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1.
在汪素云等利用全国地震台网资料所得结果的基础上, 补充了约5万条区域地震台网Pn波到时数据, 再次反演了中国及邻区Pn波速度横向变化和各向异性变化. 对比分析了研究区的地壳厚度分布、大地热流分布、新生代火山岩分布和高温、高压实验研究结果, 并探讨了中国及邻区Pn波速度结构的成因. 定量分析结果表明, Pn波速度与地壳厚度成正相关变化, 与大地热流成反相关变化. 根据Pn波速度随地壳厚度变化而估计的P波速度vP随压强p的变化率δvP/δp, 与(Matsushima和Akeni)由二辉橄榄岩包体的岩石实验所得结果非常接近. 在扣除了增厚地壳引起的压强增大对Pn波速度的可能影响后, 青藏高原地区的低Pn速度区更加显著. 低Pn速度区与新生代火山岩分布区有较好的一致性. 在几处波速各向异性显著的区域, 快波速方向与地壳最大主压应力方向和现代地壳运动方向一致, 可能与研究区上地幔顶部沿挤压方向的流动变形有关. 相似文献
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《地震地质》2016,(3)
利用海南岛及邻区2000—2012年精定位后的地震S波资料进行Q_s值成像,得到区域Q_s值分布和滑动平均Q_s值变化,结合地震活动、火山、热流点和GPS基线变化分析区域浅层地壳(深5~15km)S波衰减的时空变化特征,并讨论了区域地壳介质应力条件状态变化的特点。结果表明:1)衰减成像结果显示研究区Q_s值空间上横向不均匀变化显著,总体呈现海南岛中部高、周边低的特征,低Q_s值(高衰减)主要分布在王五-文教断裂以北、尖峰-吊罗断裂以南及铺前-清澜断裂以东区域。地震活动多丛集分布在高、低Q_s值过渡区域,火山主要分布在王五-文教断裂以北的雷琼坳陷低Q_s值区域及其附近,大地热流点分布于低Q_s值及其边缘区域。2)滑动平均Q_s值的时间变化特征与地震活动性、泸州—琼中GPS基线变化存在较强的相关性。2000—2008年,研究区地震活动性较强,泸州—琼中GPS基线呈缩短趋势,滑动平均Q_s值相对较高,区域可能处于"高"应力介质条件状态;2008—2012年,研究区地震活动性较弱,泸州—琼中GPS基线显示伸长趋势,滑动平均Q_s值相对较低,区域可能处于应力调整、松弛的"低"应力介质条件状态。 相似文献
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本研究使用中国地震局地壳应力研究所2010—2011年期间在云南地区布设流动地震台站以及青藏高原周边地区固定地震台站记录到的波形资料,提取了大量高质量Pn波到时资料.联合中国地震台网观测报告,我们获得了一个新的青藏高原东缘上地幔顶部Pn波速度和各向异性结构模型.结果显示,研究区内上地幔顶部存在明显横向不均匀性.古老盆地和稳定地台区如四川盆地、柴达木盆地、拉萨地块和阿拉善块体呈现为明显高波速异常,而祁连山至西秦岭褶皱带和川滇菱形块体北部等为相对弱高波速异常.在龙日坝断裂带以东的松潘—甘孜地块往南沿安宁河—则木河断裂至川滇菱形块体南部显示为一条近南北向明显低波速异常.三江褶皱系、缅甸弧俯冲带以及四川盆地东南等地区为明显低波速异常.地壳强震多发生在高波速异常边缘或高低波速异常过渡带上,表明地壳强震的孕育可能还与地幔构造作用存在一定相关性.青藏高原东构造结的各向异性快波方向呈顺时针旋转分布,与印度—欧亚碰撞密切相关.龙门山断裂带东西两侧的各向异性快波方向发生明显变化,由其西侧松潘—甘孜地块下方的NE向转变为四川盆地下方的近EW向,说明青藏高原物质流动遇四川盆地后分为NE和SW向两支.在川滇地区26°N以南地区上地幔顶部各向异性呈现近NS向与地表GPS观测相一致,但与SKS分裂结果存在较大差异,可能表明地壳与上地幔顶部形变表现为耦合现象,而上地幔顶部至岩石圈内部则存在解耦现象. 相似文献
4.
