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1.
Organic-rich sediments and coexisting phosphorites from the continental shelf off South West Africa have been analysed for uranium and thiorum by alpha-spectrometry. The uranium concentrations in the sediments range from 10 to 55 ppm, with an isotopic composition close to that of sea-water, indicating that uranium is passing into the sediments at the present time. The phosphorites occur in the sediments as thin unconsolidated laminae and as lithified nodules and pellets, with uranium contents ranging from 79 to 158 ppm. Based on the uranium isotopic composition, only the unconsolidated phosphorite laminae are recent, while the lithified nodules and pellets, with 234U/238U and 230Th/234U ratios close to radio-active equilibrium, appear to be inherited from a previous period of phosphorite deposition. Deposition of uranium appears to take place predominantly by incorporation into carbonate fluorapatite growing authigenically within the sediment. Uranium accumulation rates, computed from 14C-dated sections of the sediment cores, and using only uranium values with modern isotopic composition, range from 232 to 765 μg/cm2 per 1,000 years. These results stress the importance of organic-rich sediments containing authigenic phosphorite beneath areas of high organic productivity as a major sink for uranium in the ocean.  相似文献   

2.
渤海、黄海、东海沉积物中矿物组合的研究   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12  
本文对黄海、渤海、东海以及长江、黄河、辽河表层沉积物中的轻、重矿物进行了研究。分析资料表明,调查区内共有三种类型的矿物:陆源矿物、自生矿物和海底火山喷发形成的火山型矿物。根据轻、重矿物组合的差异,可把调查区分成8个矿物区。其物质来源主要为黄河与长江。黄河物质主要沉积在黄海、渤海;长江物质沉积在东海陆架区,而冲绳海槽则发现有海底火山喷发物质与浊流沉积。  相似文献   

3.
Surface intertidal sediments from 35 sites in the Irish Sea have been analysed for their 238Pu and 239,240Pu activities, together with an intensive study of plutonium in sediments of the Esk Estuary (NW England). The range of plutonium activities for the whole survey were 0·14–4118 and 1·3–16 026 Bq kg−1 for 238Pu and 239,240Pu, respectively. The levels of Pu activity, derived from the Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing effluents, in sediments are controlled by lithological factors and the influence of transport and post-depositional processes. Grain size distribution is particularly important, the major part of plutonium activity being in the mud fraction of all sediments.The data suggest that over the Irish Sea coastline, dynamic mixing of sediment grains by reworking and resuspension and/or by dispersion in tidal currents are important in determining plutonium distributions. The exponential decrease in sediment plutonium activities away from the Sellafield source is attributed to the progressive mixing with older contaminated and uncontaminated sediments.  相似文献   

4.
We studied diatom assemblages and CaCO3 contents of methane-derived authigenic carbonates from the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan and assessed the formation time of these samples. Radioactive 14C date was determined in selected samples to obtain the maximum age of the time. The results of our study suggest mass formation of carbonate nodules in a glacial period within ∼40 ky, consistent with a published U/Th dating result of carbonate nodules in the study area. Diatom assemblages and contents in the carbonate nodules (abundance of ∼106/g, dominance of neritic-littoral species, warm/cold water species ratio lower than ∼25) differ from the near-seafloor sediments in the study area, which have characteristics of Holocene sediments in the Sea of Japan, and suggest cementation of glacial sediments. Laminated sediments in some nodule samples are glacial sediments because laminations are records of a low sea level period in the semi-enclosed ocean. Similarity of diatom assemblages and contents in all carbonate samples is another evidence of glacial sediments in nodules. Glacial sediments with oceanic cold water species as low as Holocene sediments restricts the sediment age to before 20 cal. ky BP. Carbonate contents higher than 78 wt% suggest the cementation of poorly compacted sediments near the seafloor, and the date of carbonate cementation is, therefore, close to that of the cemented sediments. Most carbonate nodule samples in this study were formed in a glacial period and detection of 14C restricts this period to within ∼40 ky.  相似文献   

5.
An 8.5 m long apparently undisturbed core from a hilltop on the crest of the East Pacific Rise has uranium and thorium isotope distributions that are very unusual. The core is very poor in 232Th, and very rich in U, particularly at the 500-cm level, where a value of about 150 ppm is reached. At the same depth the 230Thxs reaches very large negative values. These facts could be accounted for if one assumes that solutions rich in U and poor in Th had been postdepositionally injected into the sediments about 90,000–110,000 years ago. The top of the sediment received much of its U from seawater, judging from the 234U238U ratio. Possibly carbonate rich solutions were the carriers of the injected uranium.  相似文献   

