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1.
A Comparative Study of Stationary and Non-stationary Wind Models Using Field Measurements 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
We present a comparative study of the conventional stationary wind speed model and a newly proposed non-stationary wind speed
model using field measurements. The concept of, and the differences between, the two wind models are briefly reviewed. Wind
data recorded by a field measurement system for wind turbulence parameters (FMS-WTP) of 1-year duration are analyzed using
the two wind models. Comparisons were made between the wind characteristics obtained from the two models, including hourly
mean wind speed, turbulence intensity, the wind spectrum, integral length scale, root coherence function and probability density
function. The effects of wind types (monsoon or typhoon), statistical properties (stationary or non-stationary), and surface
roughness (open-sea fetch or overland fetch) on wind characteristics are discussed. The comparative study demonstrates that
the non-stationary wind model appears to be more appropriate than the conventional stationary wind speed model for characterizing
turbulent winds of one-hour duration over complex terrain. 相似文献
2.
为了研究风阵性特征,尤其是在受台风影响时湍流特征对安全开发利用风能资源的影响,利用江苏沿海5座测风塔2009年6月—2012年11月的梯度风观测数据,分析了近地层风阵性基本特征,并筛选了7个对江苏产生较大影响的台风,包括罕见的正面登陆台风达维（1210）,分析台风影响下风阵性特征。研究发现:江苏沿海地区低层的风脉动性比高层强,10 m高度的年平均阵风系数和湍流强度分别为1.50和0.20;海陆分布明显影响风阵性,离岸风的湍流强度明显大于向岸风;当风速等级小于6级时,风阵性随风速增大而一致性减小,之后则稳定少变;在台风中心附近,受风速、风向快速多变的影响,湍流强度和阵风系数均远大于台风外围和没有台风影响的情况,湍流强度和阵风系数在30~50 m高度之间增加,在6~7级风时出现风阵性的局部峰值区。 相似文献
3.
We performed special experimental and theoretical research concerning the energy--mass exchange process in shallow waters, which took into account the influence of the basin depth on the evaporation and sensible heat exchange. Data was obtained from deep water basins, as well as from shallow waters, at an open sea, as well as in its coastal zone. A new parameterization model of evaporation and friction velocity from shallow water surfaces under different wind velocities was investigated. Results of models and measurements of the energy/mass exchange intensity of a small shallow lake (LITFASS-experiments) were compared. The validation of these models with the eddy-covariance measurements of the LITFASS-98 and LITFASS-2003 experiments showed good results for the wind sector, with good fetch conditions. Therefore, the models examined may be used for calculating the evaporation of lakes where a standard data set of wind velocity, air and water temperature, air moisture and the depth of the lake is available. It should be remembered that in a coastal zone the roughness of the water surface is transformed and therefore there are additional calculation difficulties for the intensity of the energy-mass exchange. Based on our experimental data of the basin depth influence on the water-atmosphere exchange, a new model for the calculation of the energy-mass exchange in a coastal zone was developed. Our new model in combination with the empirical dependence for the calculation of the energy-mass exchange in a coastal zone allows calculation of the momentum, heat and humidity fluxes values at different distances from a shore. 相似文献
4.
通过对台风莫拉克 (0908) 影响范围内的33座测风塔观测资料的分析可知:台风莫拉克越靠近陆地,风场的非对称性越明显,其行进方向的左侧测风塔风向呈逆时针旋转,右侧测风塔风向顺时针旋转。在远离台风莫拉克的地方风向稳定,湍流强度变化较平稳;在台风莫拉克登陆点附近,风向、风速和湍流强度均会出现突变。台风莫拉克影响期间,湍流强度与风速的关系未出现IEC标准曲线那样随风速增大稳定减小,其I15达B级和A级及以上的平均湍流强度会在风速7~17 m·s-1形成一个峰值;无论南风或北风,风速越大,各层湍流强度差异趋于减小,同等风速、高度的湍流强度偏南大风均大于偏北大风。位于台风莫拉克登陆点北侧测风塔湍流强度随风速的增加先减小后增大,最终各高度全部超过IEC标准A级曲线,而位于南侧测风塔湍流强度随风速的变化比北侧小,并随风速增大趋于标准A级曲线;另外北侧测风塔湍流强度大于南侧,且各高度偏北大风湍流强度之间的差异比南侧相应风向明显,表明北侧垂直方向的扰动更强。台风莫拉克阵风系数为1.2~1.7,其随高度变化与地形有关,一般情况下随高度升高而减小,在复杂地形条件下不符合随高度升高减小的规律。 相似文献
5.
