport. The leachates also contained significant quantities of Fe and Al, which could potentially precipitate Fe and Al as colloids after oxidation. Although a significant portion of the dissolved Fe may have been produced by the corrosion of the ☐es used to contain the bales, the high Fe concentrations could be representative of leachates from LLRW that contain metallic Fe components. If Fe and Al colloids are stable, stable concentrations in LLRW leachates could be high enough to affect contaminant transport. Therefore, the Fe and Al content of LLRW should be minimized. The concentrations of natural colloids in sandy aquifers, such as those found at CRL are too low to affect contaminant migration significantly. 相似文献
5.
Kelly Addy Arthur Gold Barbara Nowicki James McKenna Mark Stolt Peter Groffman 《Estuaries and Coasts》2005,28(6):896-908
Coastal waters are severely threatened by nitrogen (N) loading from direct groundwater discharge. The subterranean estuary,
the mixing zone of fresh groundwater and sea water in a coastal aquifer, has a high potential to remove substantial N. A network
of piezometers was used to characterize the denitrification capacity and groundwater flow paths in the subterranean estuary
below a Rhode Island fringing salt marsh.15N-enriched nitrate was injected into the subterranean estuary (in situ push-pull method) to evaluate the denitrification capacity
of the saturated zone at multiple depths (125–300 cm) below different zones (upland-marsh transition zone, high marsh, and
low marsh). From the upland to low marsh, the water table became shallower, groundwater dissolved oxygen decreased, and groundwater
pH, soil organic carbon, and total root biomass increased. As groundwater approached the high and low marsh, the hydraulic
gradient increased and deep groundwater upwelled. In the warm season (groundwater temperature >12 °C), elevated groundwater
denitrification capacity within each zone was observed. The warm season low marsh groundwater denitrification capacity was
significantly higher than all other zones and depths. In the cool season (groundwater temperature <10.5 °C), elevated groundwater
denitrification capacity was only found in the low marsh. Additions of dissolved organic carbon did not alter groundwater
denitrification capacity suggesting that an alternative electron donor, possibly transported by tidal inundation from the
root zone, may be limiting. Combining flow paths with denitrification capacity and saturated porewater residence time, we
estimated that as much as 29–60 mg N could be removed from 11 of water flowing through the subterranean estuary below the
low marsh, arguing for the significance of subterranean estuaries in annual watershed scale N budgets. 相似文献
6.
Hydrogeochemical modeling of organo-metallic colloids in the Nsimi experimental watershed,South Cameroon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Sekhar Jean-Jacques Braun K. V. Hayagreeva Rao Laurent Ruiz Henri Robain Jérôme Viers Jules Rémy Ndam Bernard Dupré 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(4):831-841
This paper presents a hydrogeochemical modeling code HYDROS, which combines the multi-component transport model with equilibrium
speciation module MINTEQA2. The processes of adsorption, aqueous speciation and mineral precipitation/dissolution are represented
in the model. The numerical model uses a sequential iterative approach for solving the solute transport and the equilibrium
geochemistry modules. Further the transport part is solved using an operator split approach wherein a finite volume method
is used for solving the advective equations while a classical finite difference method is employed for solving the dispersive
equations. The model performance is evaluated by comparing it with MINTOX for a literature problem. HYDROS is then applied
to the case study of the transfer of transition metals with organic colloids in the swamp groundwater system of the experimental
Nsimi watershed, representative of the humid tropical ecosystem of the South Cameroon Plateau. Field observations at the site
swamp system suggest that the carbon is mainly transferred as organic colloids (i.e., dissolved organic carbon) produced by
the slow biodegradation of the swamp organic matter. Using HYDROS, the behaviour of Al(III) and Fe(III) elements in the base
flow system is simulated during inter rain events of a short rainy season (May–June 1996). The elemental time-series for Al,
Fe, Cl, pH compare well with the simulation results. The colloids are found to have a strong impact on the mobilization and
transfer of Al(III) and Fe(III), which are considered to have low mobility in weathering environment. 相似文献
7.
