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1.
常压下pH对Cu-布塞尔矿向钙锰矿转化的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
钙锰矿是表生环境中常见的隧道构造氧化锰矿物,常由层状构造的Na-布塞尔矿或水钠锰矿(Na-布塞尔矿脱水产物)经不同离子交换后在热液条件下转化而成.Na-布塞尔矿与离子交换过程中溶液pH对Me-布塞尔矿亚结构及常压下向钙锰矿的转化有重要影响.本文以Na-布塞尔矿为前驱物,探讨了pH对Cu-布塞尔矿形成及其在常压回流条件下向隧道构造钙锰矿转化的影响.结果表明,不控制pH值时,随着溶液中交换性Cu2+数量的增加,前驱物Na-布塞尔矿层间Na+离子的数量逐渐减少,直至被Cu2+离子完全交换.层间的Mn2+只有在加入的Cu2+达到一定量时才能被置换出来,体系pH值随着CuCl2加入量的增加而降低.随着进入Na-布塞尔矿层间Cu2+离子数量的增加,经回流转化后逐渐生成结晶度较好的钙锰矿相,但加入量超过一定量时,不能转化形成钙锰矿.在控制pH为4.5的体系中进行离子交换时,钙锰矿的形成随着Cu2+离子的增加而增加,并在高加入量时也可完全转化形成钙锰矿.上述两种转化的差异与pH变化所引起的Na-布塞尔矿亚结构变化及交换性Cu2+离子在其层间分布的形态密切相关. 相似文献
2.
隧道构造的钙锰矿以其特殊的结构和理化性质在催化、吸附、二次电池正极材料等领域有广泛的应用,常以层状Na-布塞尔矿(Na-buserite)为前驱物进行人工合成。焦磷酸盐(pH=1～8)对Mn(Ⅲ)有很强的络合作用,经焦磷酸盐处理的Na-布塞尔矿向钙锰矿转化的特点可表征Mn(Ⅲ)在层状向隧道构造转化中的重要作用。常压回流条件下Na-布塞尔矿向钙锰矿的转化程度随着焦磷酸盐处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而逐渐减小,直至不能向钙锰矿转化。钙锰矿形成的难易与Na-布塞尔矿结构中Mn(Ⅲ)被络合数量成反比,用对Mn(Ⅲ)络合作用很弱的焦磷酸盐溶液(pH=10)处理的Na-布塞尔矿可在常压回流条件下完全转化形成钙锰矿。 相似文献
3.
4.
热液条件下钙锰矿的合成及其影响因素 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
钙锰矿具有3× 3的大隧道构造, 广泛分布于大洋锰结壳和锰结核等环境中, 其性质和成因倍受关注.以改进方法制备的水钠锰矿(birnessite)为前驱物, Mg2+交换后得到Mg-水钠锰矿(或称布塞尔矿, buserite), 经热液处理合成了结晶度高的单相钙锰矿(todorokite), 采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等技术探讨了热液温度、体系压力和处理时间等因素对钙锰矿合成的影响.结果表明: 合成的钙锰矿与天然钙锰矿有相同的形貌和生长特征, 呈纤维状, 沿120°三连晶生长, 平均化学组成为Mg0.16MnO2.07 0.82H2O.在实验条件下, 热液温度和处理时间是影响钙锰矿合成的主要因素; 而通过改变高压釜的填充度引起体系压力的变化对钙锰矿合成的影响较小, 体系压力并不是钙锰矿形成的主要影响因素.热液温度越高, Mg-水钠锰矿转化为钙锰矿的速率越快, 完全转化为钙锰矿所需的处理时间越短.热液温度分别为120℃、160℃和200℃时, Mg-水钠锰矿完全转化为钙锰矿所需的时间分别为6 h、4 h和2 h; 但热液温度高于160℃时, 易生成水锰矿杂质.延长处理时间与提高热液温度具有相似的影响规律.这进一步明确了钙锰矿的生成条件, 可为阐明钙锰矿的形成机制和促进其在材料科学中的应用提供理论依据. 相似文献
5.
