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1.
Hasan M. Bilani 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(1):7
Novel map projections can be derived by solving one of the two primary problems in mathematical cartography: direct and inverse. The combination of the equations of existing projections is a method that belongs to the direct problem category in mathematical cartography. As projections of different types, different classes, and different aspects can be combined, a considerable number of projections can be obtained by using this method. This paper aims to develop a novel projection by combining two conformal cylindrical projections with different aspects, namely normal and transverse, to reduce the distortions in map projection. It is observed that the resulting projection exhibits less distortion than those in normal and transverse cylindrical projections. Furthermore, the developed projection preserves conformality. 相似文献
2.
A folded surface can be represented by the orientation of normals to the surface measured at several locations. When plotted on the unit sphere, the pattern of normals determines the type of fold. Poles from a cylindrical fold give a great circle on the unit sphere, whereas poles of a circular conical fold give a small circle, and poles from an elliptical conical fold give the projection of an ellipse onto the surface of the sphere. Several statistical tests that appear in the literature for classifying folds are discussed and compared. All but one of the tests use quantities obtained from an iterative least-squares procedure that fits the appropriate curve on the sphere. The classification procedure is illustrated with folds from the Canadian Rocky Mountains and uses for examples a cylindrical fold and a circular conical fold from the Smoky River coal field near Grande Cache, Alberta, and an elliptical conical fold near Jasper, Alberta. This methodology has resulted in new coal reserves in the Grande Cache area.This paper was presented at Emerging Concepts, MGUS-87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 13–15 April 1987. 相似文献
3.
Basanta K. Sahu 《Sedimentary Geology》1976,16(3):177-192
Currently popular line and ribbon methods yield grain counts that are differentially biassed in regard to sizes and orientations of the maximum projection diameter of the grains in the sample. Bias correction factors covering the entire range of counting situations are obtained using probability theory and coordinate geometry. The corrected numbers are true unbiassed Fleet counts that are suitable for estimating true statistical measures and for estimating economic potential of mineral(s). Irregular grains can be counted by classifying them into either elliptical or rectangular shapes by means of nondimensional discriminant equations based on area or length measurements. Wadell roundness (ρ) for elliptical and rectangular outlines shows inconsistency, but the modified Wadell roundness (ρ′) proposed herein is a consistent measure of roundness for all types of shapes, and hence the latter is recommended for use. Theoretically, roundness is linearly correlated with the form factor (B/A) for elliptical outlines and hence, a linear correlation of average roundness and average form factor in sediments is to be expected. The entire spectrum of shape comprising two continuous variables, form factor and modified Wadell roundness, may be classified into two discrete shape states (elliptical and rectangular) or into several discrete shape states having ranges of ρ′ and B/A values. 相似文献
4.
5.
Column flotation, which is a very effective process in mineral processing especially for easily floatable minerals, is one of the most important new developments to emerge in mineral processing technology in the last years. In this study, the flotation behavior of talc products having different particle shapes produced by different grinding mills (ball and rod mill) was determined by using column flotation process. Shape characteristics of the particles were investigated by the two dimensional measuring technique based on the particle projections obtained from the SEM microphotographs using a COREL Draw 10.0 program. The results showed that particles possessing higher elongation and flatness properties were recovered better during column flotation, whilst roundness and relative width had a negative effect on the flotation behavior of the talc mineral studied. Consequently, as the shape of the particles produced by the mill deviated from the ideal sphere, their floatability was increased. 相似文献
6.
J.D. Jansen 《Computational Geosciences》2002,6(2):195-206
This paper concerns the computation of near-well flow in numerical reservoir simulation with unstructured grids. In particular, it uses spherical trigonometry to derive analytical expressions for the flow towards a well modeled as either a number of point sources or a constant-flux line source. The expression for the point source representation is based on projections of the grid block boundaries on spheres with unit radius around the sources. The expression for the line source is based on projection on a prolate spheroid. The computation of the surface area is done through transformation to prolate spheroidal coordinates and subsequent projection on a sphere at infinity. The point source expression for a single source is exact for grid block boundaries with straight edges; the line source expression is an approximation. Both representations are fully volume conserving, such that the sum of the fluxes through the grid block boundaries surrounding a source adds up exactly to the total source flow rate. Both representations can be used to accurately model complicated wells in the form of segments. The point source representation is simpler to implement and not necessarily less accurate than the line source representation. 相似文献
7.
