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Marcondes Lima da Costa Daniel José Lima Sousa Rômulo Simões Angélica 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2009,27(2-3):219-234
The eastern region of the Amazon is home to the most important kaolin bauxite producing district in Brazil, referred to as the Paragominas-Capim kaolin bauxite district, which has a reserve of at least 1.0 billion tons of high-quality kaolin used in the paper coating industry. The kaolin deposits are closely related to sedimentary rocks of the Parnaíba basin and their lateritic cover. Two large deposits are already being mined: IRCC (Ipixuna) and PPSA (Paragominas). The geology of the IRCC mine is comprised of the kaolin-bearing lower unit (truncated mature laterite succession derived from the Ipixuna/Itapecuru formation) and the upper unit (immature lateritized Barreiras formation). The lower kaolin unit is characterized by a sandy facies at the bottom and a soft (ore) with flint facies at the top. It is formed by kaolinite, quartz, some iron oxi-hydroxides, mica and several accessories and heavy minerals. The <2 μm kaolinite crystallites only correspond to 41.3–58.3% of the soft kaolin, and large booklets of 15–300 μm are common. The degree of structure order of kaolinite decreases towards the flint kaolin. The chemical composition of the soft kaolin is similar to the theoretical chemical composition of kaolinite, with low iron content, and can be well correlated to most kaolin deposits in the region. The distribution pattern of chemical elements from sandy to flint kaolin (lower unit) suggests a lateritic evolution and erosive truncation. This is quite distinct from the upper unit, which has a mineralogical and chemical pathway relating it to a complete immature lateritic profile. The geological evolution of the IRCC kaolin is similar to that of other deposits in the eastern Amazon region, being comprised of: parent rocks formed in an estuarine marine and fluvio-laccustrine environment during the early Cretaceous; establishment of mature lateritization with the formation of kaolin in the Eocene; marine transgression and regression – (Pirabas and Barreiras formation) with kaolin profile erosion and forward movement of deferruginization and flintization during the Miocene after partial mangrove covering; and immature lateritization – partial kaolin ferruginization during the Pleistocene. 相似文献
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The present study deals with the mineralogy and geochemistry of the clayey facies of the Água Limpa kaolin deposit, situated in the Moeda Syncline, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Kaolinite, quartz, oxides and iron hydroxides (hematite and goethite) represent the mineral assembly of the five facies of the deposit. White mica, rutile, anatase and gibbsite are heterogeneously distributed along the profile. Despite the variable behavior of the chemical elements along the profile, the geochemical patterns for major and rare earth elements enable to define the filiations generated by the laterization process that affected the sediments. 相似文献
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N. S. Bortnikov V. M. Novikov A. D. Savko N. M. Boeva E. A. Zhegallo E. B. Bushueva A. V. Krainov D. A. Dmitriev 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2013,48(5):384-397
This paper reports the results of precision structural-morphological study of kaolinite from clayey rocks taken in various areas of the Voronezh anteclise subjected to different stages of lithogenesis: primary kaolins of the weathering crust, proluvial-talus and lacustrine secondary kaolins, as well as lacustrine-swampy fireproof and deltaic-lagoonal refractory clays. The clayey material was transported over more than 300 km. The formation of the fireproof and refractory kaolin deposits in the Voronezh anteclise was related to the Devonian and Early Cretaceous stages of the geological evolution of the region. In terms of spatiotemporal and facies features, the studied genetic series of the kaolin clay deposits is unique. It was established that the sequential structural-morphological