The spatial variability of turbulence in a fully-leafed almond orchard was studied. Two three-dimensional sonic anemometers were used to measure turbulence spectra and coherence at different vertical and lateral separations inside the canopy. Peak frequencies of the horizontal velocity components, normalized by local horizontal wind speed, are greater in the canopy crown than in the trunkspace. Peak-normalized frequencies for the vertical velocity power spectra are similar in the canopy crown and in the subcanopy trunkspace. Spectral slopes in the inertial subrange are more negative than those predicted with Kolmogorov's -2/3 theory. It is thought that the foliage elements act to short-circuit the eddy cascade. Lateral separation of the instruments in the subcanopy trunkspace has little effect on the shape of the velocity spectra. On the other hand, lateral and vertical velocity coherences between spatially separated sensors are low inside the canopy. These low coherences are due to the Eulerian length scales being of the same order of magnitude as the separation distances of the anemometers. Phase angles between velocity components are about zero for small separation distances. When the two instruments are separated by 9 m and one instrument is positioned in a row while the other is between two rows, vertical velocities are about 180 deg out of phase and the streamwise velocities are about 40 to 60 deg out of phase. These data support the contention that preferred differences occur between within- and between-row wind flow regimes. 相似文献
6.
F.E. Hewer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(3):381-408
Non-linear model simulations of atmospheric boundary-layer flow over the hill called Blashaval have been compared with observations and linear model predictions. Previous studies have shown that linear models can give good predictions of wind speed at the summit and on the upwind slopes of Blashaval. The non-linear model provided wind speed predictions of similar accuracy when compared with the mean observed values at these locations.The published experimental data showed that on the lee-slope the wind speeds at 8m were reduced to approximately 10% of their upstream value at the same height. This was associated with an 180° change in wind direction compared with the upstream flow, suggesting that flow separation had occurred. The non-linear model predictions of lee-slope wind speed, when used with high-resolution topography data, were significantly better than linear model predictions. However, the non-linear model predicted lee-slope wind speeds that were still stronger than observed. The non-linear model simulated flow separation more readily with a 1 1/2-order turbulence closure than with a first-order, mixing-length closure. The configuration of the non-linear model that gave best agreement with observations predicted an 8m lee-slope wind speed that was around 50% of the upstream value. 相似文献
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8.
Two mathematical models are proposed detailing the influence of ocean spray on vertical momentum transport under high-wind
conditions associated with a hurricane or severe storm. The first model is based on a turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equation
and accounts for the so-called lubrication effect due to the reduction of turbulence intensity. The second model is based
on Monin–Obukhov similarity (MOS) and uses available experimental data. It is demonstrated that the flow acceleration is negligible
for wind speeds below a certain critical value due to the fact that the spray volume concentration is low for such speeds.
For wind speeds higher than the critical value, the spray concentration rapidly increases, which results in significant flow
acceleration. Both models produce qualitatively similar results for all turbulent flow parameters considered. It was found
that the MOS-based model tends to predict a noticeably stronger lubrication effect than the TKE-based model, especially for
lower wind speeds. The results of model calculations are in very good agreement with available experimental data for the spray
production values near the upper bound. It is also shown that neither the value of the turbulent Schmidt number in the TKE-based
model nor the choice of a stability profile function affects the spray-laden flow dynamics significantly. 相似文献
9.
