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1.
KLAAS VERWER GIOVANNA DELLA PORTA† OSCAR MERINO-TOMɆ JEROEN A.M. KENTER‡ 《Sedimentology》2009,56(6):1801-1831
Spatial information on lithofacies from outcrops is paramount for understanding the internal dynamics, external controls and degree of predictability of the facies architecture of shallow‐water carbonate‐platform tops. To quantify the spatial distribution and vertical stacking of lithofacies within an outer‐platform shoal‐barrier complex, integrated facies analysis and digital field technologies have been applied to a high‐relief carbonate platform exposed in the Djebel Bou Dahar (Lower Jurassic, High Atlas, Morocco). The outer platform is characterized by subtidal, cross‐bedded, coarse grainstone to rudstone grading into supratidal, pisoidal packstone‐rudstone with tepees that together formed a 350 to 420 m wide shoal‐barrier belt parallel to the margin. This belt acted as a topographic high separating a restricted lagoon from the subtidal, open marine region. Low‐energy tidal flats developed on the protected flank of the barrier facing the lagoon. Lithofacies patterns were captured quantitatively from outcrop and integrated into a digital outcrop model. The outcrop model enabled rapid visualization of field data and efficient extraction of quantitative data such as widths of facies belts. In addition, the spatial heterogeneity was captured in multiple time slices, i.e. during different phases of cyclic base‐level fluctuations. In general, the lateral continuity of lithofacies is highest when relative water depth increased during flooding of the platform top, establishing low‐energy subtidal conditions across the whole platform, and when the accommodation space was filled with tidal flat facies. Heterogeneity increased during deposition of the relief‐building bar facies that promoted spatial diversification of depositional environments during the initial phases of accommodation space creation. Cycles commonly are composed of a thin transgressive tidal flat unit, followed by coated‐grain rudstone bar facies. Lateral to the bar facies, pisoidal‐grainstone beach deposits accumulated. These bar and beach deposits were overlain by subtidal lagoonal facies or would grow through the maximum flooding and highstand. There the bars either graded into supratidal pisoidal facies with tepees (when accommodation space was filled) or were capped by subaerial exposure (due to a sea‐level fall). Modified embedded Markov analysis was used to test the presence of common ordering in vertical lithofacies stacking in a stationary interval (constant depositional mode). Analysis of individual sections did not reveal any ordering, which may be related to the limited thickness of these sections. Composite sections, however, rejected the null hypothesis of randomness. The addition of stratigraphically significant information to the Markov analysis, such as exposure surfaces and lateral dimensions of facies bodies, strengthens the verdict of unambiguous preferential ordering. Through careful quantitative reconstruction of stratal geometry and facies relationships in fully integrated digital outcrop models, accurate depositional models could be established that enhanced the predictability of carbonate sediment accumulation. 相似文献
2.
In the Causses platform (south‐east France), Late Hettangian to Sinemurian deposits were interpreted previously as shallow‐water carbonate ramp deposits. A new look at these deposits has shown a fault‐controlled mosaic carbonate platform that is different from the carbonate ramp models. Within the platform mosaic, 15 lithofacies have been recognized, which are organized in four facies associations, including peritidal, restricted shallow sub‐tidal, sand dunes and sub‐tidal shelf facies associations. The rapid lateral and vertical facies changes, and the lack of consistent landward or seaward direction indicated by the pattern of facies changes, question the existence of a shoreline suggested by the traditional models for this region. Instead, the facies organization and cycle stacking pattern suggest deposition in a mosaic of intertidal islands between which sub‐tidal restricted or open conditions could coexist in very close proximity. Such a platform mosaic would have been defined by tectonic activities along normal faults which segmented the shallow‐water Causses platform. The facies and facies associations are arranged into metre‐scale, peritidal and sub‐tidal cycles that are also variable. Certain cycles show the same stacking pattern in all the sections and seem to be traceable over tens of kilometres. On the contrary, other cycles cannot be correlated; they are present only in specific sections and have a maximum lateral extension of 1 or 2 km. These metre‐scale cycles stack to form four medium‐scale cycles bounded by surfaces that display sub‐aerial exposure features. Medium‐scale cycles stack into two larger‐scale cycles (tens of metres thick) and are bounded by well‐defined karstic surfaces. Based on their lateral continuity and their stacking pattern, the metre‐scale cycles are controlled probably by high frequency eustatic variations overprinting the topographic irregularities formed by differential subsidence of fault‐bounded blocks. Episodic fault activities may reorganize the topography so that, even if eustatic changes may still be the major control of cycles, the expression and number of cycles could be different. Cycles of medium and large‐scale are interpreted as being allogenic, controlled by changes in eustasy and/or subsidence rates as evidenced by their lateral continuity and the correlations of the large‐scale cycles with third‐order depositional sequences. 相似文献
3.