水钠锰矿是土壤与沉积物中最为常见的氧化锰矿物, 依据其MnO6层对称特点分为六方和三斜两种亚结构类型.六方水钠锰矿在表生环境中可通过Mn2+的化学或生物氧化形成, 而环境中三斜水钠锰矿的形成及进一步转化为钙锰矿的途径尚不清楚.以两种六方水钠锰矿(酸性水钠锰矿和水羟锰矿)为前驱物, 采用X射线吸收光谱(EXAFS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电镜(FESEM/TEM)及化学组成分析等技术方法模拟表生环境研究了水钠锰矿从六方向三斜的亚结构转化及生成钙锰矿的化学条件和矿物学机制.结果表明, 适当Mn(Ⅱ)浓度和弱碱性条件(pH≥8)可使六方水钠锰矿逐渐转化为三斜水钠锰矿, 继而经Mg2+交换、常压回流得到了长纤维状的钙锰矿, 其晶体生长以溶解-结晶为主.Mn(Ⅱ)与六方水钠锰矿MnO6八面体层内的Mn(Ⅳ)反应生成Mn(Ⅲ)并填充层内空位, 使水钠锰矿对称型由六方向三斜转变.与酸性水钠锰矿相比, 水羟锰矿结晶弱、层状堆积混乱度高, 与Mn(Ⅱ)反应迅速, 层结构向三斜水钠锰矿转化快.pH升高, 促进六方水钠锰矿对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附和Mn(Ⅱ)与Mn(Ⅳ)间的反应, 六方水钠锰矿转化为三斜水钠锰矿的速率加快."六方水钠锰矿→三斜水钠锰矿"可能是环境中三斜水钠锰矿的重要来源, 及进一步形成钙锰矿的重要化学生成机制. 相似文献
6.
水钠锰矿是土壤与沉积物中最为常见的氧化锰矿物,依据其MnO6层对称特点分为六方和三斜两种亚结构类型.六方水钠锰矿在表生环境中可通过Mn2+的化学或生物氧化形成,而环境中三斜水钠锰矿的形成及进一步转化为钙锰矿的途径尚不清楚.以两种六方水钠锰矿(酸性水钠锰矿和水羟锰矿)为前驱物,采用X射线吸收光谱(EXAFS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电镜(FESEM/TEM)及化学组成分析等技术方法模拟表生环境研究了水钠锰矿从六方向三斜的亚结构转化及生成钙锰矿的化学条件和矿物学机制.结果表明,适当Mn(Ⅱ)浓度和弱碱性条件(pH≥8)可使六方水钠锰矿逐渐转化为三斜水钠锰矿,继而经Mg2+交换、常压回流得到了长纤维状的钙锰矿,其晶体生长以溶解-结晶为主.Mn(Ⅱ)与六方水钠锰矿MnO6八面体层内的Mn(Ⅳ)反应生成Mn(Ⅲ)并填充层内空位,使水钠锰矿对称型由六方向三斜转变.与酸性水钠锰矿相比,水羟锰矿结晶弱、层状堆积混乱度高,与Mn(Ⅱ)反应迅速,层结构向三斜水钠锰矿转化快.pH升高,促进六方水钠锰矿对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附和Mn(Ⅱ)与Mn(Ⅳ)间的反应,六方水钠锰矿转化为三斜水钠锰矿的速率加快."六方水钠锰矿→三斜水钠锰矿"可能是环境中三斜水钠锰矿的重要来源,及进一步形成钙锰矿的重要化学生成机制. 相似文献
7.
水钠锰矿、钙锰矿是土壤和沉积物中常见的氧化锰矿物。本文用改进的方法在碱性介质中合成了结晶度高的单相水钠锰矿 ,其平均化学组成为Na0 .2 5MnO2 .0 70 .6 6H2 O。合成在常温 2 5℃以及机械搅拌作用下进行 ,反应易于控制 ,没有黑锰矿、六方锰矿等其它矿相生成。合成的单相水钠锰矿经Mg2 + 交换、热液处理 ,完全转化为结晶良好、隧道构造为 3× 3的钙锰矿。生成的钙锰矿呈长短不一的纤维状 ,沿三个方向生长的晶体形成各交 12 0°角的三连晶结构 ,平均化学组成为Mg0 .1 6 MnO1 .570 .82H2 O 相似文献
8.
对大洋多金属结核中１０Ａ锰矿物的研究、认识长期以来众说纷纭。为探索我国研究区１０Ａ锰矿物的种类,本文从１００多个结核样品中,选出具代表性的以１０Ａ锰矿物为主的１３个样品,进行了热稳定性研究,且归纳总结为３种情况：有７Ａ衍射峰生成,且１０Ａ衍射峰向高角度移动,说明原样中有布赛尔矿Ⅰ型,钴土矿布赛尔矿混层矿物;无７Ａ衍射峰生成,但１０Ａ衍射峰也向高角度移动,说明原样中没有布赛尔矿Ⅰ型,而有钴土矿布赛尔矿混层矿物;无７Ａ衍射峰生成,且１０Ａ衍射峰基本消失,表明原样中有钴土矿。作者尚运用晶体结构理论对上述３种不同情况进行了解释;并得出,我国研究区结核１０Ａ锰矿物相中主要矿物种为布赛尔矿Ⅰ型、钴土矿布赛尔矿混层矿物及钴土矿,不存在或几乎不存在钡镁锰矿。 相似文献
9.