The movement of chemicals through soil to groundwater is a major cause of degradation of water resources. In many cases, serious human and stock health implications are associated with this form of pollution. The study of the effects of different factors involved in transport phenomena can provide valuable information to find the best remediation approaches. Numerical models are increasingly being used for predicting or analyzing solute transport processes in soils and groundwater. This article presents the development of a stochastic finite element model for the simulation of contaminant transport through soils with the main focus being on the incorporation of the effects of soil heterogeneity in the model. The governing equations of contaminant transport are presented. The mathematical framework and the numerical implementation of the model are described. The comparison of the results obtained from the developed stochastic model with those obtained from a deterministic method and some experimental results shows that the stochastic model is capable of predicting the transport of solutes in unsaturated soil with higher accuracy than deterministic one. The importance of the consideration of the effects of soil heterogeneity on contaminant fate is highlighted through a sensitivity analysis regarding the variance of saturated hydraulic conductivity as an index of soil heterogeneity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
S. A. Mirbagheri S. A. Hashemi Monfared 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2009,6(2):233-242
Pesticide transport and transformation were modeled in soil column from the soil surface to groundwater zone. A one dimensional dynamic mathematical and computer model is formulated to simulate two types of pesticides namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 1,2-dibromo 3-chloro propane in soil column. This model predicts the behavior and persistence of these pesticides in soil column and groundwater. The model is based on mass balance equation, including convective transport, dispersive transport and chemical adsorption in the phases such as solid, liquid and gas. The mathematical solution is obtained by finite difference implicit method. The model was verified with experimental measurements and also with analytical solution. The simulation results are in good agreement with measured values. The major findings of this research are the development of the model which can calculate and predict the concentration of pesticides in soil profiles, as well as groundwater after 4, 12, 31 days of pesticide application under steady state and unsteady water flow condition. With the results of this study, the distribution of various types of pesticides in soil column to groundwater table can be predicted. 相似文献
9.
Yu. V. Alekhin S. M. Ilina S. A. Lapitskiy M. V. Sitnikova 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2010,65(6):380-386
This work describes the evolution of migration forms of true dissolved compounds and colloidal entities using an integrated
approach with molecular mass distribution and differences in the association of trace elements with organic matter and Fe-oxide
colloids in the soil water-bog-river-lake system. One major problem is obtaining reliable information on the processes of
redistribution deposited forms and trace element complexes during the phase transformation of organic humic compounds in a
series of high-molecular-weight organic matter of bog soils to colloidal and truly dissolved forms, as well as to the river
and lake fine sediment (suspension) as a transit zone and deposit region. 相似文献
10.
Effect of the addition of granitic powder to an acidic soil from Galicia (NW Spain) in comparison with lime 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The impact of diffuse pollution, agricultural land use and climate change on the long-term response of subsurface–surface water quality is not well understood, but is a prerequisite for evaluation of water management options. The goal of this study is to model geochemical evolution of water chemistry from the infiltration through soil into the unsaturated zone, transport through bedrocks and granular aquifers to a river in order to identify zones of steep concentration gradients and high dynamics under transient flow conditions. A numerical model was constructed comprising a 2-D 1,500 m × 150 m vertical cross-section of typical sedimentary rock formations, a glacio-fluvial quaternary gravel aquifer in the valley and soil layers. The model coupled saturated/un-saturated flow and reactive transport under steady state and transient conditions. Geochemical interactions, include intra-aqueous kinetic reactions of oxygen with dissolved organic matter, as well as kinetics of carbonate dissolution/precipitation. This model section was chosen to provide insight in to the principal processes and time scales affecting water chemistry along different flow paths. The numerical simulator MIN3P was used, a finite volume program for variably saturated subsurface flow and multi-component reactive transport. The results show that subsurface water residence times range from approximately 2 to 2,000 years. Different zones are to be expected with respect to the development of mineral equilibria; namely, purely atmospherically influenced, as well as open and closed system carbonate dissolution. Short-term responses to daily averaged changes in precipitation, however, are only visible to some extent in the shallower and near-river parts of flow system and solute loads. This can most likely be explained by directional changes in flow paths, indicating that equilibrium geochemical condition predominate at the hillslope scale, i.e. water quality depends on transport pathways rather than on kinetic effects. The extent of reducing conditions is controlled by the presence of organic-rich layers (i.e. peat deposits), the dissolution kinetics of aquifer organic matter and the subsequent mixing with oxygenated water by hydrodynamic dispersion. 相似文献
11.