随机模拟是地质统计方法的重要内容。在矿石品位估计方法中克里格方法作为一种无偏估计方法,常被用于矿石品位的估计。但克里格法估值存在平滑效应。作者在分析序贯高斯模拟和普通克里格法基本原理的基础上,运用序贯高斯模拟方法和普通克里格方法对某铁矿体内全铁(TFe)品位进行估计,给出了品位估计结果模型。研究从勘探线方向、垂直勘探线方向和竖直方向分别计算变差函数,对球状模型、指数模型、高斯模型的变差函数拟合效果进行了优选,结果表明球型模型拟合效果最好。针对序贯模拟和克里格品位估值效果进行了分析,结果显示:序贯高斯模拟结果在品位分布形态上更接近样品品位分布形态,其平滑效应更小;克里格方法估计与序贯高斯模拟方法相比仅在品位均值方面更接近样本品位均值。因此,认为序贯高斯模拟方法可以更好地刻画矿体内品位分布状态。 相似文献
4.
松辽盆地营城组火山岩相量化表征与应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
盆地火山岩及其储层的地震解释需要量化的岩相模型提供地质约束。三维揭露的盆缘剖面是实现岩相量化表征的最佳区。在松辽盆地东南隆起营城组建组剖面区开展了爆发相、喷溢相和侵出相的三维量化研究。爆发相出现在火山旋回早期,延伸千米量级、厚度百米量级,外形呈楔形尖灭状,坡度上陡下缓、呈平均15°左右的上凹形轮廓;始于热基浪亚相、向上为热基浪与空落亚相互层,终于热碎屑流亚相。喷溢相多出现在火山旋回中后期,覆于爆发相之上,延伸千米量级、厚度百米量级,外形呈凸透镜向外尖灭状,坡度上缓下陡、呈平均20°左右的上凸形轮廓;自下而上依次为下部、中部和上部亚相。侵出相出现在火山旋回后期,可见对其它相带呈切割-披覆关系的内、中、外三个亚相,侧向延伸和垂向厚度多为百米量级、通常最大不超过1km,呈顶缓缘陡的蘑菇状。用火山岩相模型约束井旁地震解释、建立岩相-地震相响应关系,可为无井区的火山岩地震识别提供模板。火山机构的后期改造只改变相序的完整性、不改变原始喷发相带间的相邻与相依性,不影响用岩相模式预测相变关系。非同源喷出物之间的叠置会干扰盆地火山岩相的解译,且使岩相模型的约束作用失效。 相似文献
5.
Object models are widely used to model the distribution of facies in a reservoir. Several computer programs exist for modelling fluvial channels or more general facies objects. This paper focuses on a marked point model with objects that are able to orient locally according to a vector field. In this way, objects with locally varying curvature are created. With this kind of objects it is possible to model complex depositional basins, that are not easily modelled with conventional methods. The new object type is called Backbone objects. The objects have a piecewise linear centerline and are able to follow the direction of a three-dimensional vector field locally in lateral and vertical direction. How well the objects follow the vector field is determined by three parameters. Use of different coordinate systems and mapping between the systems make it possible to generate Gaussian random fields that follow the shape and direction of the objects. The Gaussian fields can be used to model petrophysical variables, which is important for fluid flow modelling. 相似文献
6.
湘西北地区是指位于湖南省内的桃源、沅陵、怀化一线以北及以西的区域。根据2010年以来在区内开展1:5万区域地质调查项目所取得的剖面资料及填图资料,应用优势相成图法编制了早奥陶世特马豆克期、弗洛早期的岩相古地理图。基于岩相古地理研究表明: 沿张家界—古丈—吉首—凤凰一线有古隆起的存在,大致以古隆起为界,两侧沉积分异明显;西北侧属镶边碳酸盐岩台地,沉积地层为桐梓组和红花园组,主要发育局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘浅滩、台地边缘生物礁、台地斜坡和浅海陆棚6种沉积相和若干亚相、微相;东南侧属浅海陆棚,沉积地层为白水溪组\盘家咀组、桥亭子组,主要有混积陆棚和碎屑陆棚。沉积特征的分析和系列岩相古地理图件的编制,提高了区内下奥陶统的研究程度,同时对金属地质找矿具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
7.