红土型风化壳和次生锰矿床形成于温暖和潮湿的古气候条件 ,其中含有丰富的表生钾锰矿物。因此 ,对表生钾锰矿物进行精确的40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ,不仅能查明大陆化学风化和矿床次生富集的时间和过程 ,而且可以为区域古气候的反演提供重要的年代学资料。透射电子显微镜、热重分析、离子交换实验和40 Ar/ 3 9Ar同位素分析表明 ,层状结构的黑锌锰矿、锂锰矿和钠水锰矿以及具有 1× 1隧道结构的软锰矿不适合于40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ;而隐钾锰矿、锰钡矿和锰铅矿因具有致密和稳定的 2× 2隧道结构及很强的保存K Ar体系的能力 ,是40 Ar/ 3 9Ar同位素定年的理想对象。硬锰矿和钙锰矿分别具有 2× 3和 3× 3隧道结构 ,由于隧道孔径过大 ,晶体结构的稳定性较差 ,其作为40Ar/ 3 9Ar测年的适用性有待于进一步证实。采用精细的激光阶段加热技术 ,可以有效克服表生钾锰矿物40 Ar/ 3 9Ar测年过程中3 9ArK 的反冲损失、多世代表生钾锰矿物的共生 ,以及表生钾锰矿物中原生矿物的污染和过量大气氩的存在等问题 ,并获得有意义的风化年龄。已有数据表明 ,表生钾锰矿物的形成主要集中在白垩纪末期、始新世末期—渐新世早期、中新世和上新世中期等 4个时期 ,可能记录了地史时期周期性的化学风化及气候的交替演变 相似文献
10.
大洋多金属结核中的1 nm锰矿相常以陆上钡镁锰矿命名,但两者在晶体结构等方面有很大的差别,并不属同一种矿物,1 nm锰矿相与人工合成的布塞尔矿却有更多的相似性。1 nm锰矿相会因干燥失水而相变成0.7 nm锰矿相,因此结核中的大多数0.7 nm锰矿相很可能不是原生矿物,而仅仅是1 nm锰矿相的相变产物。水羟锰矿和1 nm锰矿相是多金属结核中最主要的两种锰矿物,它们两者均有0.24 nm和0.14 nm这两条特征X射线衍射峰,因此在对结核进行锰矿物相的鉴定中要注意把它们区分开。 相似文献
11.
Xiong Han Feng Mengqiang Zhu Chaoying Ni Donald L. Sparks 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(11):3232-6063
Todorokite, as one of three main Mn oxide phases present in oceanic Mn nodules and an active MnO6 octahedral molecular sieve (OMS), has garnered much interest; however, its formation pathway in natural systems is not fully understood. Todorokite is widely considered to form from layer structured Mn oxides with hexagonal symmetry, such as vernadite (δ-MnO2), which are generally of biogenic origin. However, this geochemical process has not been documented in the environment or demonstrated in the laboratory, except for precursor phases with triclinic symmetry. Here we report on the formation of a nanoscale, todorokite-like phase from biogenic Mn oxides produced by the freshwater bacterium Pseudomonas putida strain GB-1. At long- and short-range structural scales biogenic Mn oxides were transformed to a todorokite-like phase at atmospheric pressure through refluxing. Topotactic transformation was observed during the transformation. Furthermore, the todorokite-like phases formed via refluxing had thin layers along the c∗ axis and a lack of c∗ periodicity, making the basal plane undetectable with X-ray diffraction reflection. The proposed pathway of the todorokite-like phase formation is proposed as: hexagonal biogenic Mn oxide → 10-Å triclinic phyllomanganate → todorokite. These observations provide evidence supporting the possible bio-related origin of natural todorokites and provide important clues for understanding the transformation of biogenic Mn oxides to other Mn oxides in the environment. Additionally this method may be a viable biosynthesis route for porous, nano-crystalline OMS materials for use in practical applications. 相似文献
12.