evolution o kaolinite in the considered deposits was caused by its mechanical disintegration during transport and redeposition. Interrelation between organic and mineral matters in the fireproof clays was revealed for the first time. Experimental studies of the behavior of kaolinite during sequential grinding and heating confirmed the main reasons for its natural degradation. The formation of virtually monomineral kaolin clays was provoked by the “flow-through” diagenesis, which is similar to weathering in trend. Evolution of mineral matter of the considered genetic series in kaolinite clay deposits was accompanied by the increase of δ18O values and their dispersion. Peculiarities identified in the behavior of kaolinite and related oxygen isotope characteristics of different-aged denudation and redeposition products of the Devonian weathering crust can play an indicator role in studying different stages of the lithogenesis of clayey rocks. 相似文献
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安徽省庐枞盆地高岭土矿的成矿规律、找矿方向及开发应用问题探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
庐枞盆地是以中、下侏罗统陆相碎屑岩建造为基底,经燕山运动而发育起来的陆相继承性火山岩盆地,是长江中下游地区重要的矿产地之一。盆地北部高岭土矿化普遍且强烈,具有很好的找矿远景。本文初步探讨了庐枞盆地高岭土成矿规律、矿床成因及找矿方向,提出了下一步开发利用的建议。 相似文献
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陕西紫阳芭蕉口志留纪浊积岩系研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文从浊积岩相、相组合以及组合序列等分析方法入手对芭蕉口志留纪浊积岩系进行了研究。根据目前古代浊积岩研究中的一些新思想,在识别不同浊积岩相和相组合时使用了新的鉴定标志,并且强调了以前曾被忽视了的水道-舌体过渡带沉积。研究结果证明,此浊积岩系共由六个相结合构成,即盆地平原相组合、舌体边缘相组合、舌体相组合、水道-舌体过渡带相组合、水道-漫滩相组合以及盆地斜坡相组合.(?)个浊积岩系是在一种不成熟的被动大陆边缘环境下形成,并类似于斜坡裙浊流沉积。 相似文献
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Ahmed El-Kammar Hassan Taha Abu-Zied Mohamed Galal Dina Osman 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(21):463
This work discusses the composition, radioactivity, and possible utilization of the kaolin resources in Sinai which are hosted in thick sandstone sequences belonging to the Carboniferous (Wadi Khaboba) and Early Cretaceous (Wadi Iseila and Abansakar) ages. The characterization of kaolin was done by microscopic and SEM examination, supported by XRD and ICP-MS analyses. The studied kaolin resources consist of kaolinite, as the main constituent, associated with subsidiary dickite and halloysite, and minor contribution of smectite and illite. The most dominant non-clay mineral is quartz, besides minor gypsum, dolomite, and hematite. Ferrugination dominates, in most cases, at the upper boundaries of the kaolin lenses, suggesting possible supergene activity. The high Al2O3/SiO2 ratio for the Cretaceous kaolin (0.54, in average) specifies its better grade relative to the Carboniferous kaolin (0.43, in average). The kaolin of the middle part of lens C in Wadi Iseila contains Si/Al molecular ratio of about unity, suggesting high-grade kaolin. The Carboniferous kaolin has enriched the radionuclides: U, Th, and Ra (at disequilibrium state due to leaching of eU relative to Ra) and the REE, relative to that of the Cretaceous age. The Carboniferous kaolin is characterized by a higher contribution of HREE (zircon signature), whereas LREE seems to be more influential for the Early Cretaceous kaolin (monazite signature). In spite of the very high CIA index (93 to 99), none of the analyzed kaolin deposits displays Ce abnormality. The high radioactivity of some Carboniferous kaolin can be a serious impediment for its utilization or its exportation. The kaolin of Sinai does not satisfy the international standards for paperwork industries and refractory manufacturing, but beneficiation may overcome this challenge. However, some lenses have high-grade kaolin with a low percentage of oxides of iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium and a low radioactivity, hence nominated for the local refractory industry. The high-grade kaolin of Sinai fulfills the standards required for ceramics manufacturing in the global market. Grade 3 kaolin (< 30%, Al2O3) can be used in the manufacturing of white Portland cement and red glaze manufacturing on both local and global markets. 相似文献
