共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 781 毫秒
1.
Nishank Saxena Ronny Hofmann Seán Dolan Rituparna Sarker Chen Bao Stephan Gelinsky 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(4):843-871
The measured geophysical response of sand – shale sequences is an average over multiple layers when the tool resolution (seismic or well log) is coarser than the scale of sand – shale mixing. Shale can be found within sand – shale sequences as laminations, dispersed in sand pores, as well as load bearing clasts. We present a rock physics framework to model seismic/sonic properties of sub-resolution interbedded shaly sands using the so-called solid and mineral substitution models. This modelling approach stays consistent with the conceptual model of the Thomas–Stieber approach for estimating volumetric properties of shaly sands; thus, this work connects established well log data-based petrophysical workflows with quantitative interpretation of seismic data for modelling hydrocarbon signature in sand – shale sequences. We present applications of the new model to infer thickness of sand – shale lamination (i.e., net to gross) and other volumetric properties using seismic data. Another application of the new approach is fluid substitution in sub-resolution interbedded sand–shale sequences that operate directly at the measurement scale without the need to downscale; such a procedure has many practical advantages over the approach of “first-downscale-and-then-upscale” as it is not very sensitive to errors in estimated sand fraction and end member sand/shale properties and remains stable at small sand/shale fractions. 相似文献
2.
五峰-龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的首选层位,而其地震岩石物理特征是利用地震方法进行"甜点"预测的重要基础之一,但对五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震弹性特征变化规律的研究并未考虑沉积、成岩过程的影响,致使相应的规律性认识缺乏地质意义.在对五峰-龙马溪组页岩样品系统声学测量基础上,分析了页岩样品地震弹性性质的变化规律.利用X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、阴极发光（CL）与能谱分析确定了五峰-龙马溪组页岩在不同沉积环境下的成岩过程,并讨论了成岩过程与地震弹性性质变化规律的因果关系.研究结果表明,页岩中有机质（TOC）受高热演化程度的影响,其密度通常高于1.4 g·cm-3,并接近于有机碳密度上限1.6 g·cm-3（石墨密度）.五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震弹性性质变化规律整体受沉积环境控制,沉积环境的差异形成不同的成岩过程,致使地震弹性特征也表现出不同的变化规律.表现在五峰-龙马溪页岩样品动态岩石物理特征主要受岩石结构控制（支撑颗粒弹性性质）,而孔隙度、TOC含量以及孔隙形状则为对地震弹性特征影响的次一级因素.五峰-龙马溪组页岩上段为浅水陆棚相,机械压实与化学压实（硅质胶结）为先后两个过程,造成样品表现出高的速度-孔隙度变化率、高速度比（泊松比）、高各向异性以及低TOC含量的特征.五峰-龙马溪组页岩下段为深水陆棚相,机械压实过程中同时伴有生物成因的硅质胶结,造成岩石样品表现出较高TOC含量与孔隙度、各向异性较弱以及较小的速度-孔隙度变化率.研究结果可为五峰-龙马溪页气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据. 相似文献
3.
Shales comprise more than 60% of sedimentary rocks and form natural seals above hydrocarbon reservoirs. Their sealing capacity is also used for storage of nuclear wastes. The world's most important conventional oil and gas reservoirs have their corresponding source rocks in shale. Furthermore, shale oil and shale gas are the most rapidly expanding trends in unconventional oil and gas. Shales are notorious for their strong elastic anisotropy, i.e., so‐called vertical transverse isotropy. This vertical transverse isotropy, characterised by a vertical axis of invariance, is of practical importance as it is required for correct surface seismic data interpretation, seismic to well tie, and amplitude versus offset analysis. A rather classical paradigm makes a clear link between compaction in shales and the alignment of the clay platelets (main constituent of shales). This would imply increasing anisotropy strength with increasing compaction. Our main purpose is to check this prediction on two large databases in shaly formations (more than 800 samples from depths of 0–6 km) by extracting the major trends in the relation between seismic anisotropy and compaction. The statistical analysis of the database shows that the simultaneous increase in density and velocity, a classical compaction signature, is quite weakly correlated with the anisotropy strength. As a consequence, compaction can be excluded as a major cause of seismic anisotropy, at least in shaly formations. Also, the alignment of the clay platelets can explain most of the anisotropy measurements of both databases. Finally, a method for estimating the orientation distribution function of the clay platelets from the measurement of the anisotropy parameters is suggested. 相似文献
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5.