Three-dimensional modelling of an isolated carbonate buildup (Triassic, Dolomites, Italy) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wolfgang Blendinger Peter Brack† Arne Kristoffer Norborg‡ Erik Wulff-Pedersen§ 《Sedimentology》2004,51(2):297-314
The Middle Triassic carbonate buildups of the Dolomites show facies similarities with mud mounds but display apparent architectural elements of flat‐topped carbonate platforms. In order to test whether the facies similarities to mounds are also reflected in the internal buildup architecture, a three‐dimensional modelling study of the Middle Triassic Monte Cernera buildup has been carried out. The Cernera buildup exhibits apparent geometries suggesting a mounded platform in the lower and uppermost part of the buildup, separated by an interval with apparent platform geometry and a retrogradational platform interior, which is difficult to explain with a flat top platform model. For this purpose, a number of three‐dimensional models were constructed using the three‐dimensional modelling programme petrel TM. Key geological horizons were constructed based on outcrop measurements, intermediate horizons were calculated in the modelling program, and the intersections of the modelled layers with a digital topography surface were displayed and compared with outcrop photographs. The models were refined stepwise until a best fit with the actual bedding architecture was achieved. The best fit model shows that the mounded geometries in the lower and uppermost part of the buildup are real architectural elements. The intermediate platform stage, about 1·5 km across, had probably retained a mounded top with a relief of up to 50 m, which is difficult to distinguish from an absolutely flat top, but necessary to explain the retrogradational platform interior. The present study shows that Monte Cernera was dominated by mounded geometries at all stages of platform development. The mounded geometry plus facies data suggest that the platform is a deep‐water accumulation, below the zone of intense wave energy, but within the photic zone. The Cernera represents a tropical buildup type, which did not have the capacity to grow into continuously wave‐swept environments because of the small size and the absence of a wave‐resistant energy barrier. Such buildup types are probably common after major crises in earth history, when reef organisms were virtually absent. 相似文献
8.
鄂尔多斯盆地中部某地区延长组长6油层组属于典型的陆相成因低孔超低渗砂岩储层。开发早期,油藏描述阶段动静态的资料比较缺乏,要对油藏进行全面的研究和评价具有较大的难度。随机建模技术能够描述由于资料的缺乏引起的地质模型的不确定性。文章简要介绍了随机建模的基本原理,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地中部某地区延长组长6油层组的构造模型,用序贯指示模拟方法和序贯高斯模拟方法建立了目的层的沉积微相和物性参数的三维展布模型。生产实际表明,用随机建模方法建立的地质模型与实际生产动态符合率高,表明随机建模技术在我国陆相复杂储层早期油藏描述阶段有很大的适用性和实用性。 相似文献
9.
Three-dimensional modelling of a Holocene tufa system in the Lathkill Valley, north Derbyshire, using ground-penetrating radar 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Unlithified and partly lithified carbonate sequences are ideally suited to the application of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), augmented by percussion augering and shallow seismic techniques, all tied to present‐day topography using global positioning system (GPS) methods. This methodology provides the first clear information on the distribution and geometry of lithofacies within buried tufa complexes. The approach has been applied to a thick succession of Holocene tufas filling a gorge site along a 3·5‐km length of the River Lathkill, north Derbyshire. Earlier studies have demonstrated the presence of up to 16 m of tufas and sapropels associated with two transverse tufa dams (barrages). These strata have been accumulating throughout the Holocene, although tufa developments at present are of minor extent. Internal tufa morphologies are recorded by GPR as ‘bright’, laterally continuous reflections for lithified, concretionary and lithoclast‐rich horizons. The ‘brightest’ reflectors occur within well‐cemented barrages and delineate core areas and prograding buttress zones. In contrast, unlithified lime muds and sapropels produce low‐contrast reflections. Lithostratigraphic control and depth calibration of the GPR profiles was provided by percussion augering at selected sites. Six distinct lithofacies and four secondary barrages are identified in the study. Constructional and destructional events can be identified and correlated within the GPR profile network, and the internal growth morphologies of the barrages are apparent. GPR profiles also clearly define the evolution of the facies geometries. Three phases of tufa development can be recognized within the GPR data and greatly extend our understanding of Holocene tufa‐forming processes in valley sites: (a) Early Holocene barrage build‐ups but with limited paludal deposition; (b) Middle Holocene ponding and sapropel accumulation under ‘warm’ conditions; and (c) Late Holocene barrage termination and valley levelling, probably coincidental with anthropogenic activity. This type of multidisciplinary approach should be considered as an essential prerequisite to all biostratigraphic and geochemical studies of Holocene freshwater carbonate sites. 相似文献
10.