将2012年5月21日-8月16日广东省湛江市东海岛气象观测站内脉冲激光风廓线仪WINDCUBE V2与气象站内的100 m测风塔进行同步观测试验,在经过观测数据同步性调整、有效性检验和代表性样本筛选基础上,分大小风和有无降雨天气过程,对杯式测风仪、超声风速仪与激光风廓线仪的同步测风数据进行比较,结果显示:脉冲激光风廓线仪与杯式测风仪测量水平风参数的相关性较好,10 min平均风速、风向的线性拟合度均大于0.99,3 s阵风风速的拟合度大于0.96,湍流强度的拟合度大于0.67,风速标准差的拟合度大于0.79;大风情况下,激光风廓线仪对风参数的测量效果更佳。无降雨情况下,激光风廓线仪的测量效果较降雨时略好,10 min降水量小于15 mm的降雨对这款激光风廓线仪的风速、风向、湍流强度、3 s阵风风速的测量没有显著影响,对风速标准差有一定影响。当水平风速增大和有降雨时,激光风廓线仪对垂直速度的测量效果欠佳。该对比分析可为激光风廓线仪观测数据的可靠性提供参考。 相似文献
10.
超强台风“威马逊”登陆期间近地层风速变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
利用1409号超强台风“威马逊”登陆广东徐闻期间勇士风电场观测数据,计算分析了“威马逊”风切变、湍流强度、阵风系数和风向等的时程变化特征,拟为沿海台风影响严重区域输电线路设计和风电机组选型提供参考依据。分析发现“威马逊”风切变指数相比年平均风速(即常态风)切变指数减小,随台风中心逼近和经过呈现先减小再增大的规律;台风中心过后风向回南之后,幂指数函数拟合较差。阵风系数呈现随高度增加而减小的趋势,该趋势在台风中心经过前较好地吻合幂函数,而在台风中心经过后吻合较差;各高度阵风系数以及不同高度之间的差值随台风中心逼近、风速增加而趋于减小,随台风中心远离、风速下降而缓慢增大。湍流强度随高度增加而减小,强风时段湍流强度较小且相对平稳,轮毂高度处湍流强度基本不超IEC-B类。测站位于台风中心路径右侧眼壁区时,所测风向随时间呈顺时针旋转。 相似文献
11.
利用WRF模式分别对沿海及山地条件下风电场风速进行高分辨数值模拟,并对其误差特征进行分析,结果表明:1)WRF模式对复杂地形条件下的风速模拟性能良好,模拟值较好地体现天气尺度的周期变化;2)沿海及山地条件下模拟与观测的误差特征各不相同。模式静态数据未能显现沿海的小岛,并且低估了山地测风塔所在的海拔,导致沿海平均模拟风速偏大,山地平均模拟风速偏小;3)分析不同风向的归一化均方根误差,沿海陆风情况下,下垫面相对复杂,误差明显增大;沿海海风情况下,下垫面均一,误差明显减小;4)仅作单个风电场周边数百平方千米的模拟,采用一台12核的服务器进行WRF模式的并行计算可满足48 h短期预测的时效性。仅仅提高模拟的网格分辨率,并不一定能提升模拟的准确性。 相似文献
12.
利用广东省徐闻县西连镇90 m测风塔在1409号超强台风威马逊登陆期间获取的具备完整的台风代表性的观测数据以及处于台风外围的广东省茂名市博贺镇100 m测风塔的观测数据,对台风威马逊的近地层强风特性进行了分析,西连测风塔结果表明:风速时程曲线呈明显的"M"型分布特征,台风中心经过测风塔前后,风向沿逆时针方向大幅偏转约170°。风速随高度增加而增大,风速廓线较好地符合对数和幂指数律;台风过境前后,各强风区的风速廓线幂指数和粗糙长度呈先减小后增大的特点;粗糙陆地下垫面的风速廓线幂指数和粗糙长度较大。湍流强度和阵风系数在前外围强风区或后外围强风区较大,在前眼壁强风区或后眼壁强风区较小,湍流强度和阵风系数随高度增加而减小,基本符合指数为负值的幂指数律;粗糙下垫面对湍流强度和阵风系数有增大的作用。外围强风区和眼壁强风区的10 min风向变率变化较为平稳,而在眼区变动较为剧烈,在眼区,当风速达到最低值或次低值时,10 min风向变率幅值达到最大值。博贺测风塔结果表明其总体上与西连测风塔台风前外围和前眼壁强风区的情形相似。 相似文献
13.