T. Kuppusamy 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1993,17(7):457-469
Aquifer contamination by organic chemicals in subsurface flow through soils due to leaking underground storage tanks filled with organic fluids is an important groundwater pollution problem. The problem involves transport of a chemical pollutant through soils via flow of three immiscible fluid phases: namely air, water and an organic fluid. In this paper, assuming the air phase is under constant atmospheric pressure, the flow field is described by two coupled equations for the water and the organic fluid flow taking interphase mass transfer into account. The transport equations for the contaminant in all the three phases are derived and assuming partition equilibrium coefficients, a single convective – dispersive mass transport equation is obtained. A finite element formulation corresponding to the coupled differential equations governing flow and mass transport in the three fluid phase porous medium system with constant air phase pressure is presented. Relevant constitutive relationships for fluid conductivities and saturations as function of fluid pressures lead to non-linear material coefficients in the formulation. A general time-integration scheme and iteration by a modified Picard method to handle the non-linear properties are used to solve the resulting finite element equations. Laboratory tests were conducted on a soil column initially saturated with water and displaced by p-cymene (a benzene-derivative hydrocarbon) under constant pressure. The same experimental procedure is simulated by the finite element programme to observe the numerical model behaviour and compare the results with those obtained in the tests. The numerical data agreed well with the observed outflow data, and thus validating the formulation. A hypothetical field case involving leakage of organic fluid in a buried underground storage tank and the subsequent transport of an organic compound (benzene) is analysed and the nature of the plume spread is discussed. 相似文献
12.
Lianchuan Zhou Xiaomin Chen Xiaoliang Li Xinqiang Yang Daimin Huang Wen Xia Chen Cui 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(2):273-278
The characteristics of nitrate vertical transport in soils collected from Libo and Puding in Guizhou Province were studied
by simulating soil column in laboratory. The results were as follows: (1) Vertical transport velocity of nitrate decreased,
and the breakthrough curves (BTCs) of nitrate were more dispersed, in each horizon from surface layer to bottom layer in every
soil profile. As rocky desertification progressed, the BTCs experienced a gentle up and down trend, and tailing was more obvious.
(2) An analytical solute transport model (CXTFIT 2.0) was used to estimate nitrate dispersion coefficient (D) and average pore water velocity (V) from the observed BTCs. The results showed that CXTFIT 2.0 model was suitable in fitting the nitrate transport in these
soils. The dispersion coefficient was found to be a function of average pore water velocity. (3) The transport of nitrate
was mainly affected by the soil structural coefficient. As soil structural coefficient decreased, nitrate outflow was retarded,
and the peak concentration was reduced. Soil bulk density, organic matter, and clay also affected the vertical transport of
nitrate. Low bulk density, clay content, and high organic matter content were each associated with faster nitrate transport. 相似文献
13.