Mechanical compaction in heterogeneous clastic formations from plastic–poroelastic deformation principles: theory and applications 
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下载免费PDF全文 Ran Bachrach 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(3):724-735
Mechanical compaction or loss of porosity due to increase in effective stress is a fundamental geological process that governs many of the rock elastic and transport parameters, all of great importance in exploring and developing subsurface reservoirs. The ability to model the compaction process enables us to improve our understanding of the seismic signature of the basin and better relate the geology of deposition to current porosity, velocity, pore pressure, and other mechanical parameters that depend on the state of compaction of the sediment. In this paper, a set of mathematical equations that can be used to model the plastic deformation associated with primary and secondary loading curves is presented. Compaction laws are posed in terms of natural strain increment formulation often used in plasticity theory to model large deformation. Laboratory and field estimates of constitutive plastic deformation relations for sand–shale mixtures are used in a numerical model that generates estimates of porosity under various pore pressures, shale content, and loading scenarios. These estimates can be used in a variety of settings to predict various basin and reservoir properties associated with different loading conditions and/or sedimentation processes. 相似文献
6.
在四川盆地通南巴构造带,首先以井芯、录井资料和钻井泥浆比重资料为约束条件,利用泥岩段声波测井资料建立区域“正常压实趋势线”;然后用精细速度处理获得的地震层速度剖面减去区域“正常压实趋势线”建立速度差值剖面,速度差值剖面上的异常低速带定性指示了地层超压范围;再采用速度一压力变换技术,建立压力系数剖面,定量分析地层超压,地层压力计算结果与实际钻井采用的泥浆比重较好吻合,说明利用地球物理资料、钻井资料及地质资料不但可以定性识别超压地层,而且可以定量预测地层压力;对不同压力封存箱的认识有助于分析地层含油气性延展方向,指导下一步勘探部署。 相似文献
7.
In the monitoring of earthquakes and nuclear explosions using a sparse worldwide network of seismic stations, it is frequently
necessary to make reliable location estimates using a single seismic array. It is also desirable to screen out routine industrial
explosions automatically in order that analyst resources are not wasted upon detections which can, with a high level of confidence,
be associated with such a source. The Kovdor mine on the Kola Peninsula of NW Russia is the site of frequent industrial blasts
which are well recorded by the ARCES regional seismic array at a distance of approximately 300 km. We describe here an automatic
procedure for identifying signals which are likely to result from blasts at the Kovdor mine and, wherever possible, for obtaining
single array locations for such events. Carefully calibrated processing parameters were chosen using measurements from confirmed
events at the mine over a one-year period for which the operators supplied Ground Truth information. Phase arrival times are
estimated using an autoregressive method and slowness and azimuth are estimated using broadband f{-}k analysis in fixed frequency bands and time-windows fixed relative to the initial P-onset time. We demonstrate the improvement
to slowness estimates resulting from the use of fixed frequency bands. Events can be located using a single array if, in addition
to the P-phase, at least one secondary phase is found with both an acceptable slowness estimate and valid onset-time estimate.
We evaluate the on-line system over a twelve month period; every event known to have occured at the mine is detected by the
process and 32 out of 53 confirmed events were located automatically. The remaining events were classified as “very likely”
Kovdor events and were subsequently located by an analyst. The false alarm rate is low; only 84 very likely Kovdor events
were identified during the whole of 2003 and none of these were subsequently located at a large distance from the mine. The
location accuracy achieved automatically by the single-array process is remarkably good, and is comparable to that obtained
interactively by an experienced analyst using two-array observations. The greatest problem encountered in the single array
location procedure is the difficulty in determining arrival times for secondary phases, given the weak Sn phase and the complexity
of the P-coda. The method described here could be applied to a wide range of locations and sources for which the monitoring
of seismic activity is desirable. The effectiveness will depend upon the distance between source and receiver, the nature
of the seismic sources and the level of regional seismicity. 相似文献
8.