利用2001-2003年期间在2015年4月12日尼泊尔MS8.1级强震震源区流动地震观测记录到的连续波形数据,提取了5~25 s周期的瑞利波相速度频散曲线,并构建了尼泊尔地震震源区二维瑞利波相速度分布图像.以0.5°×0.5°为网格大小将研究区网格化,采用NA算法反演得到尼泊尔地震震源地区三维S波速度结构.结果显示,在上地壳,以主前锋逆冲断裂带（MFT）为界,其以北地区为高波速异常,而其以南为明显低波速异常;在中地壳,以藏南拆离系（STDS）为界,南北两侧速度结构也存在明显差别,以南地区为明显高波速异常,而以北地区为明显低波速异常.这些结构特征说明,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞挤压作用形成地幔热物质上涌并造成地壳物质部分熔融,并由此形成了东西向拉张的南北向裂谷.2015年尼泊尔MS8.1级主震和最大余震均发生于高低波速异常过渡区且偏向高波速异常区,暗示了这样的波速异常区易于积累能量孕育强震.主震和最大余震的南侧均存在明显的低波速异常,与主喜马拉雅滑脱断裂带（MHT）相对应,可能代表部分熔融或深部流体作用于主边界断裂带（MBT）附近的MHT断裂带,降低断层面上的有效正应力,从而触发尼泊尔强震及最大余震的发生.主震与最大余震之间的余震分布于高低波速异常变化较为明显的地区,说明研究区内地震的发生受震源区附近的速度结构控制. 相似文献
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渤海位于北华北新生代裂陷盆地的东部，是一个晚第四纪形成的内陆海盆. 渤海盆地活动断裂发育，地震活动强烈，交会于渤海中部的NE向营口——潍坊断裂带北段、庙西北——黄河口——临邑断裂带及NW向北京——蓬莱断裂带是主要的活动构造带，将海区分成4个次级新构造区，成为现代应力场作用的构造基础. 综合研究38个震源机制解和75个井区应力场等资料，以及构造应力场二维数值模拟计算结果表明，渤海及其邻区现代构造应力场的压应力方向为NE60～90，张应力为SN——NW30；以水平和近水平应力作用为主；不同构造区主应力方向存在一定的差异. 现今渤海地区地壳发育以NNE——NE和NW——WNW走向的共轭剪切破裂为特征，是控制地震活动的主要构造. 相似文献
6.
环渤海地区位于华北克拉通的中东部,是岩石圈破坏和减薄的主要地区,同时也是我国大陆东部强震的多发区和油气田产区,一直是国内外学者研究的重点区域.本研究利用环渤海地区1980—2015年期间中国地震台网高质量Pn波到时数据,反演得到环渤海地区Pn波速度结构及各向异性.结果显示,环渤海地区上地幔顶部的Pn波速度结构存在明显的横向不均匀性,且与区域地质构造有一定相关性.在地形隆起区,如太行山隆起、燕山隆起、鲁西隆起、胶辽隆起及苏鲁褶皱带地区,呈现为低波速异常,说明这些隆起区下方的上地幔存在热物质上涌,而凹陷地区,如华北盆地、南黄海北部盆地和南黄海南部盆地,则表现为高波速异常,说明这些凹陷地区上地幔顶部岩石圈强度较大.地壳内强震主要发生于低波速异常区和高低波速异常过渡带上,说明华北地区地壳强震的发生有可能受到上地幔深部构造的影响.太行山造山带地区Pn波各向异性快波方向为近NNE向,苏鲁褶皱带区域的Pn波各向异性快波方向为近NE向,与断裂带的走向基本一致,表明在地壳形变剧烈的地区,可能受上地幔顶部的深部动力学影响较大.华北盆地的北部和南部各向异性方向存在差异,可能与岩石圈的厚度及热状态的不均匀性有关. 相似文献
7.