《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(23-24):4013-4035
The effect of organic matter during soil/water interaction is still a debated issue on the controls of chemical weathering in a tropical environment. In order to study this effect in detail, we focused on the weathering processes occurring in a small tropical watershed (Nsimi-Zoetélé, South Cameroon). This site offers an unique opportunity to study weathering mechanisms in a lateritic system within a small basin by coupling soil and water chemistry.The lateritic cover in this site can reach up to 40 m in depth and show two pedological distinct zones: unsaturated slope soils on the hills and/or elevated areas; and water-saturated soils in the swamp zone which represent 20% of the basin surface. The study present chemical analysis performed on water samples collected monthly from different localities between 1994–1997 and on soil samples taken during a well drilling in December 1997. The results suggest the existence of chemical and spatial heterogeneities of waters in the basin: colored waters flooding the swamp zone have much higher concentrations of both organic matter (i.e., DOC) and inorganic ions (e.g., Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Th, Zr) than those from springs and groundwater from the hills. Nevertheless, these organic-rich waters present cation concentrations (Na, Ca, Mg, K) which are among the lowest compared to that of most world rivers. The main minerals in the soils are secondary kaolinite, iron oxi-hydroxides, quartz, and accessory minerals (e.g., zircon, rutile). We mainly focused on the mineralogical and geochemical study of the swamp zone soils and showed through SEM observations the textural characterization of weathered minerals such as kaolinite, zircon, rutile, and the secondary recrystallization of kaolinite microcrystals within the soil profile. Water chemistry and mineralogical observations suggest that hydromorphic soils of the swamp zone are responsible for almost all chemical weathering in the basin. Thus, in order to explain the increase of element concentration in the organic-rich waters, we suggest that organic acids enhance dissolution of minerals such as kaolinite, goethite, and zircon and also favors the transport of insoluble elements such as Al, Fe, Ti, Zr, and REE by chemical complexation. SiO2(aq) concentrations in these waters are above saturation with respect to quartz. Dissolution of phytholithes (amorphous silica) may be responsible for this relatively high SiO2(aq.) concentration. Al/Mg ratios obtained for the soil and the Mengong river waters show that a significant amount of Al does not leave the system due to kaolinite recrystallisation in the swamp zone soils. Geochemical data obtained for this watershed show the important contribution of vegetation and organic matter on chemical weathering in the swamp zone. Quantitatively we propose that the increasing amount in total dissolved solid (TDS) due to organic matter and vegetation effect is about 35%. In summary, this interaction between soils and waters occurs mostly in soils that are very depleted in soluble elements. Thus, the low concentration of major elements in these water is a direct consequence of the depleted nature of the soils. 相似文献
14.
在沈抚灌区野外调查和室内外试验的基础上, 建立水分-反应性石油污染物运移的耦合数学模型, 采用数值方法模拟可溶性油(有效油) 的分布规律, 并定量分析了石油污染土壤不同恢复方案的可行性.研究结果表明, 土壤中的化学作用使可溶性油运移速度远远小于土壤水的入渗速度, 所以可溶性油主要分布在土壤耕作层之内, 难以通过灌溉污水的入渗直接污染地下水; 另外, 清污混合灌溉和改变作物结构的控制方案虽然可以大大降低土壤中可溶性油的含量, 但石油污染土壤的彻底恢复还必须依靠地表水或地下水的合理灌溉 相似文献
15.
基于DRAINMOD-S模型的滨海盐碱地农田暗管排水模拟 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
在分析农田暗管排水饱和-非饱和土壤水、盐运移数学模型的基础上,对DRAINMOD-S模型的基本原理和参数输入要求进行了详细描述,利用典型滨海盐碱地区实测土壤、气象、作物等资料,用DRAINMOD模型对不同排水暗管布置方案的地下水埋深进行了长序列模拟,在模拟率定参数的基础上,用DRAINMOD-S模型对0~80 cm土壤层剖面含盐量进行了模拟,结果表明:模型具有良好的水文模拟性能,地下水位及土壤含盐量模拟值与实测值拟合精度较高;可用于预测盐碱地地下水埋深、土壤层剖面中盐分含量,是改良盐碱地农田暗管排水工程设计和水管理的有效工具。 相似文献
16.
Study on numerical simulation of organic pollutant transport in groundwater northwest of Laixi 
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下载免费PDF全文 The construction and hydrogeological area in the low hill, which is northwest of Laixi City and in the east of Shandong Province more precisely, is one of Dagu River’s groundwater source. Regarding COD as the typical pollutant according to general situation of groundwater pollution in aforementioned area, a three-dimensional advection-dispersion model was established to simulate the transport of organic pollutants under two accident conditions. In addition, the effect of corresponding dispersity was analyzed. The results show that COD transport is mainly in accordance with the direction of groundwater flow, pollutant concentration and its gradient as well as the rule of narrower pollution range in deeper stratum. Moreover, COD is mainly transported and diffused in groundwater of sandy soil in the first and second layers. However, under accident condition II, the pollutant concentration begins to decay gradually after its transport and diffusion tends to be stable. Besides, in terms of dominance, dispersion is to transverse transport of pollutants what advection is to longitudinal transport. If considering random dispersion, the final results see higher peak concentration of COD and longer transverse distance from pollution center compared to transport route. What’s more, the pollution plume changes and concentration isocline becomes slightly irregular. 相似文献
17.
