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1.
S. Y. Wang S. W. Sloan S. G. Fityus D. V. Griffiths C. A. Tang 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(5):1165-1182
Rock is a heterogeneous geological material. When rock is subjected to internal hydraulic pressure and external mechanical loading, the fluid flow properties will be altered by closing, opening, or other interaction of pre-existing weaknesses or by induced new fractures. Meanwhile, the pore pressure can influence the fracture behavior on both a local and global scale. A finite element model that can consider the coupled effects of seepage, damage and stress field in heterogeneous rock is described. First, two series of numerical tests in relatively homogeneous and heterogeneous rocks were performed to investigate the influence of pore pressure magnitude and gradient on initiation and propagation of tensile fractures. Second, to examine the initiation of hydraulic fractures and their subsequent propagation, a series of numerical simulations of the behavior of two injection holes inside a saturated rock mass are carried out. The rock is subjected to different initial in situ stress ratios and to an internal injection (pore) pressure at the two injection holes. Numerically, simulated results indicate that tensile fracture is strongly influenced by both pore pressure magnitude and pore pressure gradient. In addition, the heterogeneity of rock, the initial in situ stress ratio (K), the distance between two injection holes, and the difference of the pore pressure in the two injection holes all play important roles in the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures. At relatively close spacing and when the two principal stresses are of similar magnitude, the proximity of adjacent injection holes can cause fracturing to occur in a direction perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. 相似文献
2.
In-situ rock stress measurement from rock cores using the acoustic emission method and deformation rate analysis 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
In this study the possibilities of the acoustic emission (AE) technique and deformation rate analysis (DRA) were investigated to measure in situ rock stress. The rock cores were obtained from three vertically drilled exploratory boreholes from the surface and one borehole drilled from within an underground coal mine. The AE method was found to determine in situ rock stress with reasonable accuracy using AE signatures in repeated loadings of a rock core specimen. Based on the results of in situ stress estimation from the AE method, the time interval, up to seven years, did not strongly influence the previous stress determination using the AE method. Cored rock recollected the in situ stress condition reasonably well (within ±10%), when compared to the results from over coring and hydraulic fracturing technique. Also, there was significant correlation between overburden pressure and estimated vertical stress from the AE method. 相似文献
3.
Yao Yao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(3):375-387
Hydraulic fracturing technology is being widely used within the oil and gas industry for both waste injection and unconventional
gas production wells. It is essential to predict the behavior of hydraulic fractures accurately based on understanding the
fundamental mechanism(s). The prevailing approach for hydraulic fracture modeling continues to rely on computational methods
based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). Generally, these methods give reasonable predictions for hard rock hydraulic
fracture processes, but still have inherent limitations, especially when fluid injection is performed in soft rock/sand or
other non-conventional formations. These methods typically give very conservative predictions on fracture geometry and inaccurate
estimation of required fracture pressure. One of the reasons the LEFM-based methods fail to give accurate predictions for
these materials is that the fracture process zone ahead of the crack tip and softening effect should not be neglected in ductile
rock fracture analysis. A 3D pore pressure cohesive zone model has been developed and applied to predict hydraulic fracturing
under fluid injection. The cohesive zone method is a numerical tool developed to model crack initiation and growth in quasi-brittle
materials considering the material softening effect. The pore pressure cohesive zone model has been applied to investigate
the hydraulic fracture with different rock properties. The hydraulic fracture predictions of a three-layer water injection
case have been compared using the pore pressure cohesive zone model with revised parameters, LEFM-based pseudo 3D model, a
Perkins-Kern–Nordgren (PKN) model, and an analytical solution. Based on the size of the fracture process zone and its effect
on crack extension in ductile rock, the fundamental mechanical difference of LEFM and cohesive fracture mechanics-based methods
is discussed. An effective fracture toughness method has been proposed to consider the fracture process zone effect on the
ductile rock fracture. 相似文献
4.