We propose a new method to constrain lateral variations of temperature and composition in the lower mantle from global tomographic models of shear- and compressional-wave speed. We assume that the mantle consists of a mixture of perovskite and magnesio-wüstite. In a first stage, we directly invert VP and VS anomalies for variations of temperature and composition, using the appropriate partial derivatives (or sensitivities) of velocities to temperature and composition. However, uncertainties in the tomographic models and in the sensitivities are such that variations in composition are completely unconstrained. Inferring deterministic distributions of temperature and composition being currently not possible, we turn to a statistical approach, which allows to infer several robust features. Comparison between synthetic and predicted ratios of the relative shear- to compressional-velocity anomalies indicates that the origin of seismic anomalies cannot be purely thermal, but do not constrain the amplitude of the variations of temperature and composition. We show that we can estimate these variations using histograms of the relative VP and VS anomalies at a given depth. We computed histograms for a large variety of cases and found that at the bottom of the mantle, variations in the volumic fraction of perovskite from −14 to 10% are essential to explain seismic tomography. In the mid-mantle, anomalies of perovskite are not required, but moderate variations (up to 6%) can explain the observed distributions equally well. These trade-offs between anomalies of temperature and composition cannot be resolved by relative velocity anomalies alone. An accurate determination of temperature and composition requires the knowledge of density variations as well. We show that anomalies of iron can then also be resolved. 相似文献
9.
Alexey Yurikov Maxim Lebedev Marina Pervukhina Boris Gurevich 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(4):984-996
Shales play an important role in many engineering applications such as nuclear waste, CO2 storage and oil or gas production. Shales are often utilized as an impermeable seal or an unconventional reservoir. For both situations, shales are often studied using seismic waves. Elastic properties of shales strongly depend on their hydration, which can lead to substantial structural changes. Thus, in order to explore shaly formations with seismic methods, it is necessary to understand the dependency of shale elastic properties on variations in hydration. In this work, we investigate structural changes in Opalinus shale at different hydration states using laboratory measurements and X-ray micro-computed tomography. We show that the shale swells with hydration and shrinks with drying with no visible damage. The pore space of the shale deforms, exhibiting a reduction in the total porosity with drying and an increase in the total porosity with hydration. We study the elastic properties of the shale at different hydration states using ultrasonic velocities measurements. The elastic moduli of the shale show substantial changes with variations in hydration, which cannot be explained with a single driving mechanism. We suggest that changes of the elastic moduli with variations in hydration are driven by multiple competing factors: (1) variations in total porosity, (2) substitution of pore-filling fluid, (3) change in stiffness of contacts between clay particles and (4) chemical hardening/softening of clay particles. We qualitatively and quantitatively analyse and discuss the influence of each of these factors on the elastic moduli. We conclude that depending on the microstructure and composition of a particular shale, some of the factors dominate over the others, resulting in different dependencies of the elastic moduli on hydration. 相似文献
10.
泥页岩由于其复杂的岩石特性（主要是裂缝及有机质的存在）,目前还没有有效的岩石物理模型可以较为精确的模拟其性质.本文在自洽模型和微分等效介质模型的基础上,引入Berryman三维孔隙形态及Brown-Korringa固体替代技术,建立适用于富有机质泥页岩的新型岩石物理模型.在此基础上进行正演分析,讨论不同孔隙形态对于自洽模型的临界孔隙度以及岩石速度的影响.正演分析的结果表明即使将未知的混合岩石作为背景岩石,微分有效介质模型的引入使得固体相和流体相仍然不是对称的,临界孔隙度不一定要落在0.4到0.6之间.且不同的孔隙形状对于自洽模型的临界孔隙度以及岩石的速度具有明显的影响.此外,基于岩石物理模型,文章讨论了不同孔隙形态、不同泥质含量时有机质对于岩石弹性性质的影响.最后利用一口页岩气井对该模型进行验证,预测的纵横波速度与测井结果吻合的很好,证明了该模型对于富有机质泥页岩的适用性. 相似文献
11.