地球圈层耦合扭转机制及其成因 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
全球扭转构造体系不仅是球面现象,而且波及整个地球.本文着重指出地球圈层耦合扭转的机制,揭示该机制对于板块构造的控制规律.赤道面与银道面的交角达62°36′,当银心从北天球移动到南天球时,在公转离心力的驱动下,塑性地幔将向南半球运移而大陆板块则向北半球漂移,从而导致南、北半球的非对称性和两半球的相对扭转.地球的大陆漂移的节律与银河系涡旋周期一致,太阳系内旋转状态相同的行(卫)星与地球同步扭转. 相似文献
8.
煤层陷落柱高分辨率地震探测技术 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在华北、华东及西北地区近20多个煤田的石炭二叠系中，普遍存在着因煤系地层基底厚层灰岩古岩溶塌陷形成的煤层陷落柱，尤以山西省西山及汾河沿岸的煤田、河北省太行山中段的煤田更为普遍。煤层陷落柱发育形态分为圆锥形、筒形、斜塔形、不规则形等特点，应用高分辩地震勘探技术，根据陷落柱发育区反射波同相轴中断、扭曲、能量变弱、连续性变差、分叉合并或圈闭、产状突变等特征，可有效地探测其空间位置及形态。 相似文献
9.
在高精度物探重力测量中,需要提供高精度的平面位置和高程。在物探长剖面测量中,对东西跨度较大的线路进行控制测量时,高斯-克吕格投影分带和高程引起的投影变形较大,不能满足长距离重力测量对精度的要求。基于高斯-克吕格投影的基本理论,采用斜轴变形椭球高斯投影方法,结合最小二乘法、坐标转换理论及椭球变换,将原始椭球构建斜轴变形椭球,可以减小高斯投影横坐标和高程投影变形的影响,避免高斯投影分带过多对应用的影响。以漠河—呼和浩特物探长剖面测地数据为例,利用GPS快速静态测量获得平面和高程位置,测点距离约1km,通过斜轴高斯投影进行投影,最大平面精度为67.87mm/km,最大高程精度为53.039mm/km,最大投影综合变形的中误差为88.51 mm/km,大大减小了投影变形,提高了地图投影精度。因此,该投影在跨度物探长剖面测量中的应用具有一定优势。 相似文献
10.
城市中心密集建筑群使得地铁需长距离穿越既有建（构）筑物,导致地面管井施工作业条件越来越难,降水沉降控制要求也越来越严。从轨道交通工程建设出发,当受施工场地限制时,提出在导洞内施工管井,并对降水导洞的设计、成井机械及施工工法进行了论述。针对施工降水引起的附加沉降,采用地下水三维渗流与地面沉降耦合模型计算软件——Pro-cessing Modflow,建立地下水流场与地面沉降的耦合模型,根据现场监测数据,运用参数修正后的模型,设计不同的抽降方案,分时段进行沉降预测,及时分析施工降水对周围环境的影响程度,可指导类似工程施工,具有重要的工程实际意义。 相似文献
11.
Tom Blenkinsop 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,28(4):897-902
Three sorts of problem are encountered by students learning stereographic projection. Lack of familiarity with compass directions and with the specification of planar and linear orientations is the most fundamental problem. The second problem is one of poor visualisation which prohibits the correct understanding of the principles and practice of projection, although students can sometimes perform remarkably well on certain exercises without this understanding. A third problem is a lack of interest or appreciation of the usefulness of the technique. A solution to the first problem is to provide a thorough grounding in compass directions, and concepts of strike, dip, dip direction, plunge and plunge bearing immediately before teaching stereographic projection. Visual aids, such as a transparent hemisphere to represent half of the projection sphere, and a large stereonet, are helpful for visualisation. Estimation and sketching exercises help to develop an understanding of the geometry of projection. Computer-aided teaching and plotting is recommended after an introduction to manual techniques. Interest can be stimulated through the use of exercises based on real geological maps. 相似文献
12.
J. R. L. Allen 《Geoarchaeology》1989,4(2):143-155
The shape property of transposed pottery sherds that changes most rapidly due to wear during water transport in natural sedimentary environments is roundness, the degree of curvature of edges and corners. of the many methods for the measurement of particle roundness, which are briefly reviewed, that proposed by Wadell (1932, 1933) is considered to specify roundness best. A simple and rapid procedure for the measurement of the Wadell projection roundness is described, which yields roundness values having a precision of the order of a few percent, the precision improving with the degree of roundness. the technique is therefore suitable for the analysis of large samples of transposed and transported sherds. 相似文献
13.