为了维护极地深部冰层取心钻探工作中钻孔的稳定,避免孔内事故的发生,冰层孔壁的水压致裂问题是亟待解决的重要科学问题之一。本文在深入分析国内外冰层钻探资料的基础上,结合冰盖动力学相关理论,计算得出了钻孔所在区域冰层的密度、温度及内部应力随深度的变化规律。在此基础上,结合油气资源勘探水力压裂技术与冰层钻进钻井液等相关理论,建立了合理的孔壁压差计算方法,深入探讨了适用于深部冰层钻探孔壁水压致裂机理。研制了冰层钻孔水压致裂模拟实验装置,可分析研究不同围压条件下冰样的脆性变形机理。结合我国Dome A深冰心钻探工程实际,提出钻孔可能发生水压致裂的深度区域及孔壁所需的起始裂纹长度判定,以期为后续的安全高效冰层钻进提供重要的理论依据。 相似文献
5.
水力压裂作为一种主要的地热能开采手段,其压裂效果除与岩体基本物理力学性质有关外,还与裂隙分布、地应力状态、压裂工程参数等密切相关.为了探究以上因素对水力压裂过程中裂缝扩展行为的影响,以冀中坳陷碳酸盐岩储层岩体为研究对象,基于扩展有限元法,建立裂缝扩展流固耦合模型,分析了水平应力差、射孔方位角、注入液排量和压裂液黏度等参数对裂缝扩展行为的影响.结果表明:单裂缝扩展时,射孔方位角越小、注入量越大、越有利于裂缝扩展;双裂缝扩展时,水平应力差增大,裂缝偏转程度变小;水力裂缝与天然裂缝相交时,较小水平应力差有利于天然裂缝开启. 相似文献
6.
Gas shales are one type of unconventional reservoirs which have attracted significant attention for gas production in recent years. Gas production from very tight shales requires employment of hydraulic fracturing as a stimulation technique. To design hydraulic fracture operation the mechanical properties of the targeted and surrounding formations should be estimated. Also, the magnitude and orientation of in situ stresses in the field need to be known to estimate the fracture initiation and propagation pressures. This study focuses on gas shale characteristics in the North Perth Basin and uses data corresponding to well Arrowsmith-2 (AS-2) which is the first dedicated shale gas well drilled in Western Australia. A log-based analysis was used to build the rock mechanical model (RMM). The RMM results were used to set up a hydraulic fracturing laboratory experiment. The test was done in the presence of three principal stresses to mimic the real field stress conditions. The test results include the pressure–time curve which was used to estimate the initiation and propagation pressure at that depth. The results were used to draw some practical conclusions related to hydraulic fracturing operation in the field. 相似文献
7.
原岩应力与煤层底板隔水层阻水能力的关系 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
介绍了水力压裂应力测量的原理和现场测量结果,论述了煤层底板隔水层带的阻水机理和承压水沿煤层上升的机理,以及原岩应力、水压与裂隙扩展的关系。指出对于厚底板隔水层,原岩应力起着阻止底板承压水上升和突出的作用,对于薄底板隔水层,原岩应力起着破坏底板、导致承压水突出的作用。 相似文献
8.
低应力区岩石变形记忆效应形成机制及失忆性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地应力信息储存于开挖后的岩石中,变形率变化法(DRA)是基于岩石变形记忆效应测量地应力的方法,正确的机制是认识变形记忆效应与推广、改进DRA法的基础。传统推测的机制并不能解释低应力区存在变形记忆效应及失忆性等现象。首先进行火山沉积岩试样的物理试验,证明低应力区仍然存在变形记忆效应,记忆信息可同时采用侧向应变及轴向应变测量,两者精度一致。提出在低应力区,岩石变形记忆效应机制为微裂纹接触面及颗粒接触面的摩擦滑动。基于此机制,采用弹性元件、黏性元件和圣维南体构建相应的轴对称理论基本单元模型及多接触面理论模型。进行不同放置时间下的单轴循环压缩试验。结果表明,由轴对称理论模型可以得到低应力区岩石变形记忆效应、侧向DRA曲线与轴向DRA曲线准确度一致且在记忆信息处向上弯曲等、并对失忆性现象进行了初探。理论模型与物理试验结果一致,由此证明微裂纹接触面及颗粒接触面的摩擦滑动可以得到低应力区岩石变形记忆效应。同时,理论模型及物理试验结果为提高DRA法的测量准确度提供了依据。 相似文献
9.