结合地震岩石物理技术,研究了叠前频变AVO反演在四川盆地龙马溪组页岩储层含气性识别中的应用.首先,应用Backus平均理论将测井数据粗化为地震尺度储层模型,应用传播矩阵理论进行高精度地震正演及井震标定,分析页岩气储层地震响应特征.其次,基于岩心观测结果,应用Chapman多尺度裂缝理论设计页岩气储层理论模型,研究储层衰减、频散以及对应的地震反射特征.应用该理论模型测试频变AVO反演方法,计算结果表明：对于研究区地层结构和地震数据,区分流体类型的优势频率不是地震子波的主频,还受层间调谐干涉等储层结构因素控制,也进一步说明理论模型测试和标定的重要性.最后,将频变AVO反演技术应用到四川盆地龙马溪组页岩地层,计算得到的频散属性为页岩气储层含气性识别提供依据. 相似文献
12.
Luanxiao Zhao Xuan Qin Jinqiang Zhang Xiwu Liu De-hua Han Jianhua Geng Yineng Xiong 《Surveys in Geophysics》2018,39(3):509-541
Sweet spots identification for unconventional shale reservoirs involves detection of organic-rich zones with abundant porosity. However, commonly used elastic attributes, such as P- and S-impedances, often show poor correlations with porosity and organic matter content separately and thus make the seismic characterization of sweet spots challenging. Based on an extensive analysis of worldwide laboratory database of core measurements, we find that P- and S-impedances exhibit much improved linear correlations with the sum of volume fraction of organic matter and porosity than the single parameter of organic matter volume fraction or porosity. Importantly, from the geological perspective, porosity in conjunction with organic matter content is also directly indicative of the total hydrocarbon content of shale resources plays. Consequently, we propose an effective reservoir parameter (ERP), the sum of volume fraction of organic matter and porosity, to bridge the gap between hydrocarbon accumulation and seismic measurements in organic shale reservoirs. ERP acts as the first-order factor in controlling the elastic properties as well as characterizing the hydrocarbon storage capacity of organic shale reservoirs. We also use rock physics modeling to demonstrate why there exists an improved linear correlation between elastic impedances and ERP. A case study in a shale gas reservoir illustrates that seismic-derived ERP can be effectively used to characterize the total gas content in place, which is also confirmed by the production well. 相似文献
13.
The elastic properties and anisotropy of shales are strongly influenced by the degree of alignment of the grain scale texture. In general, an orientation distribution function (ODF) can be used to describe this alignment, which, in practice, can be characterized by two Legendre coefficients. We discuss various statistical ODFs that define the alignment by spreading from a mean value; in particular, the Gaussian, Fisher and Bingham distributions. We compare the statistical models with an ODF resulting from pure vertical compaction (no shear strain) of a sediment. The compaction ODF may be used to estimate how the elastic properties and anisotropy evolve due to burial of clayey sediments. Our study shows that the three statistical ODFs produce almost identical correspondence between the two Legendre coefficients as a function of the spreading parameter, so that the spreading parameter of one ODF can be converted to the spreading parameter of another ODF. In most cases it is then sufficient to apply the spreading parameter for the ODF instead of the two Legendre coefficients. The effect of compaction on the ODF gives a slightly different correspondence between the two Legendre coefficients from that for the other models. In principle, this opens up the possibility of distinguishing anisotropy effects due to compaction from those due to other processes. We also study reflection amplitudes versus angle of incidence (AVA) for all wave modes, where shales having various ODFs overlie an isotropic medium. The AVA responses are modelled using both exact and approximation formulae, and their intercepts and gradients are compared. The modelling shows that the S‐wave velocity is sensitive to any perturbation in the spreading parameter, while the P‐wave velocity becomes increasingly sensitive to a perturbation of a less ordered system. Similar observations are found for the AVA of the P‐P and P‐SV waves. Modelling indicates that a combined use of the amplitude versus offset of P‐P and P‐SV reflected waves may reveal certain grain scale alignment properties of shale‐like rocks. 相似文献
14.