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Sedimentary kaolin deposits in the Lote 18 area (Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina) have been mined since 1951. They constitute 30% of the country's production and are mainly used in the ceramic whiteware industry. The deposits belong to the Baqueró Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and unconfomably overlie either the ash-flow tuffs of the Chon-Aike Formation (Middle Jurassic), which are altered to kaolinite and minor illite, or the ash-fall tuffs of Bajo Grande Formation (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous), which are altered mainly to smectites. The presence of illite or smectite, as well as the kaolinite crystallinity, depends on the stratigraphic position of the kaolin horizons within the Lower Member of the Baqueró Formation and on the lithology of the underlying rocks. Kaolin beds composed of well-crystallized kaolinite at the base of the sequence overlaying Chon-Aike rocks are the purest. Kaolinite becomes less well cystallized with transport. Edge-to-face and swirl SEM textural patterns indicate the compaction of flocculated clays and clay movement during drainage and compaction. Mineralogical, petrological, and physico-structural evidence (i.e., form, extent, thickness) indicates that the kaolin deposits are sedimentary, formed by the transportation and deposition of previously formed kaolinite. Kaolin beds are ovoidal in plan and lenticular in profile, with thickness ranging from centimeters to 11 meters, and the culmination of fining-upward clastic sequences. Sedimentary facies analysis indicates that the kaolin deposits were formed in a fluvial environment from currents with a high suspended-load/bed-load ratio, as would result from deposition in ox-bow lakes. 相似文献
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M. Nakagawa M. Santosh S. Yoshikura M. Miura T. Fukuda A. Harada 《Gondwana Research》2006,9(4):530-538
The kaolin deposits at Melthonnakkal and Pallipuram mines form part of the Warkalli Formation belonging to the Tertiary sequence in southern Kerala and occur at the boundary between the Tertiary sequence and Precambrian granulite facies metapelites (khondalites). The sedimentary clays are composed mainly of kaolinite, quartz and gibbsite. XRD and SEM studies have revealed that kaolinite is well-crystallized variety and the platy crystals are scarcely broken in the sedimentary clays. These sedimentary kaolins are considered to have been formed by intense tropical weathering of the khondalites, and subsequently transported and deposited with high organic input into lakes near the weathering crust over the basement rock. Besides, the surficial parts of the sedimentary deposits are extensively lateritized with the formation of goethite and hematite by Quaternary tropical weathering processes. 相似文献
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奥陶纪—泥盆纪时期,受加里东构造活动的影响,北祁连洋盆经历了俯冲消亡至造山的复杂转换。其中,志留纪是记录了盆山转换的重要大地构造过渡阶段,然而北祁连造山带在该时期的盆地性质一直存在争议。本文对北祁连地区志留系沉积地层开展了详细的野外地质调查及室内测试分析,通过岩性、沉积构造和古生物化石组合等方面的研究,共识别出潮坪相、浅海陆棚相及半深海相三种沉积相类型。此外,基于前人的研究成果和本研究的新资料,编制了全新的北祁连地区志留纪沉积构造格架、沉积盆地类型及空间配置关系图。在此基础上,通过区域地层对比,以及岩相古地理编图研究,重建了北祁连造山带志留纪沉积盆地充填序列,并采用造山带岩相古地理编图方法编制了全新的研究区志留纪岩相古地理图。 相似文献
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Compositional evolution in Ca-amphibole in the Karmutsen metabasites, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. TERABAYASHI 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1993,11(5):677-690
Abstract The 6-km-thick Karmutsen metabasites, exposed over much of Vancouver Island, were thermally metamorphosed by intrusions of Jurassic granodiorite and granite. Observations of about 800 thin sections from the Campbell River and Buttle Lake area show that the metabasites provide a complete succession of mineral assemblages ranging from the zeolite to pyroxene hornfels facies around the intrusion. The most important observations are as follows. (1) The compositional change of Ca-amphiboles with increasing metamorphic grade is not straightforward. The tremolite component decreases from the prehnite–actinolite facies to the greenschist facies with a compensating tschermak component increase, but the tendency is not clear thereafter. Instead, the edenite component increases