6.
A record of radionuclide fluxes at a deep marginal sea of the Northwest Pacific Ocean (39°40′N 132°24′ E, Japan Basin, East Sea/Sea of Japan) was obtained from analysis of a 1-year continuous collection of sediment-trap samples. The trap was placed at a depth of 2800 m, 500 m above the sea floor, and the samples were recovered at the end of one year. Concentrations of 238U, 234U, 232Th, 230Th and 228Th were measured in the trapped material. All of the radionuclide fluxes showed seasonal variations that were in phase with the variations in total particle flux, which were shown in earlier work to be closely tied to the primary production in the surface water. The formation of authigenic 238U appears to be less than in other open ocean regimes. The residence time of particulate thorium isotopes were of the order of a year, resulting in an average settling rate of a meter per day. Comparison of the measured 230Thex flux with that of the theoretical production in the overlying water column yielded about 40% surplus of 230Th, indicating that lateral advection contributes 230Th to this sampling site.  相似文献   

7.
We utilized 234Th, a naturally occurring radionuclide, to quantify the particulate organic carbon (POC) export rates in the northern South China Sea (SCS) based on data collected in July 2000 (summer), May 2001 (spring) and November 2002 (autumn). Th-234 deficit was enhanced with depth in the euphotic zone, reaching a subsurface maximum at the Chl-a maximum in most cases, as commonly observed in many oceanic regimes. Th-234 was in general in equilibrium with 238U at a depth of ∼100 m, the bottom of the euphotic zone. In this study the 234Th deficit appeared to be less significant in November than in July and May. A surface excess of 234Th relative to 238U was found in the summer over the shelf of the northern SCS, most likely due to the accumulation of suspended particles entrapped by a salinity front. Comparison of the 234Th fluxes from the upper 10 m water column between 2-D and traditional 1-D models revealed agreement within the errors of estimation, suggesting the applicability of the 1-D model to this particular shelf region. 1-D model-based 234Th fluxes were converted to POC export rates using the ratios of bottle POC to 234Th. The values ranged from 5.3 to 26.6 mmol C m−2d−1 and were slightly higher than those in the southern SCS and other oligotrophic areas. POC export overall showed larger values in spring and summer than in autumn, the seasonality of which was, however, not significant. The highest POC export rate (26.6 mmol C m−2d−1) appeared at the shelf break in spring (May), when Chl-a increased and the community structure changed from pico-phytoplankton (<2 μm) dominated to nano-phytoplankton (2–20 μm) and micro-phytoplankton (20–200 μm) dominated.  相似文献   

8.
Sabine Schmidt   《Marine Chemistry》2006,100(3-4):289
Over the last decade 234Th has become increasingly used to study particle transport in the ocean on a timescale of weeks. The application of 234Th is mainly focused on the determination of particle and associated carbon fluxes from oceanic surface water. However, 234Th is also suitable for investigating particle dynamic from the upper ocean down to interface sediments, as illustrated by the present work which reports unexpected behavior of 234Th in intermediate waters associated with the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). Concentration profiles of dissolved 238U and 228Ra, and dissolved and particulate 234Th and 228Th were measured in the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) near the Gibraltar Straits and at two sites (36°30′N–15°35′W, Nicole; 36°27′N–10°35′W, Yseult) which had hydrographic characteristics of Meddies, i.e. MOW that propagates as eddies in the Northeastern Atlantic at intermediate depths.There are marked differences in the distribution of thorium between MOW and the surrounding Atlantic waters. At the youngest Meddy Nicole salinity maximum at 1000 m depth, 234Th(total) : 238U and 228Th(total) : 228Ra activity ratios are significantly lower than radioactive equilibrium, indicating an unusual deficit of short half-life thorium nuclides. This implies an export of thorium, presumably on particles, from intermediate Meddy Nicole waters. This process is supported by an increase of particulate thorium fluxes measured in sediment traps deployed for two weeks above and within Meddy Nicole. In contrast, offshore Meddy Yseult has more typical profiles of both thorium nuclides that are nearly in equilibrium with their parents. These results indicate that at intermediate depths, the presence of MOW affects the exchange of reactive elements between particles and dissolved forms and enhances the downward flux of particles from intermediate waters in the Northeast Atlantic.  相似文献   

9.
东海莫霍面起伏与地壳减薄特征初步分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
收集、整理大量由地震剖面提供的沉积层厚度资料,得到东海沉积层等厚图。对完全布格重力异常进行沉积层重力效应改正后,得到剩余重力异常,利用地震资料揭示的莫霍面深度值来约束界面反演得到东海莫霍面埋深。结果表明,东海陆架盆地莫霍面深度在25～28 km之间平缓变化,地壳厚度为14～26 km,西厚东薄;冲绳海槽盆地莫霍面深度为16～26 km,地壳厚度为12～22 km,北厚南薄。东海陆架盆地东部与冲绳海槽盆地南部地壳减薄明显,拉张因子分别达到2.6和3。初步分析认为冲绳海槽地壳以过渡壳为主,并未形成洋壳。  相似文献   