José M. Carcione Martin Landrø Anthony F. Gangi Fabio Cavallini 《Geophysical Prospecting》2007,55(6):793-804
Hydrocarbon depletion and fluid injection cause compaction and stretching of the reservoir and overburden layers. 4D prestack seismic data can be used to detect these changes because compaction/stretching causes changes in traveltimes and seismic velocities. We show that, by using two different petro‐elastic models at varying effective pressures, a good approximation is to assume that the fractional changes in layer thickness, ΔL/L, and seismic velocity, Δv/v, are related by a linear function of ΔL/L. The slope of this function (the dilation factor, α= (Δv/v)/(ΔL/L) ) is negative and its absolute value generally decreases (shale, low porosity) or increases (sandstone, high porosity) with increasing layer thickness and decreasing effective pressure. The analysis is mainly performed for isotropic deformations. The dilation factor for uniaxial deformations is smaller in absolute value. The dilation factor, which can be calculated from time‐lapse data, can be used to predict reservoir compaction/stretching as a function of depth and surface subsidence. 相似文献
15.
Liang-Jun Yan Xiao-Xiong Chen Hao Tang Xing-Bing Xie Lei Zhou Wen-Bao Hu Zhong-Xin Wang 《应用地球物理》2018,15(1):26-34
Monitoring and delineating the spatial distribution of shale fracturing is fundamentally important to shale gas production. Standard monitoring methods, such as time-lapse seismic, cross-well seismic and micro-seismic methods, are expensive, timeconsuming, and do not show the changes in the formation with time. The resistivities of hydraulic fracturing fluid and reservoir rocks were measured. The results suggest that the injection fluid and consequently the injected reservoir are characterized by very low resistivity and high chargeability. This allows using of the controlled-source electromagnetic method (CSEM) to monitor shale gas hydraulic fracturing. Based on the geoelectrical model which was proposed according to the well-log and seismic data in the test area the change rule of the reacted electrical field was studied to account for the change of shale resistivity, and then the normalized residual resistivity method for time lapse processing was given. The time-domain electromagnetic method (TDEM) was used to continuously monitor the shale gas fracturing at the Fulin shale gas field in southern China. A high-power transmitter and multi-channel transient electromagnetic receiver array were adopted. 9 h time series of Ex component of 224 sites which were laid out on the surface and over three fracturing stages of a horizontal well at 2800 m depth was recorded. After data processing and calculation of the normalized resistivity residuals, the changes in the Ex signal were determined and a dynamic 3D image of the change in resistivity was constructed. This allows modeling the spatial distribution of the fracturing fluid. The model results suggest that TDEM is promising for monitoring hydraulic fracturing of shale. 相似文献
16.
Summary The spectra of Matsushiro micro-earthquakes were studied using a spectrum analyser and discussed in relation to their magnitude and the epicentral distance. It was found that the spectra of seismic waves by Matsushiro micro-earthquakes did not depend upon the epicentral distance since the sonagrams showed a peak around 5 cps at Matsushiro as well as Suzaka. The spectrum also failed to show any distinct peak for micro-earthquakes of magnitude lower than 1.0 due to the decrease of signal to noise ratio. 相似文献
17.