《Sedimentary Geology》2001,139(3-4):319-340
Facies analysis of the upper Kimmeridgian rocks in the outcrops located near Ricla (Zaragoza province, northeast Spain) and the integration of the resultant data in a broader context (the northern part of the Iberian Basin), has produced two general models showing the facies distribution and the processes that controlled the sedimentation in the Kimmeridgian carbonate ramp. Using these two models the transition from shallow to relatively deep environments of the carbonate ramp is examined in detail. Model 1 corresponds to the development of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp during a slow rise and stillstand of sea level (Sequence 1-HST), whereas Model 2 represents the growth of a pure carbonate ramp during a rapid rise of sea level (Sequence 2-TST).Carbonate production was higher in the shallow ramp domains (coral reefs and oolitic shoals in Model 1 and reefs in Model 2) than in deeper domains, where there is no indication of significant pelagic or benthic production. The activity of unidirectional return flows induced by winter storms and hurricanes, played an important role in the redistribution of the sediment across the ramp, generating different coarse-grained deposits. In the inner and mid-ramp settings dunes, lower scale bedforms and tempestites occur in Model 1, and storm lobes, bars and tempestites in Model 2. Moreover, a significant bulk of the carbonate mud produced in shallow areas would eventually be resedimented in the outer ramp as suspended load in the density currents. Stillstand of sea level in Model 1 involved a rapid progradation of the inner and proximal mid-ramp carbonate and siliciclastic facies. The rapid relative sea level rise of Model 2 is determined by the dominance of the carbonate facies and by the presence of aggradational geometries in the transitional area between shallow and deep-ramp domains. The presence of relatively thick sections in the outer-ramp settings (instead of condensed sections, as observed in Model 1) during times of sea level rise (Model 2) can mainly be explained by the increase of the shallow production in the reef dominated areas. 相似文献
11.
中国南方中三叠世地层及沉积古地理分异 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
中三叠世是中国南方沉积盆地从海相沉积向陆相沉积转变的重要时期, 因此阐明该期的地层结构和沉积古地理分异对于揭示该区域构造和地质发展历史是相当重要的。本文将中国南方划分为四个沉积区 :东南沉积区、下扬子沉积区、上扬子沉积区及右江沉积区。同时对各沉积区序列、岩相生物群的分布和分异进行了总结。从而认为当时东南沉积区与下扬子沉积区是一个直接关联的沉积古地理整体, 而上扬子沉积区与右江沉积区为另个沉积古地理整体。前者在中三叠世时是一个南东高, 北西低的向北西方向倾斜的陆缘海沉积盆地, 从安尼期至拉丁期, 沉积相带不断向北西方向迁移, 并在安尼期与拉丁期之交完成从海向陆的转变。 相似文献
12.
