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1.
中国过去300年土地利用变化及其气候效应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
尹永飞  陈星  张洁  汤剑平 《第四纪研究》2009,29(6):1162-1169
以两种植被数据为基础,分别利用区域和全球气候模式对过去300年土地利用和地表覆盖变化的气候效应进行了模拟研究。结果表明,耕地面积不断扩大所造成的自然植被破坏可能对区域性气候产生显著影响。通过对不同时期植被特征下地面温度、降水和低层大气环流的比较分析发现,中国东部地区耕地取代自然植被后,全年平均温度有所降低,且存在明显季节差异。植被退化地区的夏季温度有明显升高而冬季温度则显著降低; 同时夏季降水和850hPa风场发生显著变化: 夏季降水明显减少,而这一结果与低层(850hPa)大气环流的反气旋性增强相联系,即植被退化使中国东部夏季风环流减弱,这与目前观测事实是一致的。土地利用引起的地表覆盖的变化可能是东亚季风减弱的原因之一。  相似文献   

2.
Land use/cover change has occurred at all times in all parts of the world. Most affected and involved in these processes are the environmental spheres of water, soil, and vegetative cover, which are closely linked to geomorphology, climate, fauna, and especially human societies. These linkages between spheres are highly complex and, as of yet, incompletely understood. The most profound questions with respect to land use/cover and global change are: “What forces drive land use/land cover change?”, “What impacts — direct and indirect, now and in the future — do these changes have on the environment and on human society?” and “Can and should we, and if so, how, respond to these changes?” This partial teaching module, developed under the auspices of the Second Commission on College Geography of the Association of American Geographers, introduces students to the complexities inherent in these questions, but mainly focusses on the first of these. It illustrates the central role of the study of land land use/cover change within the large field of global environmental and climatic change, and is thus a good unit to introduce this area of interest.  相似文献   

3.
国际土地利用-土地覆盖变化的环境影响研究   总被引:93,自引:5,他引:88  
土地利用-土地覆盖变化是全球变化研究的重要方面之一。土地利用-土地覆盖变化对大氧化学性质及过程、气候、水文、土壤沉积物、生物多样性、生产力等都产生重要的影响。着重综述了轩际全球变化研究领域中重要的研究焦点之一-土地利用和土地覆盖变化的环境影响研究取得的进展以及未来的发展方向。  相似文献   

4.
青藏高原地区特殊的大气圈、水圈、冰冻圈、生物圈等多圈层相互作用过程及其变化,不仅对青藏高原及其周边地区的气候格局和变化有重要影响,而且对东亚、北半球乃至全球的环流形势和异常产生深远影响。为此,全球变化研究重大科学研究计划于2010年9月启动了"青藏高原气候系统变化及其对东亚区域的影响与机制研究"项目,旨在开展青藏高原环境、地表过程、生态系统对全球变化的响应及其对周边地区人类生存环境影响的综合交叉研究,以揭示青藏高原气候系统变化及其对东亚区域的影响机制,提出前瞻性的应对气候变化与异常的策略,减少其导致的区域自然灾害的损失。项目实施近3年来,开展了青藏高原首次"星—机—地"综合立体协同观测试验和大规模地气相互作用综合观测试验。在遥感结合地面观测估算青藏高原地表特征参数和能量通量方法,高原地区上对流层和下平流层结构,高原季风与东亚季风和南亚季风之间的内在联系,中国及青藏高原地区太阳辐射和风速的年代际变化趋势,青藏高原春季感热源减弱及其对亚洲夏季风和中国东部降水的影响,以及极高海拔地区土地覆被格局等方面取得了一些突出进展。  相似文献   

5.
土地利用变化对全球气候影响的研究进展与方法初探   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
综合分析了土地利用与土地覆盖变化(LUCC)对全球气候影响研究的重要科学问题和国内外研究现状,在此基础上,考虑各学科的相互交叉、渗透和耦合等特点,提出并初步设计了土地利用变化对全球气候影响研究的星地一体化LUCC—气候—生态系统耦合研究技术方法体系,并就土地利用变化对全球气候影响的LUCC演变规律及动力学机制、LUCC...  相似文献   

6.
Climate change and land use/land cover change have resulted in water shortage, degraded ecosystem services, and increased disaster risks across the world. Developing strategies and measures for achieving regional and global sustainability in the face of these environmental problems is a key topic of current climate change research. This paper provides an overview of the 973 project, entitled “Integrative Modeling and Strategic Planning for Regional Sustainability under Climate Change”, including its background, relative progresses, key scientific questions, major research elements, methodology, and expected outcomes. The proposed research is based on sustainability science, guided by the idea of Orderly Human Activities (OHA), and implemented through an integrated methodology of combining field observations, simulation experiments, and scenario analysis. The main objectives of the project are: to quantify the relationship between human activities and climate change, to assess the impacts of human activities on ecosystem services and human well being in the face of climate change, and to develop an integrated model of climate change, OHA, and regional sustainable development. The ultimate goal is to provide a landscape/regional-scale strategy for sustainable development in the face of climate change. The project is expected to help advance the science and application of landscape sustainability science and land system design, particularly in terms of linking climate change, ecosystem services, and human well-being in the dry land region of China.  相似文献   