随着页岩气勘探与开发的深入,研究页岩裂隙的三维空间展布成为页岩岩石物理研究的必要步骤之一.但由于仪器的限制,页岩切片在深度上具有不连续性,以及数字岩心纵向上成像最小间隔与横向分辨率的不一致成为影响裂隙表征和数字岩石物理模拟精度提高的重要因素.为了更好的研究裂隙在三维的空间展布,本文将curvelet稀疏变换与凸集投影(POCS)迭代算法有效结合,实现三维数字岩心重建.首先对X射线扫描砂岩得到的三维数据体进行隔片抽稀,利用本文方法实现三维数据体重建,重建结果与完整数据体具有很好的一致性,且优于现有方法(spgl1),验证了新方法的有效性与先进性.其次对聚焦离子束扫描电镜(FIB-SEM)得到的纳米级页岩二维切片在深度上进行了加密重建,获得纵向上成像最小间隔与横向分辨率基本一致的三维数字岩心,由于仪器限制引起的页岩切片深度上的不连续性得到减弱,裂隙展布更加清晰.砂岩CT图像以及页岩FIB-SEM成像数据的重建结果验证了本文方法的有效性与先进性. 相似文献
18.
Changes expected in Mexico City's seismic response due to land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction are examined. Settlements of the land surface observed in the recent past are compiled and processed to predict regional subsidence in the near future. This information is used in combination with the iso-depth and iso-period maps stipulated by the building code to estimate the compaction of surface sediments and the shortening of soil periods. The time-progressive evolution of the official seismic zoning maps and the associated site-specific response spectra is predicted. The same is done with spectral response contours expressed in terms of the site and structure periods. The subsidence effects are considered through an impact factor, which represents the increase or decrease in the spectral ordinates with respect to the current values specified for design purposes. The detrimental or beneficial effects depend on the relative values of the structure and site periods. 相似文献
19.
龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的主要层位之一.由于岩石物理实验结果具有区域性,龙马溪组页岩的岩石特征与其地震弹性性质的响应规律需要开展相关的实验和理论研究工作予以明确.本研究基于系统的微观结构观察(扫描电镜和CT成像技术)和岩石物理实验来分析龙马溪组页岩样品地震弹性性质的变化规律,并依据微观结构特征建立相应的地震岩石物理表征模型.研究结果表明,石英含量对龙马溪组页岩的孔隙度以及有机碳(TOC)含量具有一定的控制作用,TOC和黄铁矿主要赋存于孔隙中;岩石骨架组成亦受控于石英或粘土含量,在石英含量大于40%(对应粘土含量小于30%)时,以石英、粘土共同作为岩石骨架,而粘土含量大于30%时,则以粘土作为岩石的骨架.因此,岩石骨架组成矿物、TOC含量、孔隙度共同制约龙马溪组页岩的地震弹性性质,富有机质储层岩石通常表现出低泊松比、低阻抗和低杨氏模量的特征,但由于支撑矿物的转换,某些富有机质页岩亦可表现为高阻抗特征.粘土矿物的定向排列仍然是造成页岩样品表现出各向异性的主要原因,各向异性参数与粘土含量具有指数关系.基于龙马溪组页岩的岩性特征及微观结构特征,可以利用自洽模型(SCA)、微分等效模量模型(DEM)和Backus平均模型的有效组合较为准确地建立龙马溪组页岩的地震岩石物理模型,实验结果和测井数据验证了模型的准确性.研究结果可为龙马溪组页岩气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据. 相似文献
20.
储层岩相分布信息是油藏表征的重要参数,基于地震资料开展储层岩相识别通常具有较强的不确定性.传统方法仅获取唯一确定的岩相分布信息,无法解析反演结果的不确定性,增加了油藏评价的风险.本文引入基于概率统计的多步骤反演方法开展地震岩相识别,通过在其各个环节建立输入与输出参量的统计关系,然后融合各环节概率统计信息构建地震数据与储层岩相的条件概率关系以反演岩相分布概率信息.与传统方法相比,文中方法通过概率统计关系表征了地震岩相识别各个环节中地球物理响应关系的不确定性,并通过融合各环节概率信息实现了不确定性传递的数值模拟,最终反演的岩相概率信息能够客观准确地反映地震岩相识别结果的不确定性,为油藏评价及储层建模提供了重要参考信息.模型数据和实际资料应用验证了方法的有效性. 相似文献