D. Ask O. Stephansson F. H. Cornet M. V. S. Ask 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2009,42(4):559-584
The primary objectives of this work are to (1) improve the understanding of the prevailing stress distribution at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in SE Sweden by employing an integrated stress determination approach, and in order to accomplish this (2) extend the existing stress integration methodology denominated integrated stress determination method (ISDM; Cornet in Comprehensive Rock Engineering vol 3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 413–432, 1993a). The new developments of the ISDM involve a 12-parameter representation of the regional stress field in the rock mass (i.e., the full stress tensor and its variation with depth) that is applicable to hydraulic stress data (sleeve fracturing, hydraulic fracturing, and hydraulic tests on pre-existing fractures), overcoring data (CSIR- and CSIRO-type of devices), and to combinations of hydraulic and overcoring stress data. For the latter case, the elastic parameters of the overcoring technique may be solved in situ by allowing the hydraulic stress data to constrain them. As a result, the problem then involves 14 model parameters. Results from the study show that the ISDM effectively improves the precision of the prevailing stress field determination and that it is especially powerful for identification of consistencies/inconsistencies in an existing data set. Indeed, this is the very basic premise and goal of stress integration; combine all available data to achieve as complete a characterization of the mechanical stress model as possible, and not to identify a solution that fits only loosely the maximum amount of stress data. 相似文献
10.
We present a contribution on the risk of hydraulic fracturing in CO2 geological storage using an analytical model of hydraulic fracturing in weak formations. The work is based on a Mohr–Coulomb dislocation model that is extended to account for material with fracture toughness. The complete slip process that is distributed around the crack tip is replaced by superdislocations that are placed in the effective centers. The analytical model enables the identification of a dominant parameter, which defines the regimes of brittle to ductile propagation and the limit at which a mode‐1 fracture cannot advance. We examine also how the corrosive effect of CO2 on rock strength may affect hydraulic fracture propagation. We found that a hydraulically induced vertical fracture from CO2 injection is more likely to propagate horizontally than vertically, remaining contained in the storage zone. The horizontal fracture propagation will have a positive effect on the injectivity and storage capacity of the formation. The containment in the vertical direction will mitigate the risk of fracturing and migration of CO2 to upper layers and back to the atmosphere. Although the corrosive effect of CO2 is expected to decrease the rock toughness and the resistance to fracturing, the overall decrease of rock strength promotes ductile behavior with the energy dissipated in plastic deformation and hence mitigates the mode‐1 fracture propagation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
裂隙岩体水力劈裂研究综述 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
作为裂隙岩体渗流-应力耦合研究的一个子课题,岩体水力劈裂问题的研究尚处于初始阶段,许多基本的理论问题尚待深入研究。当今许多大型工程的建设已经在向地下发展,建设在地下的各种建筑结构离不开水压的作用。工程建设的需要正在推动岩体水力劈裂理论的研究。水力劈裂作为一种技术最初在石油工业用来增加油井产量,后来逐渐用于初始地应力测量等其他工程项目。随着水电工程建设、地下核废料储存、地热开发、井工矿产采掘等岩体工程越来越多的处于高水头、大埋深等恶劣水文地质条件下,水力劈裂作用正在受到越来越多工程岩体稳定性研究者的关注。通过对水力劈裂研究的现状作较为详细地综述,列举了当今研究的理论、方法和成果,以及目前水力劈裂研究的热点问题,并作了简单评述。最后,指出了目前需要重点研究的几个关键问题。 相似文献
12.