7.
区域研究:全球变化研究的重要途径   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7  
区域研究是全球变化研究的重要途径。国际上南部非洲、南亚、东亚、东南亚4个地区及若干重大区域研究项目如 LBA、AMMA、MAIRS及ProMed等典型案例研究表明:区域研究是全球变化研究的基础,区域的实验、模拟、分析是全球环境变化研究的有效方法。区域研究应关注:陆地表面过程、海岸带的陆—海相互作用过程、区域气候变化过程等关键过程对全球变化的响应及作用;区域边缘现象、阈值与突变问题;区域人类活动对全球变化的有序适应等。有必要制订国际区域研究计划,实施地球系统的区域观测,建立区域研究的集成新方法、区域实验与尺度转换方法,建立基于数理基础的区域地球系统模型和数值模拟等新方法。  相似文献   

8.
Gridded population distribution data are finding increasing use in a wide range of fields, including resource allocation, disease burden estimation and climate change impact assessment. Land cover information can be used in combination with detailed settlement extents to redistribute aggregated census counts to improve the accuracy of national-scale gridded population data. In East Africa, such analyses have been done using regional land cover data, thus restricting application of the approach to this region. If gridded population data are to be improved across Africa, an alternative, consistent and comparable source of land cover data is required. Here these analyses were repeated for Kenya using four continent-wide land cover datasets combined with detailed settlement extents and accuracies were assessed against detailed census data. The aim was to identify the large area land cover dataset that, combined with detailed settlement extents, produce the most accurate population distribution data. The effectiveness of the population distribution modelling procedures in the absence of high resolution census data was evaluated, as was the extrapolation ability of population densities between different regions. Results showed that the use of the GlobCover dataset refined with detailed settlement extents provided significantly more accurate gridded population data compared to the use of refined AVHRR-derived, MODIS-derived and GLC2000 land cover datasets. This study supports the hypothesis that land cover information is important for improving population distribution model accuracies, particularly in countries where only coarse resolution census data are available. Obtaining high resolution census data must however remain the priority. With its higher spatial resolution and its more recent data acquisition, the GlobCover dataset was found as the most valuable resource to use in combination with detailed settlement extents for the production of gridded population datasets across large areas.  相似文献   

9.
气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究   总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27  
水资源短缺和水患灾害已成为全球关心的重大问题。气候与土地利用变化对流域水资源和旱涝的影响以及由此产生的社会经济后果已引起人类社会的广泛关注。深入综合地开展这方面的研究对国民经济建设和可持续发展规划决策有重要的意义。通过分析总结已进行的有关研究工作 ,对该领域的研究进展作了简要回顾 ,讨论了现有工作的不足和今后的研究内容和方法。  相似文献   

10.
Natural resource-dependent societies in developing countries are facing increased pressures linked to global climate change. While social-ecological systems evolve to accommodate variability, there is growing evidence that changes in drought, storm and flood extremes are increasing exposure of currently vulnerable populations. In many countries in Africa, these pressures are compounded by disruption to institutions and variability in livelihoods and income. The interactions of both rapid and slow onset livelihood disturbance contribute to enduring poverty and slow processes of rural livelihood renewal across a complex landscape. We explore cross-scale dynamics in coping and adaptation response, drawing on qualitative data from a case study in Mozambique. The research characterises the engagements across multiple institutional scales and the types of agents involved, providing insight into emergent conditions for adaptation to climate change in rural economies. The analysis explores local responses to climate shocks, food security and poverty reduction, through informal institutions, forms of livelihood diversification and collective land-use systems that allow reciprocity, flexibility and the ability to buffer shocks. However, the analysis shows that agricultural initiatives have helped to facilitate effective livelihood renewal, through the reorganisation of social institutions and opportunities for communication, innovation and micro-credit. Although there are challenges to mainstreaming adaptation at different scales, this research shows why it is critical to assess how policies can protect conditions for emergence of livelihood transformation.  相似文献   

11.
Li  Baoni  Xiong  Lihua  Zhang  Quan  Chen  Shilei  Yang  Han  Guo  Shuhui 《Natural Hazards》2022,113(1):577-613
Natural Hazards - Land use/cover change (LUCC) affects regional climate not only through its direct changes of land surface properties, but also through its further modifications of...  相似文献   