We examine the influence of a modern multi-megawatt wind turbine on wind and turbulence profiles three rotor diameters ( $D$ D ) downwind of the turbine. Light detection and ranging (lidar) wind-profile observations were collected during summer 2011 in an operating wind farm in central Iowa at 20-m vertical intervals from 40 to 220 m above the surface. After a calibration period during which two lidars were operated next to each other, one lidar was located approximately $2D$ 2 D directly south of a wind turbine; the other lidar was moved approximately $3D$ 3 D north of the same wind turbine. Data from the two lidars during southerly flow conditions enabled the simultaneous capture of inflow and wake conditions. The inflow wind and turbulence profiles exhibit strong variability with atmospheric stability: daytime profiles are well-mixed with little shear and strong turbulence, while nighttime profiles exhibit minimal turbulence and considerable shear across the rotor disk region and above. Consistent with the observations available from other studies and with wind-tunnel and large-eddy simulation studies, measurable reductions in wake wind-speeds occur at heights spanning the wind turbine rotor (43–117 m), and turbulent quantities increase in the wake. In generalizing these results as a function of inflow wind speed, we find the wind-speed deficit in the wake is largest at hub height or just above, and the maximum deficit occurs when wind speeds are below the rated speed for the turbine. Similarly, the maximum enhancement of turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity occurs at hub height, although observations at the top of the rotor disk do not allow assessment of turbulence in that region. The wind shear below turbine hub height (quantified here with the power-law coefficient) is found to be a useful parameter to identify whether a downwind lidar observes turbine wake or free-flow conditions. These field observations provide data for validating turbine-wake models and wind-tunnel observations, and for guiding assessments of the impacts of wakes on surface turbulent fluxes or surface temperatures downwind of turbines. 相似文献
14.
利用长白山森林生态系统定位研究站观测资料,及2003年8月和9月涡旋相关资料,分析和比较了该地区近地层包括风速、风向、大气稳定度在内的平均场特征,以及湍流强度、无量纲化风脉动方差相似性和地表通量变化特征。结果表明:(1)8月和9月稳定度都基本集中在0附近;(2)风速2 m·s-1的环境中,湍流发展最为旺盛,随着风速的增大湍流强度先迅速减小,当风速增大到3 m·s-1后,湍流强度偏离0值变大了一些,再继续增大到一定风速大小以后,湍流强度基本不随风速变化;(3)无量纲化三维风脉动方差符合Monin-Obukhov相似理论的"1/3"定律,其最佳通用相似函数在稳定和不稳定条件下都可以拟合得到;(4)地表通量均表现出明显的日变化特征,8月以潜热为主,感热较小;9月仍以潜热为主,但是相比8月明显偏小,感热变化不大。 相似文献
15.
16.
D. Neal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,22(3):351-371
The Gebbies Pass region consists of a saddle at a height of approximately 300 m, bounded by two ranges of hills approximately 500 m high. A survey technique which yielded mean wind speeds at a height of 10 m in this region is shown to provide excellent reproducibility for data collected 6 months apart. The survey results are also shown to correlate extremely well with those obtained from a 1:4000 scale model analysed in a Planetary Boundary Layer wind tunnel.Wind structure information obtained upstream of the saddle and at its crest is presented and compared with the wind tunnel model and other studies where possible. The velocity profile was measured up to 160 m at the crest and was found to be almost vertical; however, there was a noticeable jet at the 15 m height, which was not apparent on the model. Measurements at 10 m height showed a velocity increase of 40–60% at the crest compared to the approach terrain velocity at the same height above ground level. The longitudinal r.m.s. turbulence component
u
was found to increase at the saddle but still resulted in reduced turbulence intensity values relative to the upstream situation. The longitudinal component of the energy spectrum at the upwind site was in excellent agreement with the theoretical model proposed by Kaimal et al. (1972). However, at the saddle crest the theoretical spectrum was too high and required further modification to fit the measured data. It is proposed that a terrain factor be used to make the necessary adjustment since the theoretical spectra are strictly only valid for flat homogeneous terrain. 相似文献
17.