储层岩体中的天然结构面对水力压裂缝网改造具有重要的影响。本文采用真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D-Flow,在考虑岩体非均质性和岩体渗流-应力-损伤破裂特性的基础上,对不同尺度天然结构面影响的水力压裂裂缝扩展与演化行为进行了模拟分析和讨论,研究结果表明:（1）当水力裂缝遇天然非闭合裂隙时,在水力裂缝靠近非闭合裂隙区间形成拉张应力区,水力裂缝与区间非闭合裂隙间微元体累进性张拉破坏是导致水力裂缝与非闭合裂隙贯通的主要机制;（2）层理等优势结构对水力压裂裂缝扩展及缝网形态影响十分显著,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向小角度相交时,层理结构面对水力裂隙的扩展起主要作用,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向大角度相交时,最大主压应力与层理面共同对缝网扩展起主导作用,随着优势结构面的增多和差应力的增大,水力压裂形成的缝网范围和复杂性程度随之增大;（3）储层水力压裂是一种局部范围内的短暂动力扰动过程,尽管断层的存在可以极大地影响水力裂缝的扩展模式,增大水力裂隙扩展高度,但相比于储层埋深,水力压裂对断层封闭性的破坏范围和断层活动性的扰动程度十分有限。 相似文献
13.
随着扩展有限元理论的深入研究,利用扩展有限元方法模拟水力压裂具有了一定的可操作性。相比于常规有限元方法,XFEM方法具有计算结果精度高和计算量小的优点。但是,如何模拟射孔孔眼、如何模拟流体与岩石相互作用以及分析水力裂缝的扩展规律仍然是难题。以研究水力压裂裂缝扩展规律为目的,建立了岩石多孔介质应力平衡方程、流体渗流连续性方程和边界条件。通过有限元离散化方法对耦合方程矩阵进行处理。通过富集函数定义初始裂缝（射孔孔眼）,选择最大主应力及损伤变量D分别作为裂缝起裂和扩展判定准则,利用水平集方法模拟水力裂缝扩展过程。数值模拟结果显示：增加射孔方位角、压裂液排量和减小水平地应力差,起裂压力上升;黏度对起裂压力无明显影响。增加射孔方位角、压裂液排量、黏度和减小水平地应力差值有助于裂缝宽度的增加。增加水平地应力差值、压裂液排量和减小射孔方位角以及压裂液黏度有助于裂缝长度增加,反之亦然。基于ABAQUS的水力裂缝扩展有限元法可对不同井型和诸多储层物性参数及压裂施工参数进行分析,且裂缝形态逼真,裂缝面凹凸程度清晰,结果准确。此研究可作为一种简便有效研究水力压裂裂缝扩展规律的方法为油田水力压裂设计与施工提供参考与依据。 相似文献
14.
秦岭公路隧道2号竖井主要位于混合片麻岩地层中,高地应力和岩爆是该竖井的主要工程技术难题。根据竖井的工程地质资料和邻近工程水压致裂法地应力测试结果,采用三维有限元法对竖井工程区域内的初始应力场进行反演回归分析研究:竖井地应力存在较大的水平地质构造应力,地应力分区分布,水平地应力最高达到28.7MPa,垂直地应力基本受岩体自重控制。在地应力场分析的基础上,利用陶振宇岩爆判据对竖井进行岩爆预测,竖井岩爆为轻微或中等类型;并采用脆性岩体的常偏应力准则,模拟分析竖井岩爆破坏区的深度,岩爆区最大深度为0.6m。通过与竖井开挖后岩爆状况进行比较,结果表明反演得到的竖井地应力和岩爆分析是合理的。 相似文献
15.
为了揭示水压致裂法和巴西劈裂法测量岩石抗拉强度的关系,开展了理论和现场试验研究。基于经典的水压致裂法理论,推导了不同围压下钻孔破裂压力和抗拉强度。利用断裂力学理论建立了水压致裂法和巴西劈裂法测得抗拉强度的关系。利用预制切槽方法模拟天然裂纹,对水力裂缝的起裂压力进行了研究。结果表明：围压为最大主应力等于3倍最小主应力测得的抗拉强度大于围压为0测得的抗拉强度;水压致裂法和巴西劈裂法测量抗拉强度关系与应力场、裂纹长度、断裂韧度3个变量有关;通过在晋城矿区王台铺矿的预制切槽试验,运用断裂力学建立的抗拉强度计算式更为符合现场实际。研究结果可为坚硬难垮落顶板预制切槽的水力压裂设计提供参考。 相似文献
16.