12.
区域尺度生态系统水分利用效率的时空变异特征研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
水分利用效率(WUE)是深入理解生态系统水—碳循环耦合关系的重要指标,揭示区域尺度生态系统WUE的时空变异特征及其控制机制,有助于评价和预测全球变化对生态系统水、碳过程的影响。综述了目前区域尺度生态系统WUE的研究进展,结果表明:①目前关于生态系统WUE影响因素的研究多基于站点尺度,区域尺度的研究相对缺乏;②关于不同生态系统WUE的大小及时间变化特征已有较明确的结论,而基于生态模型方法获取的生态系统WUE的空间分布格局尚需进一步验证;③已有研究表明气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)均会显著改变生态系统生产力或蒸散,然而,较少研究关注两者导致的生态系统WUE的改变。因此,区域尺度生态系统WUE时空变异的控制因子及其对气候变化和LUCC的响应可能是未来全球变化研究的热点问题之一。  相似文献   

13.
地表植被改变对气候变化影响的模拟研究   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
陈星  雷鸣  汤剑平 《地球科学进展》2006,21(10):1075-1082
由于人类活动的影响,在过去的几百年里全球植被发生了很大的变化。地表植被的变化通过地面的能量和水汽交换而改变气候,研究目的是通过数值模拟认识这一过程的有关气候效应。方法上使用AGCM+SSIB模式对由于植被变化而可能导致的气候变化进行了敏感性模拟试验,研究区域为欧亚大陆。模拟主要对1700年、1800年、1900年、1950年所代表的气候特征时期植被改变所造成的气候变化响应进行平衡态试验。欧亚大陆在这些时段内植被变化是非常明显的,有大片的土地覆盖从森林变为草地或者耕地,或者从自然草地变为耕地。结果表明地表植被的改变对于气候的作用是非常复杂的,但中纬度地区在统计上有着比较明显的作用。得出的主要结论是,从1700年到1950年由于植被的退化,东亚地区夏季变得更热而冬季变得更冷,欧洲冬夏都变冷了;中国南部的降水在夏季不断减少,亚洲夏季风被削弱。  相似文献   

14.
At the regional scale, more and more questions are arising regarding the evaluation of management strategies to minimize the nutrient input into ground- and surface water. Therefore, the quantification of the chemical transformation processes and the spatio-temporal differentiation of the nitrate transport behavior at regional scales are essential. The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) stipulated new sustainable management concepts in the face of climate change and the change of land use systems. Considering the prospective changes, a valid prediction of the substance flux using scale-dependent adapted model tools is a necessity. The objective of this paper is the parameterization of redox based denitrification dynamics in groundwater via the entire flow path from recharge to discharge by the geochemical proxies redox potential and Fe-concentration. The used model approach Model of Diffuse Emissions via Subsurface Trails (MODEST) combines GIS embedded grid-based conceptual groundwater flow and substance transport modeling at larger scales with substance degradation rates, the latter based on denitrification half-lives between 6 months and 120 years determined for the individual compartments of the modeled region, the State Brandenburg. The resulting regional nitrate retention potential represents the basic information for the evaluation of renovated, sustainable land and water management approaches, mitigating diffuse nitrate pollution in the younger Pleistocene glacial landscapes.  相似文献   

15.
区域土地利用变化驱动力研究前景展望   总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29  
区域土地利用变化驱动力研究旨在从典型区域角度揭示土地利用变化背后的真正动因及其作用机理,进而动态模拟、预测区域土地利用变化过程。土地利用系统的自组织性及其内驱动因子作用的复杂性,决定了其研究必须与某一特定区域相联系,以便确定合适的可定量指标来体现外生驱动因子的驱动效果。系统地识别土地利用系统在不同控制状态下的驱动因子及其多种时空尺度效应,建立具有综合模拟的区域土地利用变化动态模型,能减少土地利用系统通常受临界值域和突变所左右的局面。区域土地利用变化驱动因子识别、区域土地利用变化驱动机制分析、区域土地利用变化驱动过程模拟等的研究现状表明,为更好地理解区域土地利用变化的机制和原因,测度现有及未来土地利用变化的速率、过程和地点,支持政府相关决策的制定与实施,促使区域土地利用变化向有利于人类的方向发展,区域土地利用变化驱动力分析应优先考虑以下研究领域:①驱动力因子识别及其作用效应的尺度依赖性;②驱动力因子的贡献量化及其在具体区域的非均一分布;③驱动力因子作用过程的自然反馈机制模型化。 [HT5H]关〓键〓词:[HT5K]  相似文献   