John T. Lehman 《Quaternary Research》1975,5(4):541-550
Use of accumulation rates of pollen or minerals to infer regional history is complicated by nonuniform deposition of lake sediment. Sediment focusing, direction of sediment to the deepest part of a basin, can introduce a discrepancy between changes in accumulation rates measured directly from sediment cores and actual changes in influx of sediment or pollen to a lake. This difference depends on values and temporal variation of the ratio of mean depth to maximum depth in a basin as it fills. Several models of sediment accumulation show how measurements from a single core can be transformed to yield basinwide influx rates, and how the distortion due to sediment focusing can be assessed. Basins shaped like hyperboloids or frustums may introduce much greater distortions than basins conforming to ellipsoid or sinusoid shapes. 相似文献
14.
黄河三角洲（泄水）包卷层理的成因研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
黄河三角洲上发育了大量的（泄水）包卷层理,按形态和规模可以分为两类;一类是规模较小,呈规则褶曲状的包卷层理,其“背斜”尖锐紧闭“,”向斜“圆滑宽阔;另一类规模较大,高度在１０－２０ｃｍ左右,形态复杂,可以是直立圆柱状,直立板片状,也可以是直立卷曲板片状。 相似文献
15.
It is proved that the projection of a triaxial ellipsoid with rectilinear meridians orthogonal to the rectilinear equator cannot be strictly conformal. The proof is based on the fact that due to the degeneration of the horizontal coordinate in latitude the relation between arc differentials in the projection depends linearly on the relation between the latitude and longitude differentials, but due to the dependence of the vertical coordinate on both latitude and longitude, the direction and certain value of this relation is retained upon the integration path selection. Other directions do not keep the relation between differentials of the corresponding arcs in the triaxial ellipsoid and in the projection plane. A projection keeping the angle between the parallel and the meridian obtained by the integration path selection by the initial meridian and then by the parallel is offered. 相似文献
16.
Statistical techniques are developed to classify folds into one of three classes: cylindrical, conical, or neither. A translated version of Bingham's distribution on the sphere is applied to orientation data fron conical folds. Iterative least-squares techniques are used to determine the best-fitting small circle (or cone), and confidence intervals for the cone axis and half apical angle are developed. Examples of a cylindrical and a conical fold are given. Another fold is neither cylindrical nor conical and is classified as pseudoconical. Relationships between the Bingham and Fisher distributions are presented. 相似文献
17.
采用普遍测网法对广东省清（远）—连（州）高速公路沿线岩质边坡结构面进行测量,然后利用＂赤平投影结构数据分析软件包＂对测量的参数进行统计分析,并据此运用蒙特-卡洛（Monte-Carlo）模拟的原理和方法,进行岩体结构的室内网络模拟,从而得出该高速公路边坡岩体结构面的稳定性分析结果,为其稳定性评价及支护设计服务。 相似文献
18.
Vaibhav Singhal Surajit Misra Saibal Gupta 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(1):32-40
Structural orientation data from the field are commonly represented on stereographic or equal area projections, and the raw data are usually not accessible to other workers for integration into larger datasets or comparative study. We have developed a technique for retrieving raw planar structural data from the above projection types using image analysis techniques. The principle involves two steps: (i) conversion of the foliation pole plots in the image into Cartesian coordinates, and (ii) inversion of the data soobtained into a geographic reference frame. The process involves either scanning of the target projection, or cropping of the projection figure from a pdf file using image processing software, followed by tracing of the data points and generation of an image file that can be subsequently input into a MATLAB supported program, “StrucExtract”. The results from the program are displayed in the form of dips and dip directions. The program has been tested with synthetic and natural examples, and may be invaluable for retrieval of structural data from older structural literature. 相似文献
19.
This paper deals with the numerical implementation of a cap model for unsaturated soils. It provides a brief review of existing cap model approaches, based on which an improved model formulated in terms of generalised effective stress and matric suction is derived and described in detail. Although the proposed model is a multisurface plasticity model, it can efficiently be implemented using only single‐surface projections because of the smoothness of the model, which is obtained by construction. Numerical algorithms are provided for these single‐surface stress projections, using a single‐equation approach whenever possible. The robustness of the utilised single‐equation approaches is enhanced by proposing problem‐fitted start‐up procedures based on investigations of the nonlinear projection equations. A comparison of the model response with extensive material test data is used to validate the model and to demonstrate the robust application of the approach to silty sands and low to medium plasticity clays. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献