Numerical analysis of the effect of natural microcracks on the supercritical CO2 fracturing crack network of shale rock based on bonded particle models 
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下载免费PDF全文 The problem of predicting the geometric structure of induced fractures is highly complex and significant in the fracturing stimulation of rock reservoirs. In the traditional continuous fracturing models, the mechanical properties of reservoir rock are input as macroscopic quantities. These models neglect the microcracks and discontinuous characteristics of rock, which are important factors influencing the geometric structure of the induced fractures. In this paper, we simulate supercritical CO2 fracturing based on the bonded particle model to investigate the effect of original natural microcracks on the induced‐fracture network distribution. The microcracks are simulated explicitly as broken bonds that form and coalesce into macroscopic fractures in the supercritical CO2 fracturing process. A calculation method for the distribution uniformity index (DUI) is proposed. The influence of the total number and DUI of initial microcracks on the mechanical properties of the rock sample is studied. The DUI of the induced fractures of supercritical CO2 fracturing and hydraulic fracturing for different DUIs of initial microcracks are compared, holding other conditions constant. The sensitivity of the DUI of the induced fractures to that of initial natural microcracks under different horizontal stress ratios is also probed. The numerical results indicate that the distribution of induced fractures of supercritical CO2 fracturing is more uniform than that of common hydraulic fracturing when the horizontal stress ratio is small. 相似文献
17.
胶东焦家断裂带韧性变形特征 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
焦家断裂带晚期表现为强烈的脆性变形,但其早期则表现以糜棱岩组合、对称组构等为特征的韧性变形。应变测量和差应力估算表明:从焦家主断裂到望儿山支断裂的糜棱岩变形标志体有主轴比变小、K值增大、古应力值逐渐变小的趋势,韧性变形阶段差应力方向为NWW-SEE.焦家断裂带早期是在中温(300℃~500℃)、中等围压(0.27 GPa~0.49 GPa)条件下形成的以压扁作用为主的左行韧性变形带。 相似文献
18.
研究了山区铁路隧道穿越脆韧性剪切带(断裂带)及与其次生的韧性剪切带时设计及施工围岩分级问题。从几何、小构造、运动形迹、组构特征、构造岩、糜棱岩、同变形变质及机械作用等方面探讨韧性剪切带特征,从宏观、微观、野外研究及测试、施工类比总结其围岩分级,对比韧性剪切带(脆韧性及韧脆性)与节理密集带内岩体的工程性质及工程设计的围岩分级的异同。确定了山区隧道通过韧性剪切带时应单独研究这种无明显破裂面围岩带的分级评价因素、评价结论和围岩分级原则,设计和施工需特别注意。可供构造带复杂山区类似工程参考。 相似文献
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水压致裂应力测量数据分析 ——对瞬时关闭压力ps的常用判读方法讨论 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在水压致裂应力测量压裂特征参数中,瞬时关闭压力 是重要的研究内容,因为它不仅直接代表最小水平主应力,而且在计算最大水平主应力时,该值又是重要的参数。 判读的准确性和可靠性直接关系到水压致裂应力测量结果的可靠性与精度。结合3个典型的水压致裂测试曲线,分析了单切线法、dp/dt方法、马斯卡特方法和dT/dP法4种常用判读关闭压力方法的取值特点和适用性。结果表明,该4种判读方法对于不同形态的水压致裂测试曲线不具有普遍适用性,因此,对不同形态的水压致裂测试曲线进行判读关闭压力时,所选取的判读方法也不同。对于岩石完整、原生裂隙及节理不发育、岩石结构致密的水压致裂压裂段,应选取以上4种方法中2种或2种以上方法进行判读瞬时关闭压力值;对于岩石完整性差、原生裂隙及节理较发育、岩石结构较破碎的水压致裂压裂段,为取得比较可靠有效的关闭压力值,建议用单切线法计算机自动取值和dp/dt方法所取的关闭压力值。 相似文献