Sabine Bodeï Nicolas Geoffroy Martine Buatier 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(23):5698-5716
Todorokite is considered to form from vernadite in nature and commonly concentrates nickel. However, this mineralogical transformation has never been imaged nor explained mechanistically, and its effect on the uptake of nickel has never been quantified at the molecular-level. We have characterized these reactions at the macroscopic, microscopic, nanoscopic and atomic scales in a marine manganese concretion by combining transmission electron microscopy, electron and X-ray microprobe analysis, powder and micro X-ray diffraction, and Mn and Ni K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy. The concretion was collected during the Ticoflux II expedition near the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, and is representative of Mn deposits in hemipelagic sediments. It consists of 5 to 25 μm aggregates, shaped like sea-urchins, with a core of 7Å-vernadite (1.0 wt% Ni), a rim of 10Å-vernadite (3.8 wt% Ni), and an outermost region of todorokite fibers (1.9 wt% Ni) that extend outwards. The crystallites of 7Å-vernadite are single- to bi-layered, with hexagonal layer symmetry (a = b = 2.83 Å), and an average structural formula of . The crystallites of 10Å-vernadite contain 10 to 20 layers semi-coherently stacked in the ab plane and uniformly separated in the [0 0 1] direction by ∼9 Å due to the intercalation of hydrated Mg2+ cations. The average structural formula of 10Å-vernadite is if the layers contain vacancy sites, or alternately , if they contain Mn3+. The average formula of todorokite is .A genetic model is proposed based on combining these new data with previously published results. The thermodynamically unstable 7Å-vernadite transforms via dissolution-recrystallization to semi-ordered Mg-rich 10Å-vernadite. Nickel is released from dissolved biogenic silica or reduced organic matter, and taken up mainly in the Mn layer of 10Å-vernadite. Interlayer magnesium serves as a template to the further topotactic transformation of 10Å-vernadite to todorokite. The dimension of the todorokite tunnels in the [0 0 1] direction is uniform and determined by the size of the hydrated Mg2+ ion (8.6 Å). The tunnel dimension in the [1 0 0] direction depends on the density of Mg2+ in the interlayer and the superstructure of the phyllomanganate layer. If the parent phyllomanganate contains high amounts of Mg2+ (i.e., high layer charge), or Mn3+ and Mn4+ cations ordered following the Mn3+-Mn4+-Mn4+ sequence as in synthetic triclinic birnessite, then the tunnel dimension is ideally 3 × 3 octahedral chain widths in both crystallographic directions. Otherwise, the tunnel dimension is incoherent in the [1 0 0] direction (i.e., T(3,n) tunnel structure), as has been observed in all natural todorokites. Natural todorokite is defective because the precursor natural phyllomanganates either have a layer charge deficit below 0.33e per octahedral site, or rarely are triclinic birnessite. The abundance of Mg in seawater and its key role in converting phyllomanganate to tectomanganate with T(3,n) tunnel structure explain why todorokite is common in marine ferromanganese oxides, and seldom present in terrestrial environments. The topotactic phase transformation described here is the only known route to todorokite crystallization. This implies that all natural todorokites may be authigenic because they are formed in situ from a phyllomanganate precursor. 相似文献
13.
随着我国钢铁工业和化学工业的迅猛发展,对锰矿资源的需求,日益增加.梅县锰矿公司对该县的锰矿地质和锰矿生产做了大量工作.在前人工作的基础上,我们在锰矿资源的调研中,曾对广东省梅县的宝山岗、白沙坪、桃尧大华、宝坑、仙水塘、磔角坑、车陂等地的锰矿体、进行过采样工作.经室内鉴定后、梅县的锰矿石有优质的放电锰矿石和冶金用锰矿石、矿床规模属于中小型.梅县锰矿资源的生产,继续已有20多年的历史,在矿床的质和量方面尚需做更深入的研究,以便为矿山开采和锰矿生产提供更充分的依据.本文是对锰矿物质成分初步研究的部分结果. 相似文献
14.