The transport and leaching potential hazards of various pesticides were studied in a shallow unconfined aquifer located in Northwest Bangladesh. Pesticide leaching potential was quantified using a one-dimensional advective–dispersive transport equation for a non-conservative chemical that follows first-order decay and linear adsorption in soils. Leaching potential index (LPI) was calculated for 69 sites in the study area to evaluate the relative vulnerability to pesticide leaching and to prioritize sites for model study and soil sampling. The numerical ranks of computed LPI were grouped by quantiles into very high, high, moderate, low and very low categories; and based on these rankings, the most vulnerable site was selected. The fate and transport of pesticides in this most vulnerable site was modeled using MT3D. The model results indicate that pesticides with high sorptivity and moderate to high persistence have low potential impact on groundwater. Top soils are found to be particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides. Results also revealed that decreasing the soil organic matter and increasing the half-life of the pesticides at deeper depths did not make any significant change. Finally, six soil samples were collected from the same site at depths of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 m for the analysis of pesticide residues. The soil–water was extracted from the samples following standard extraction technique and tested using gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for pesticide residues. Results showed no trace of pesticide residues in the soil–water; however, a few unknown peaks were detected indicating the use of some unknown brand of chemicals in the study area. 相似文献
18.
由于地裂缝研究及地表变形监测技术（例如GPS,InSAR等）的快速发展,抽取地下水引起的地层水平位移受到关注。传统区域地面沉降模型虽然求解快速但不能模拟水平位移;比奥模型虽然能够模拟土体的三维变形,但模型求解的计算量较大,较少应用于大尺度的区域地面沉降数值模拟。为解决以上问题,推导了解耦三维地面沉降数学模型,模型推导过程显示：比奥模型假设法向总应力和不变,则可简化为解耦三维地面沉降模型;解耦三维地面沉降模型假设土体仅有垂向一维变形,则可简化为传统区域地面沉降模型。同时通过数值试验验证了解耦三维地面沉降模型可以作为比奥模型的替代模型和传统区域地面沉降模型的改进模型,用来模拟抽取地下水引起的三维区域地面沉降。 相似文献
19.
The purpose of this paper is to simulate the coupled dynamic deformation and water flow that occur in saturated soils when subjected to traffic loads, which is a problem with several practical applications. The wave propagation causes vibrations leading to discomfort for passengers and people in the surroundings and increase wear on both the vehicle and road structure. The water flow may cause internal erosion and material transport in the soil. Further, the increased pore water pressure could reduce the bearing capacity of embankments. The saturated soil is modelled as a water‐saturated porous medium. The traffic is modelled as a number of moving wheel contact loads. Dynamic effects are accounted for, which lead to a coupled problem with solid displacements, water velocity and pressure as primary unknowns. A finite element program has been developed to perform simulations. The simulations clearly demonstrate the induced wave propagation and water flow in the soil. The simulation technique is applicable to railway as well as road traffic. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
土壤有机无机复合体的研究进展 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
对土壤有机无机复合体结构模型、有机无机复合体与团聚体的关系、有机无机复合体的肥力特征等方面的最新研究成果进行了综合评述。现代测试技术和计算机技术的应用为土壤有机无机复合体的研究提供了新的研究途径,发展形成了腐殖质胶体、有机无机复合体及有机质-异源生物物质复合体的结构模型,在纳米化学水平和三维分子结构模型上重新认识和阐明土壤有机无机复合体的结构和功能;有机无机复合体是土壤改良剂、营养源和重金属或有机有毒污染物过滤器;应在土壤科学、环境科学和生态学中,重视有机物质与矿物质相互作用和结构模型研究,加强土壤有机无机复合体环境化学行为和颗粒迁移动力学的研究。 相似文献