from the amphibolite facies to the pyroxene hornfels facies. (2) The most pargasitic Ca-amphibole occurs in high-Fe2+/Mg metabasite from the greenschist/amphibolite transition zone. (3) The reasons for such irregular compositional trends, even in the rather uniform MORB-like composition of the Karmutsen metabasites, are non-ideal solid solutions of Ca-amphibole at low temperature and the effective control by bulk rock composition in the amphibolite facies. (4) The data from this study support, but do not prove, a transition loop for the actinolite–hornblende compositional gap rather than a solvus. If the gap is a solvus, its shape is asymmetric, and is highly dependent on the other compositional parameters such as Fe3+/Al and Fe2+/Mg. (5) The XNaA/XA±XAb) ratios between Ca-amphibole and plagioclase are most useful as an indicator of metamorphic grade even within the amphibolite facies, and these change systematically from 0.2 to 0.5 from the greenschist to pyroxene hornfels facies. (6) The compositional trend of Ca-amphibole from the Karmutsen metabasites indicates a typical low-P/T metamorphic facies series on a Rbk–Gln–Tr–Ts diagram. 相似文献
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沉积物体积分配原理——高分辨率层序地层学的理论基础 总被引：119，自引：4，他引：115
基准面旋回期间沉积物以不同体积被分配到不同相域的过程及其伴随的可容纳空间的变化称为“沉积物体积分配” ,它反映了沉积过程响应系统遵循物质保存定律。沉积物体积分配在地层记录中的沉积学和地层学的响应表现为 :( 1)地层旋回的对称性随时间和空间的变化 ;( 2 )反映原始地貌要素保存程度的相分异作用 ;( 3)进积 /加积地层单元的叠加样式。这些沉积学与地层学属性无一不是高分辨率层序地层划分与对比的基础。根据沉积物体积分配原理 ,正确的年代地层对比应该是有时岩石与岩石、有时岩石与界面或界面与界面的对比 ,而不是等厚度对比和岩性地层对比。鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界海陆过渡相和渤海湾裂谷盆地东营组湖相沉积的地层对比说明了沉积物体积分配的过程及其在高分辨率地层划分和对比中的应用。 相似文献
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兰坪中新生代沉积盆地演化 总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28
兰坪中新生代沉积盆地形成和演化与金沙江洋的俯消减及洋陆转换过程密切相关,记录了其盆－山转换过程,早二叠世晚期－晚二叠世时期,由于金沙江洋的俯冲消减,形成了金沙江弧－盆系的空间配置,兰坪地区成为弧后盆地,早中三叠世,金沙江弧－盆系及东西两侧的昌都－兰坪陆块和中咱－中甸陆块的构造沉积式样发生大的转米,开始了兰坪中新生代盆－山转换历史,由于弧陆碰撞作用,使得兰坪分国地由弧后盆地转化成弧后前陆舅地,盆地中 相似文献
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The contact zone at the base of the Waulsortian (Upper Tournaisian) carbonate mud‐bank complex in western Ireland has been investigated at four localities spaced over a distance of 120 km. At all localities, a transition facies up to 3 m thick, characterized by several types of grumous (clotted and/or peloidal) carbonate muds, immediately underlies the Waulsortian facies. These muds show a developmental sequence provisionally interpreted as a necessary precursor to the formation of Waulsortian polymuds. Such pre‐bank precursors produced thin (a few decimetres) units of transition facies. The same mud types also persisted as an aureole around growing banks (mud‐mounds). Migration of the aureole during bank progradation produced thicker units of transition facies. The distribution of skeletal grain types in the Waulsortian banks, the transition facies and the ‘background’ argillaceous bioclastic limestones show two trends: one regional and one local. The regional trend is expressed by progressive north–south attenuation and, in some cases (for example, plurilocular foraminifera), the disappearance of organism groups. It parallels changes in Waulsortian Phases (defined by skeletal grain‐type assemblages) and is thought to indicate a southerly increase in water depth. The local trend, which occurs only in the two southern localities (deeper water), expresses differences between the skeletal grain content of the various lithofacies. These differences result partly from increased sensitivity to substrate texture by organism groups suffering southward attenuation (notably gastropods, hyalosteliid sponges, aoujgaliids, Earlandia and kirkbyacean ostracods) and partly from selective colonization, particularly of the transition facies, by tabulate corals and stick/ramose bryozoans. However, the developmental sequence of precursor carbonate muds is the same at all localities, indicating that the mud‐making process (probably microbial) was independent of water depth. 相似文献