10.
A C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) monoene hydrocarbon, designated IP25, has been proposed previously to originate from diatoms living in Arctic sea ice, while the presence of IP25 in sediments has been suggested to be a proxy for the occurrence of former Arctic sea ice. Here, we show that the 13C isotopic composition of IP25 in sea ice, in sediment trap material collected under sea ice, and in high latitude northern sediments, is distinctive (isotopically ‘heavy’) and distinguishable from that of organic matter of planktonic or terrigenous origin. Mean δ13C values for IP25 were − 22.3 ± 0.4‰ (sea ice), − 19.6 ± 1.1‰ (sediment traps) and − 19.3 ± 2.3‰ (sediments). These measurements, therefore, support further the proposed use of IP25 as an Arctic sea ice proxy.  相似文献   

11.
Measurements of particle size-fractionated POC/234Th ratios and 234Th and POC fluxes were conducted using surface-tethered, free-floating, sediment traps and large-volume in-situ pumps during four cruises in 2004 and 2005 to the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea and the seasonally productive western Mediterranean and northwest Atlantic. Analysis of POC/234Th ratios in sediment trap material and 10, 20, 53, 70, and 100 μm size-fractionated particles indicate, for most stations, decreasing ratios with depth, a weak dependence on particle size, and ratios that converge to ～1–5 μmol dpm?1 below the euphotic zone (～100–150 m) throughout the contrasting biogeochemical regimes. In the oligotrophic waters of the Aegean Sea, 234Th and POC fluxes estimated using sediment traps were consistently higher than respective fluxes estimated from water-column 234Th–238U disequilibrium, observations that are attributed to terrigenous particle scavenging of 234Th. In the more productive western Mediterranean and northwest Atlantic, 234Th and POC fluxes measured by sediment trap and 234Th–238U disequilibrium agreed within a factor of 2–4 throughout the water column. An implication of these results is that estimates of POC export by sediment traps and 234Th–238U disequilibrium can be biased differently because of differential settling speeds of POC and 234Th-carrying particles.  相似文献   

12.
Uranium in coastal sediments of Tokyo Bay and Funka Bay   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The sediment cores from Tokyo Bay and Funka Bay were analyzed for U and its isotopic ratio,234U/238U, after dissolving them in 0.1 M HCl, and 30% H2O2 in 0.05 M HCl. A small fraction of U in the anoxic sediments was dissolved in 0.1M HCl and even the added yield tracer,232U, was lost. The isotopic ratio of H2O2 soluble U in the sediments was equal to that of seawater, suggesting that the H2O2 soluble U in the sediments is authigenic. The 6M HCl solution dissolved part of the lithogenic U besides the authigenic U. The depth profiles of U from the two bays resembled each other. The authigenic U comprised more than half of the total U even at the surface and increased with depth down to 70 cm, showing small maxima at about 20 cm. The concentration of refractory U was nearly constant with depth and similar to that of the pelagic sediments. The highest U concentration, 6 µg g–1 which was about 5 times that of the pelagic sediments, was observed in the layer between 70 and 160 cm depth in Tokyo Bay. The annual sedimentation rates of U in the Tokyo Bay sediments were 2.6 tons at the surface and 7.0 tons at the 70–160 cm depth. The increase in U with depth should be due to the deposition of interstitial U either diffusing downward from the surface indicating the trapping of seawater U, or otherwise diffusing upward from the deeper layer indicating the internal cycling of U within the sediments.  相似文献   

13.
This paper presents actuality of investigation and study of the crustal structure characters of East China Sea at home and abroad. Based on lots of investigation and study achievements and the difference of the crustal velocity structure from west to east, the East China Sea is divided into three parts - East China Sea shelf zone, Okinawa Trough zone and Ryukyu arc-trench zone. The East China Sea shelf zone mostly has three velocity layers, i.e., the sediment blanket layer （the velocity is 5.8-5.9 km/s）, the basement layer （the velocity is 6.0-6.3 km/s）, and the lower crustal layer （the velocity is 6.8-7.6 km/s）. So the East China Sea shelf zone belongs to the typical continental crust. The Okinawa Trough zone is located at the transitional belt between the continental crust and the oceanic crust. It still has the structural characters of the continental crust, and no formation of the oceanic crust, but the crust of the central trough has become to thinning down. The Ryukyu arc-trench zone belongs to the transitional type crust as a whole, but the ocean side of the trench already belongs to the oceanic crust. And the northwest Philippine Basin to the east of the Ryukyu Trench absolutely belongs to the typical oceanic crust.  相似文献   