利用区域固定台站和中国地震科学探测台阵记录的7349个近震事件的60471个Pg波绝对走时和196465个相对走时数据,采用双差地震层析成像获得滇西北地区(25°～28.2°N,99.5°～101.5°E)横向分辨率为0.2°的中、上地壳的三维P波速度模型,重点分析了区域内各主要断裂带及其邻区的速度结构特征.结果表明:金沙江—红河断裂带北段15 km以上的P波速度较低,重定位后中、小地震的震中主要位于低速异常的内部,且震源深度在断裂带两侧相似;推测金沙江—红河断裂带作为川滇菱形块体西南边界的剪切控制作用已弱化,分界能力局部减弱,并且断裂带下方主体的低速异常可能为跨越断裂的动力传递提供条件.丽江—小金河断裂带(西南段)两侧存在大范围的P波低速异常,推测此低速体可能是青藏高原东南向挤出的物质,而程海断裂带以东从近地表至25 km深处明显的P波高速异常体则可能会阻挡高原物质东南向的逃逸. 相似文献
8.
根据美国地球物理数据中心的地磁场模型(NGDC-720),研究云南地区地壳磁异常的空间变化,包括磁异常及其梯度的分布、磁异常随高度的衰减、不同波长成分对总体磁异常的贡献.比较磁异常与重力异常、大地热流、地震活动等地球物理信息的异同特征,探讨地壳磁异常与地质构造的关系.研究结果表明:丽江—小金河、红河断裂带以西的三江、滇西造山带的异常较弱,菱形地块的异常相对较强.研究区域的地壳磁异常主要是弱磁性基底背景下叠加的浅源磁性体产生.卫星磁异常显示滇中坳陷区具有清晰的偶极场特征.沿红河断裂带分布的正负磁异常带与断裂构造走向一致.围限菱形地块的丽江—小金河断裂、红河断裂、康定—奕良—水城断裂和弥勒—师宗—水城断裂带是磁异常的强弱过渡带.强烈地震发生的地点、大地热流值高的地区,地壳磁异常为负值或相对较弱. 相似文献
9.
位于川西地区的奔子栏——唐克深地震测深剖面以NNE走向穿越松潘——甘孜造山带．根据人工地震记录分析得到的震相走时和相关的振幅信息，确定了该剖面二维P波地壳速度结构．剖面的地壳结构可分为5层，其中第1，2，3层为上地壳；第4，5层为下地壳．上地壳中部普遍存在低速异常带，但龙日坝以北，这一低速带与其上覆的低速基底合为一体．同时，沿剖面的地壳速度结构具有较强的横向变化．据此，可将剖面分为4段，即甘孜——理塘断裂以南、甘孜——理塘断裂至鲜水河断裂、鲜水河断裂至龙日坝断裂和龙日坝断裂以北. 这与区域构造划分基本一致． 地壳厚度沿测线从南西向北东逐渐减薄，即从金沙江畔的62 km减小到黄河附近的52 km． 根据PmP震相分析，莫霍界面深度在鲜水河断裂两侧没有明显变化．全剖面的地壳平均速度较低，为6.30 km/s．奔子栏——唐克剖面揭示了该地区的造山带型地壳上地幔结构特征．鲜水河断裂带位于剖面的中部，该地区的上地壳速度为正异常，而下地壳和上地幔顶部存在负异常．笔者认为，这是一类有利于强震孕育和发生的深部构造环境． 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
14.
《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,(4)
正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and 相似文献
15.
O. Martins 《水文研究》1988,2(1):19-29
Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO3 > SO4 > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals. 相似文献
16.
Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong. 相似文献
17.
Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hitoshi Hasegawa Hisao Ando Noriko Hasebe Niiden Ichinnorov Tohru Ohta Takashi Hasegawa Masanobu Yamamoto Gang Li Bat‐Orshikh Erdenetsogt Ulrich Heimhofer Takayuki Murata Hironori Shinya G. Enerel G. Oyunjargal O. Munkhtsetseg Noriyuki Suzuki Tomohisa Irino Koshi Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2018,27(3)
Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia. 相似文献
18.
A. C. LIAKOPOULOS Dr. Eng. 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):69-110
ABSTRACT The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content. Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data. Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme. Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate. 相似文献
19.
Church repair swarms and earthquakes in Rhodes Island, Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
20.
GHODRAT TORABI 《Island Arc》2012,21(3):215-229
Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO 2 (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na 2 O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K 2 O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area. 相似文献