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Geological structures influence the formation and evolution of sedimentary rocks. The Minas do Camaquã fault zone is a primary structure of the Camaquã Basin, controlling the uplift of the ore-bearing units of the Santa Bárbara Group. To the south of the Camaquã River, the fault zone deforms alluvial and eolian sequences attributed either to the Santa Bárbara or Guaritas groups. In this study, a facies and petrographic composition and diagenetic analysis are presented to understand the evolution of the fault zone. Facies analysis was accomplished using high-resolution orthophoto mosaics and field surveys. Seven sedimentary facies were defined, grouped into three facies associations. Facies associations correspond to a succession of climate-influenced depositional environments. The transition from humid to dry conditions occurs from a fluvial (facies association 1) to eolian environments (facies association 2). These deposits are overlaid at the top by a high energy environment deposits characterized by amalgamated gravelly and sandy bodies, corresponding to an alluvial environment (facies association 3). Despite a small compositional variation, sandstones present a continental block provenance which may be related to mixed anorogenic or orogenic provenance. Diagenetic features are similar in the three facies associations, suggesting the same burial history for the sedimentary deposits separated by the fault zone. The Minas do Camaquã fault zone in the study area is an intraformational structure, as analyzed sequences are attributed to the Guaritas Group, implying a relatively high degree of deformation late after its deposition. 相似文献
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Wei Chunjing 《《地质学报》英文版》1995,8(1):53-68
Abstract The Bikou Group on the Shaanxi-Gansu-Sichuan border is composed of Mid-Late Proterozoic metamorphosed bimodal volcanic rocks and flysch sediments. Its metamorphism may be divided into the blueschist and greenschist facies. Three metamorphic zones, i.e. zones A, B, and C, may be distinguished on the basis of the field distribution of metamorphic rocks and the variation of b0 values of muscovite. Blueschists are characterized by coexistence of sodic amphiboles and epidote and occur as stripes or relict patches in extensive greenschists of zone A. Studies of metamorphic minerals such as amphiboles, chlorite, epidote and muscovite and their textural relationships indicate that blueschists and greenschists were not formed under the same metamorphic physico-chemical conditions. The blueschist facies was formed at temperatures of 300-400°C and pressures of 0.5–0.6 GPa. The greenschist facies in zones A and B has similar temperatures but its pressure is only 0.4 GPa or so. The transition from the blueschist to greenschist facies is a nearly isothermal uplift process. The rock and mineral assemblages of the Bikou Group indicate that the blueschist facies metamorphism of the group might be related to crustal thickening or A-subduction accompanying the closure of an intracontinental small ocean basin. 相似文献
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高速远程滑坡运动学机理是国际工程地质领域亟待解决的重大前沿性关键科学问题。为探索高速远程滑坡的运动学机理,以青藏高原不同构造背景下的三大高速远程滑坡为研究对象,通过现场工程地质调查与分析,详细探讨了滑坡运动路径上所揭露出的各种表面与剖面沉积学特征,结果显示:(1)沿滑坡运动路径上依次可见大型堆积平台、纵向脊、横向脊、堆积丘等表面沉积学地貌的规律性分布,根据各类地貌的空间分布特征,可将滑坡区自后向前划分为源区、流通区和堆积区;(2)剖面上则可见反粒序堆积结构的展布,自上而下依次可划分为硬壳层、主体层和基底层,在硬壳层和主体层中可见层序保留、拼贴构造等低扰动性沉积学特征分布,在基底层中则可见其与下伏原沟谷堆积层强相互作用形成的底辟构造、小型褶皱等剖面沉积学特征分布。基于高速远程滑坡运动路径上各类表面和剖面沉积学地貌的空间展布特征,初步提出青藏高原关键地带高速远程滑坡的运动与停积就位机制,即滑体自源区失稳后主体表现为一种快速的低扰动性的整体性剪切运动过程,其流通区以快速拉张运动为主,堆积区则以快速推挤运动为主;当滑体下伏层中含水量较高时,伴随着滑体底部摩阻力的迅速降低,滑体表现出明显的侧限扩离运动。 相似文献
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本文描述政和东际金(银)矿床地质特征,建立矿床成矿模型,论证矿床物质运移动力学过程,探讨成矿物质来源。矿山经过系统的勘探和开采,将暴露于地表580~620 m的矿体直至延深到地下-200 m,均得到钻探和探硐的完整揭露。采用常规、可靠的地质论证法全面收集了第一手资料以及宏微观的岩矿鉴定及部分电子探针分析,对研究标的进行综合论述。政和东际金(银)矿床矿化角砾岩筒自上而下可分为5个相带:震裂相、震碎相、隐爆相、上部通道相及下部通道相。从矿石结构构造特征、矿体侵入围岩接触关系、角砾特征、胶结物成分等一系列现象判断,矿床为矿浆隐爆成因。源于壳幔过渡带深部中酸性岩浆熔离分异的富硅、富铁熔浆,富硅熔浆先一步上侵形成大规模的火山喷发及潜火山岩的侵入,富铁熔浆滞留于"源地",俘获硫化物液滴,储集形成混合矿浆。物理性状及运移动力学特征表明,在外驱动力作用下,矿浆沿着石英斑岩"岩浆热场通道"上侵,在古地表之下2.0~2.5 km处,石英斑岩硅帽隔挡层下聚集、隐爆、定位成矿。石英斑岩为容矿围岩,与矿床有密切的时空关系但与成因无关。深部钻探验证表明隐爆角砾岩筒尾部在石英斑岩中收敛,矿化随之结束。"矿浆隐爆"作为"隐爆角砾岩型金矿"大家族中新成员,目前尚未见报道。该新类型的发现,为中酸性岩浆熔离分异成矿理论提供了难得的实例,也将有助于中国东南沿海中生代陆相火山岩区同类型金矿的找矿工作。 相似文献