16.
北京城乡过渡区土地利用变化驱动力分析   总被引:52,自引:1,他引:52  
在多时相遥感数据和实际调查数据的支持下,采用典型样带和样点相结合的研究方法,对北京西部城乡过渡区的土地利用/覆盖变化驱动力进行了研究。结果表明,研究区的土地利用/覆盖变化受到了不同层次、多种驱动力的综合作用,人类活动从整体上改变着城乡过渡区的景观特征,政策体制转变下的经济高速增长和快速的城市化过程是北京城乡过渡区土地利用/覆盖变化的根本原因。在这个过程中,城市投资和产业的转变与农村农业用地内部的结构调整相互结合,从城市和农村两个方向共同推动着北京城乡过渡区的土地利用/覆盖变化,而地形、交通等因素则从局部尺度上决定着土地利用/覆盖变化的方向。此外,人类个体的行为选择,尤其是就业和消费选择,也在一定程度上对北京城乡过渡区的土地利用/覆盖变化起着调整和修改作用。  相似文献   

17.
千百年尺度气候快速变化及其数值模拟研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
靳立亚  陈发虎 《地球科学进展》2007,22(10):1054-1065
千百年尺度全球气候快速变化是古气候研究中的一个重要内容。研究发现,末次冰期和全新世都存在着千年、百年尺度的快速气候变化,其变化幅度可以达到典型的地质变化或天文因子所造成的冰期/间冰期的气候振荡幅度,同时这些古气候事件具有全球性。对冰期和全新世气候变化的数值模拟揭示了气候系统对地球轨道参数变化的响应以及海洋、植被、冰盖、温室气体等反馈因子的重要性,其中大洋温盐环流对北大西洋淡水注入的敏感性与末次冰期和全新世气候快速变化密切相联。利用中等复杂程度的气候模式(EMIC)CLIMBER 2模拟了末次冰期典型时段(60~20 ka BP)D/O和Heinrich事件以及东亚气候的响应过程。模拟研究揭示了全新世青藏高原冰雪环境对亚洲—非洲季风气候的显著影响。今后的古气候模拟研究将在改进模式分辨率、结合古气候代用资料确定更加符合历史时期边界条件以进一步改善气候模式的基础上,更加注重气候突变机制的研究以及加强全球变化背景下的区域气候的长期变化研究。  相似文献   

18.
青藏高原及周边冰川区表碛影响研究进展北大核心CSCD   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
张勇  刘时银  王欣 《冰川冻土》2022,44(3):900-913
青藏高原及周边冰川区表碛分布十分广泛,其通过地-气-能-水交换、反照率变化等影响冰川消融及空间特征,导致表碛覆盖型冰川物质平衡响应机制、水文效应及其致灾过程不同于无表碛覆盖型冰川。本文在系统梳理青藏高原及周边冰川区表碛空间分布特征的基础上,综合分析了表碛对冰川区消融、物质平衡和水文过程的影响及其对气候的响应过程,并系统分析了表碛影响观测与模拟的研究进展。目前不同尺度冰川物质平衡和径流模型对表碛影响的考虑依然不足,导致应用现有模型开展表碛分布及动态变化和评估气候变化条件下表碛影响面临诸多挑战。展望未来,深入认识气候-冰川-表碛系统相互作用与反馈机制,发展考虑多物理过程的冰川-表碛系统协同演化的动态模型,预估气候变化驱动下的冰川区表碛动态影响及趋势,进而服务于区域社会经济发展和“绿色丝绸之路”建设。  相似文献   

19.
The paper presents a methodology on how to consistently deal with the future change and management options in integrated water resources management (IWRM). It is based on a conceptual framework with a five step procedure for the formulation and analysis of a so-called ‘parameterised regional futures’. Developing and testing the approach for IWRM is realised for the upper part of the Western Bug River catchment (Ukraine). Special attention is paid to scenarios of change covering climate and land use. The future regional climate is downscaled with the model CCLM. Land cover is projected after retrospective change detection and the derivation of prospective algorithms. Parameters of the interrelations between land use and the water cycle are tackled through using the concept of the model PWF-LU. The methodology is currently being tested to analyse the impacts of mid-term regional change and management options on the water cycle of the catchment.  相似文献   

20.
未来不同排放情景下气候变化预估研究进展   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
概述未来不同排放情景下气候变化预估研究的主要进展。首先,对用于开展气候变化预估研究的不同复杂程度的气候系统及地球系统模式及其模拟能力进行了简要的介绍,指出虽然目前气候系统模式在很多方面存在着较大的不确定性,但大体说来可提供当前气候状况的可信模拟结果;进而介绍了IPCC不同的排放情景,以及不同排放情景下全球与东亚区域气候变化预估的主要结果。研究表明,尽管不同模式对不同情景下未来气候变化预估的结果存有差异,但对未来50~100年全球气候变化的模拟大体一致,即全球将持续增温、降水出现区域性增加。在此基础上,概述了全球气候模式模拟结果的区域化技术,并重点介绍了降尺度方法的分类与应用。同时对气候变化预估的不确定性进行了讨论。最后,对气候变化预估的研究前景进行了展望,并讨论了未来我国气候变化预估研究的重点发展方向。  相似文献   

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