18.
连云港沿海近地层湍流强度特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在对连云港沿海15个各类气象观测站2000—2009年8级以上强风样本统计分析基础之上,利用6座沿海梯度测风塔2005—2007年测风资料,探讨了连云港沿海近地层风湍流强度的时空分布规律及特点,并重点对不同类型天气系统引起的强风湍流演变特征及其对风电场影响进行剖析。研究结果表明:①风湍流强度具有很强的季节性,冬季小、夏季大,随高度增加而减小;②海面动力粗糙度对海上强湍流变化的影响有别于无强风及下垫面是陆地时;③在热带气旋影响区域,同一时段内可能会出现风速和湍流强度瞬时骤变现象;④海上强湍流出现在30m以上高度,陆地出现在底层,这一现象在不同天气系统引起的强风湍流变化中都有发现;⑤风机轮毂高度处有2.1%～3.8%的湍流强度特征值超过目前风机最大抗湍流强度设计标准,建议华东中、北部沿海地区风机抗湍流强度参数调整为0.31～0.41。 相似文献
19.
郑新倩 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2017,11(5):63-69
利用2013年6月巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地区流沙下垫面的陆气通量观测资料,计算并分析了该研究区不同大气稳定层结条件下的湍流速度各分量谱和温度谱及湍流的局地各向同性特征。结果表明:该研究区风速各分量的湍流强度随平均风速的增加而逐渐减小,当平均风速2 m/s时,风速各分量的湍流强度逐渐稳定且基本限定在0.5以内。在不同大气稳定度下,湍流速度和温度能谱曲线在惯性副区内逐渐有合并趋势且遵循Kolmogorov提出的-2/3定律,速度各分量谱在高频段均满足各向同性且符合低频限制理论。随着稳定度的增加,风速分量的能谱曲线逐渐降低且向高频端移动,风速分量和温度能谱对应的谱峰长度则逐渐减小。该研究区水平湍流尺度范围为9.0~600 m,垂直湍流谱峰波长为10.79~75 m。该结果介于草地和森林下垫面之间,与塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的试验结果较为接近。 相似文献
20.
A meteorological tower significantly modifies the air flow, the mean windspeed and wind direction as well as the turbulencestructure of the air. Suchchanges can be noticed in particular in the wake region of the tower.Measurementson the 200 m tower ofForschungszentrum Karlsruhewere carried outusing Solent sonic anemometers in the lee of the towerand cup anemometers on both sides.In the wake region, spectral energydensity is increased in the high-frequency range. Superposition of this disturbance spectrum on the undisturbedspectrum yields a `knee' in the resulting spectrum. In the case of low turbulence intensity with stable stratification,a plateau with a constant energy content is observed in front of the knee.This effect is caused by the new production of turbulence energy from the mean flow as well as by an energy transfer fromlarger to smaller vortices. Power spectra in strongly stable conditionsshow a more rapid decrease of intensity in the region where the inertialsubrange is expected.The relevant scales of wake turbulence are derived from the maximum of the disturbance spectrum.Locations of the high-frequency peak do not depend on atmospheric stability,but are controlled mainly by mean wind speed.Apart from the reduction of the mean wind speed, the spectra and cospectra exhibit a strong anisotropy for such cases.The results demonstrate the significant influence of a tower on turbulence spectra in the wake region. 相似文献