Tertiary syntectonic carbonate platform development in Indonesia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Cenozoic tropical carbonate sedimentation was strongly influenced by local and regional tectonics in SE Asia. This paper outlines the evolution of the syntectonic Eocene to middle Miocene Tonasa Formation of South Sulawesi, evaluating controls on sedimentation, facies distribution and sequence development. Development of a facies model for this Cenozoic tropical carbonate platform provides a meaningful analogue for similar, less well‐studied SE Asian carbonates, which commonly comprise targets for hydrocarbon exploration. This study also has considerable implications for the study of syntectonic carbonates, controls on carbonate sedimentation, carbonate platform development in backarc areas and SE Asian tectonics. Detailed facies mapping, logging, petrographic and biostratigraphic analyses indicate that the Tonasa Formation was deposited initially as part of a transgressive sequence in a backarc setting. By late Eocene times, shallow‐water carbonates were being deposited over much of South Sulawesi forming a widespread (100‐km long) platform area. Shallow‐water sedimentation continued unabated in some areas of the platform until the middle Miocene. Elsewhere, active normal faulting resulted in fault‐block platforms, with local subaerial exposure of footwall blocks and the formation of basinal graben in adjacent hangingwall areas. Platform‐top facies were aggradational and dominated by larger benthic foraminifera. Low‐angle slopes, particularly hangingwall dip slopes, were characterized by the development of ramps. Faults, controlled in part by pre‐existing structures, were periodically active and formed steep escarpment margins. Variable regional subsidence strongly influenced the development of the Tonasa Carbonate Platform, whereas platform‐wide effects caused by regional eustacy have not been identified. Computer modelling of the Tonasa Platform confirms that the accommodation space and sedimentary geometries observed can be produced by block faulting and regional subsidence alone. Modelling also reveals that regional subsidence and extension, oblique to the main stretching direction, were low on the margins of the backarc basin. Shallow‐water accumulation rates for this foraminifera‐dominated tropical carbonate platform were an order of magnitude lower than those for modern warm‐water platforms dominated by corals or ooids. 相似文献
13.
14.
This paper presents the results of numerical modelling to investigate the regional occurrence of prehnite‐bearing metamorphic rocks at shallow levels in subduction zones. The modelling assumes a simple geometrical configuration in which the thermal structure in a prism is controlled by boundary conditions at the top and base of the prism. It is expected that the predominant metamorphic facies in a prism will change with decreasing age of the descending slab. The results of thermal modelling show that the facies boundary between pumpellyite–actinolite and prehnite–actinolite facies (including prehnite–pumpellyite facies) overlaps with an array of P–T conditions in the prism when the age of a descending slab is younger than 10 Myr. This implies that the change of the predominant metamorphic facies from pumpellyite–actinolite to prehnite–actinolite facies will switch drastically. The critical age of the switch depends on subduction parameters. In particular, the critical age of the descending slab is <5 Myr in the case of no shear heating, with a subduction rate of v=75–200 mm y?1 and subduction angle of θ=5–15°. For shear heating (constant shear stress=30 MPa) with a subduction rate of v=75 mm y?1 and subduction angle of θ=10° the critical age is 7 Myr. To test this switching behaviour in the development of prehnite–actinolite facies in the prism, petrologic data from the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex (CSAC) in Kyushu, Japan were compiled. The regional occurrence and mineral assemblages of prehnite‐bearing metamorphic rocks suggest that the most of CSAC was metamorphosed under prehnite–actinolite facies. This conclusion is consistent with subduction of a young, hot slab, as has been proposed based on other geological observations. This suggests that the regional extent of the prehnite–actinolite facies metamorphic rocks may be a unique evidence for the subduction of a young, hot slab. 相似文献
15.
近年来,《古地理学报》(中文版及英文版)连续收到一些来稿,其作者根据迈尔(Miall,1985)文章的观点和方法,把他们研究地区碎屑岩剖面中的每个岩层中的岩石挑出来,归纳出一些岩石类型,如砾岩、砂岩、细粒岩等,并称它们为岩相(lithofacies)。这不符合沉积相的定义。我曾写过几篇文章,即冯增昭(2018,2020)及Feng(2019),指出这些问题,希望国内外的作者、尤其是国内的作者,不再继续盲目地引用和传播迈尔(1985)文章的观点和方法。迈尔是第1个称岩石(实际上是沉积物)为岩相的人,他的观点和他提出的相分析方法误导了沉积相的正确定义及正常的相分析方法。本文主要讨论迈尔(Miall,1985)文章中的问题,即他把沉积物当作岩相并用岩相分析相。不讨论他文章的贡献及建筑单元中的一些术语欠严谨的问题。在这里,必须申明,本文中的相,是沉积岩石学中的相,不是火成岩岩石学、变质岩岩石学、古生物学、地层学、地球物理学、地球化学等地质学分支学科中的相。岩相、相和沉积相是同义的术语。当然,这些术语的定义是有争议的,希望遵循“百花齐放和百家争鸣” 的方针和地质实践,逐步地解决这些争议。 相似文献
16.