FENG Xionghan TAN Wenfeng LIU Fan Huada Daniel RUAN HE Jizheng 《《地质学报》英文版》2006,80(2):249-256
Oxidation of As^Ⅲ by three types of manganese oxide minerals affected by goethite was investigated by chemical analysis, equilibrium redox, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Three synthesized Mn oxide minerals of different types, birnessite, todorokite, and hausmannite, could actively oxidize As^Ⅲ to Asv, and greatly varied in their oxidation ability. Layer structured birnessite exhibited the highest capacity of As^Ⅲ oxidation, followed by the tunnel structured todorokite. Lower oxide hansmannite possessed much low capacity of As^Ⅲ oxidation, and released more Mn^2＋ than birnessite and todorokite during the oxidation. The maximum amount of Asv produced during the oxidation of As^Ⅲ by Mn oxide minerals was in the order： birnessite （480.4 mmol/kg） 〉 todorokite （279.6 mmol/kg） 〉 hansmannite （117.9 mmol/kg）. The oxidation capacity of the Mn oxide minerals was found to be relative to the composition, crystallinity, and surface properties. In the presence of goethite oxidation of As^Ⅲ by Mn oxide minerals increased, with maximum amounts of Asv being 651.0 mmol/kg for birnessite, 332.3 mmol/kg for todorokite and 159.4 mmol/kg for hansmannite. Goethite promoted As^Ⅲ oxidation on the surface of Mn oxide minerals through adsorption of the Asv produced, incurring the decrease of Asv concentration in solutions. Thus, the combined effects of the oxidation （by Mn oxide minerals）-adsorption （by goethite） lead to rapid oxidation and immobilization of As in soils and sediments and alleviation of the As^Ⅲ toxicity in the environments. 相似文献
15.
鄂东北早元古代沉积变质锰矿是我国时代最古老的锰矿之一,是由早元古代锰质碳酸盐岩经区域变质作用而成,后又经风化富集形成工业矿床。由于特殊的地质构造背景和成矿作用的多阶段性,元素和矿物组合复杂,具有独特性。本文研究了各种组分的演变关系和元素集散因素,为锰质碳酸盐岩在高压绿片岩相区域动力变质及其后表生作用中的演变提供了一个实例。 相似文献
16.
Manganese nodules and manganese carbonate concretions occur in the upper 10–15 cm of the Recent sediments of Loch Fyne, Argyllshire in water depths of 180–200 m. The nodules are spherical, a few mm to 3 cm in diameter, and consist of a black, Mn-rich core and a thin, red, Fe-rich rim. The carbonate occurs as irregular concretions, 0.5–8 cm in size, and as a cement in irregular nodule and shell fragment aggregates. It partially replaces some nodule material and clastic silicate inclusions, but does not affect aragonitic and calcitic shell fragments.The nodules are approximately 75% pure oxides and contain 30% Mn and 4% Fe. In the cores, the principal mineral phase is todorokite, with a Mn/Fe ratio of 17. The rim consists of X-ray amorphous Fe and Mn oxides with a Mn/Fe ratio of 0.66. The cores are enriched, relative to Al, in K, Ba, Co, Mo, Ni and Sr while the rims contain more P, Ti, As, Pb, Y and Zn.The manganese carbonate has the composition (Mn47.7 Ca45.1 Mg7.2) CO3. Apart from Cu, all minor elements are excluded from significant substitution in the carbonate lattice.Manganese nodules and carbonates form diagenetically within the Recent sediments of Loch Fyne. This accounts for the high Mn/Fe ratios in the oxide phases and the abundance of manganese carbonate concretions. Mn concentrations in the interstitial waters of sediment cores are high (ca. 10 ppm) as also, by inference, are the dissolved carbonate concentrations. 相似文献
17.
探讨了人工合成的高价锰氧化物与紫外光(UV)联用时降解苯酚废水的特性。结果表明,氧化锰矿物在无UV时对苯酚的降解能力差异大,1 g/L的氧化锰4 h对200 mg/L苯酚废水的降解率和COD去除率分别为:锰钾矿97.51%、酸性水钠锰矿89.07%、碱性水钠锰矿11.36%、钙锰矿9.67%;锰钾矿87.79%、酸性水钠锰矿53.11%、碱性水钠锰矿6.42%、钙锰矿1.43%。UV光照下,氧化锰矿物对苯酚的降解率有不同程度的提高,且表现出显著的表面光催化性质,增加了苯酚的深度降解,COD去除率显著提高。UV下氧化锰4 h对苯酚的降解率分别为:锰钾矿99.48%、酸性水钠锰矿91.86%、碱性水钠锰矿40.15%、钙锰矿35.95%);COD的去除率分别为:锰钾矿98.11%、酸性水钠锰矿68.45%、钙锰矿27.57%、碱性水钠锰矿24.27%。MnO2-UV联用时降解苯酚可能包括两种主要作用机制:氧化锰矿物的直接化学氧化降解和UV下MnO2的表面光催化降解。 相似文献