近年来,《古地理学报》(中文版及英文版)连续收到一些来稿,其作者根据迈尔(Miall,1985)文章的观点和方法,把他们研究地区碎屑岩剖面中的每个岩层中的岩石挑出来,归纳出一些岩石类型,如砾岩、砂岩、细粒岩等,并称它们为岩相(lithofacies)。这不符合沉积相的定义。我曾写过几篇文章,即冯增昭(2018,2020)及Feng(2019),指出这些问题,希望国内外的作者、尤其是国内的作者,不再继续盲目地引用和传播迈尔(1985)文章的观点和方法。迈尔是第1个称岩石(实际上是沉积物)为岩相的人,他的观点和他提出的相分析方法误导了沉积相的正确定义及正常的相分析方法。本文主要讨论迈尔(Miall,1985)文章中的问题,即他把沉积物当作岩相并用岩相分析相。不讨论他文章的贡献及建筑单元中的一些术语欠严谨的问题。在这里,必须申明,本文中的相,是沉积岩石学中的相,不是火成岩岩石学、变质岩岩石学、古生物学、地层学、地球物理学、地球化学等地质学分支学科中的相。岩相、相和沉积相是同义的术语。当然,这些术语的定义是有争议的,希望遵循“百花齐放和百家争鸣” 的方针和地质实践,逐步地解决这些争议。 相似文献
17.
鄂尔多斯盆地祁连海域奥陶纪岩相古地理特征及演化 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
根据鄂尔多斯盆地西部及南部奥陶纪露头勘察结果,尤其是中奥陶统平凉组页岩在盆地的西部及南部普遍存在,结合地表露头及盆内钻孔资料,系统分析研究了鄂尔多斯盆地祁连海域早古生代奥陶纪不同时期沉积环境特点,分析了各沉积期的岩相古地理特征。受中央古隆起形成和祁连海向东逐渐海侵影响,马家沟组一期到五期,地形坡度较缓,鄂尔多斯盆地古地理格局由祁连海向盆地内部分别发育开阔海台地、局限海台地到蒸发台地相沉积。马家沟组六期和平凉期以及其上的上奥陶统沉积时期,主要为开阔海台地、斜坡相和深水盆地相沉积,在台地向斜坡的转换部位发育一些生物碎屑灰岩及由珊瑚组成的生物礁滩相沉积,斜坡部位发育平凉组笔石页岩斜坡相沉积,构成了华北盆地边缘中—上奥陶统一套特殊的局部天然气勘探组合。鄂尔多斯祁连海域奥陶纪岩相古地理研究具有重要的地质意义和实际生产意义。 相似文献
18.
Hayfaa Abdul Aziz Enrique Sanz-Rubio† Jose P. Calvo‡ Fredirik J. Hilgen Wout Krijgsman 《Sedimentology》2003,50(2):211-236
ABSTRACT The middle Miocene sedimentary fill of the Calatayud Basin in north‐eastern Spain consists of proximal to distal alluvial fan‐floodplain and shallow lacustrine deposits. Four main facies groups characteristic of different sedimentary environments are recognized: (1) proximal and medial alluvial fan facies that comprise clast‐supported gravel and subordinate sandstone and mudstone, the latter exhibiting incipient pedogenic features; (2) distal alluvial fan facies, formed mainly of massive mudstone, carbonate‐rich palaeosols and local carbonate pond deposits; (3) lake margin facies, which show two distinct lithofacies associations depending on their distribution relative to the alluvial fan system, i.e. front (lithofacies A), comprising massive siliciclastic mudstone and tabular carbonates, or lateral (lithofacies B) showing laminated and/or massive siliciclastic mudstone alternating with tabular and/or laminated carbonate beds; and (4) mudflat–shallow lake facies showing a remarkable cyclical alternation of green‐grey and/or red siliciclastic mudstone units and white dolomitic carbonate beds. The cyclic mudflat–shallow lake succession, as exposed in the Orera composite section (OCS), is dominantly composed of small‐scale mudstone–carbonate/dolomite cycles. The mudstone intervals of the sedimentary cycles are interpreted as a result of sedimentation from suspension by distal sheet floods, the deposits evolving either under subaerial exposure or water‐saturated conditions, depending on their location on the lacustrine mudflat and on climate. The dolomite intervals accumulated during lake‐level highstands with Mg‐rich waters becoming increasingly concentrated. Lowstand to highstand lake‐level changes indicated by the mudstone/dolomite units of the small‐scale cycles reflect a climate control (from dry to wet conditions) on the sedimentation in the area. The spatial distribution of the different lithofacies implies that deposition of the small‐scale cycles took place in a low‐gradient, shallow lake basin located in an interfan zone. The development of the basin was constrained by gradual alluvial fan aggradation. Additional support for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation is derived from the isotopic compositions of carbonates from the various lithofacies that show a wide range of δ18O and δ13C values varying from ?7·9 to 3·0‰ PDB and from ?9·2 to ?1·7‰ PDB respectively. More negative δ18O and δ13C values are from carbonate‐rich palaeosols and lake‐margin carbonates, which extended in front of the alluvial fan systems, whereas more positive values correspond to dolomite beds deposited in the shallow lacustrine environment. The results show a clear trend of δ18O enrichment in the carbonates from lake margin to the centre of the shallow lake basin, thereby also demonstrating that the lake evolved under hydrologically closed conditions. 相似文献
19.
Mohammad Ali Kavoosi 《Geological Journal》2016,51(4):523-544
Upper Callovian to Tithonian (late Jurassic) sediments represent an important hydrocarbon reservoir in the Kopet‐Dagh Basin, NE Iran. These deposits consist mainly of limestone, dolostone, and calcareous mudstone with subordinate siliciclastic interbeds. Detailed field surveys, lithofacies and facies analyses at three outcrop sections were used to investigate the depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the Middle to Upper Jurassic interval in the central and western areas of the basin. Vertical and lateral facies changes, sedimentary fabrics and structures, and geometry of carbonate bodies resulted in recognition of various carbonate facies related to tidal flats, back‐barrier lagoon, shelf‐margin/shelf‐margin reef, slope and deep‐marine facies belts. These facies were accompanied by interbedded beach and deep marine siliciclastic petrofacies. Field surveys, facies analysis, parasequences stacking patterns, discontinuity surfaces, and geometries coupled with relative depth variation, led to the recognition of six third‐order depositional sequences. The depositional history of the study areas can be divided into two main phases. These indicate platform evolution from a rimmed‐shelf to a carbonate ramp during the late Callovian–Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian–Tithonian intervals, respectively. Significant lateral and vertical facies and thickness changes, and results obtained from regional correlation of the depositional sequences, can be attributed to the combined effect of antecedent topography and differential subsidence related to local tectonics. Moreover, sea‐level changes must be regarded as a major factor during the late Callovian–Tithonian interval. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
David B. Kemp Saskia M. Van Manen David A. Pollitt Peter M. Burgess 《Sedimentology》2016,63(6):1701-1718
Metre‐scale cycles in ancient peritidal carbonate facies have long been thought to represent the product of shallow water carbonate accumulation under orbitally controlled sea‐level oscillations. The theory remains somewhat controversial, however, and a contrasting view is that these cycles are the product of intrinsic, and perhaps random, processes. Owing to this debate, it is important to understand the conditions that do, or do not, favour the preservation of orbital forcing, and the precise stratigraphic expression of that forcing. In this work, a one‐dimensional forward model of carbonate accumulation is used to test the ability of orbitally paced sea‐level changes to reconstruct cyclicities and cycle stacking patterns observed in greenhouse peritidal carbonate successions. Importantly, the modelling specifically tests insolation‐based sea‐level curves that probably best reflect the pattern and amplitude of sea‐level change in the absence of large‐scale glacioeustasy. This study found that such sea‐level histories can generate precession and eccentricity water depth/facies cycles in models, as well as eccentricity‐modulated cycles in precession cycle thicknesses (bundles). Nevertheless, preservation of orbital forcing is highly sensitive to carbonate production rates and amplitudes of sea‐level change, and the conditions best suited to preserving orbital cycles in facies/water depth are different to those best suited to preserving eccentricity‐scale bundling. In addition, it can be demonstrated that the preservation of orbital forcing is commonly associated with both stratigraphic incompleteness (missing cycles) and complex cycle thickness distributions (for example, exponential), with corresponding implications for the use of peritidal carbonate successions to build accurate astronomical timescales. 相似文献