14.
234Th is a particle-reactive radionuclide widely used to trace biogeochemical oceanic processes occurring over short timescales. During the last few years, small-volume techniques based on the co-precipitation of 234Th with MnO2 coupled with beta-counting have been developed as an alternative to large volume gamma-spectrometric techniques. Here a procedure has been developed to enhance quantitative measurement of 234Th in MnO2 precipitates. The main objectives were to obtain a purified Th fraction for beta-counting and to determine the chemical recovery of 234Th using Th spikes and alpha-spectrometry as an alternative to ICP-MS based methods. Two variations of the procedure are presented. In the first “1 spike” method a 230Th tracer is added to the sample prior to precipitation of MnO2, and UTEVA® extraction chromatography is used to obtain a NdF3(Th) purified source that can be used for both beta-counting of 234Th and alpha-spectrometry of 230Th. In the “2 spike” method a 230Th spike is added and the MnO2(Th) precipitate is directly beta-counted for 234Th and subsequently spiked with 228Th or 229Th prior to UTEVA® purification and alpha-spectrometry. The results confirm the need to process small-volume seawater samples for 234Th measurement in presence of a yield tracer, and show that both the 1 spike and 2 spike methods allow an accurate and precise determination of 234Th (relative percent difference, RPD, between expected and mean measured value < 1%; CV between replicate samples < 3%). Our work also suggests that, although the combined analytical uncertainty on total 234Th measurements accomplished with both versions of the NdF3 procedure is promising (6% for 2-L samples), the precision of the 234Th flux estimation will ultimately depend on the degree of disequilibrium between 234Th and 238U.  相似文献   

15.
The contents of plutonium isotopes (239Pu and238Pu), thorium isotopes (232Th,230Th and228Th) and protactinium-231 in sea water collected in the North Pacific, the East China Sea and the Japan Sea were determined. These nuclides were sequentially analyzed byα-ray spectrometry after separating them mainly with solvent extraction technique. The contents of239Pu in surface sea water ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 pCi/10001,238Pu/239Pu activity ratios being 0.2～0.7. The228Th/232Th activity ratios for the North Pacific waters varied between 7.6 and 30, whereas the sample from the East China Sea showed the very high value, 65. The contents of231Pa are less than 6 percent of that in equilibrium with its parent235U. Furthermore, the analysis of plutonium isotopes in recent coral from Yoron Island was carried out and it was confirmed that plutonium isotopes have concentrated in recent coral with the concentration factor of about 1～2×103.  相似文献   

16.
A sediment core covering the last 145 kyrs was collected in the western subarctic Pacific (WSAP), and analyzed for Ba, U, Al, Sc, La, Yb, Th, biogenic opal (Opal) and organic carbon (Corg) as well as its isotopic ratio (δ13C). This study examined the change of past biological production in WSAP with multiple proxies, together with understanding the relation between Loess from the Asian continent and the biological production. The Loess content was estimated from the metal components, Al, Sc, La, Yb and Th. In this high latitude core (50°N), the Loess content was generally high during the glacial periods, but it was also high even in some interglacial periods. The excess amount of Ba relative to the detrital material composition, Baex, showed the best correlation with the Vostok δD (r = 0.72, p < 0.001), indicating that the biological production was lower in the glacial periods than in the interglacials. This corroborates the pervasive correlation between Baex in the polar region, WSAP and the Antarctic Sea, and Antarctic temperature, combined with previous research. This correlation might be explained by the stratification caused by cooling. In addition, the time variations of Baex in WSAP were similar to those of Baex in the Okhotsk Sea and of other proxies (Corg and Opal) in both the Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, indicating the spatial homogeneity of Baex in WSAP including proximal marginal seas. The Opal content was more weakly correlated with the Vostok δD (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) than Baex, reflecting that Opal in WSAP including proximal marginal seas was spatially heterogeneous compared to Baex. While both the Corg content and Uex, the excess amount of U relative to the detritus composition, were not positively correlated with the Vostok δD, they behaved similarly in the sediments. The positive correlation between δ13C and the Vostok δD (r = 0.42, p < 0.001), between δ13C and Baex (r = 0.60, p < 0.001) and between δ13C and Opal (r = 0.36, p < 0.01) indicates that δ13C in WSAP may give some information on the phytoplankton growth rate. There was not a significant correlation between the spatially homogeneous Baex in WSAP and Loess (r = − 0.16, p > 0.01), suggesting that the increase of biological production with the increase of Loess supply during the glacial periods did not occur.  相似文献   

17.
234 Th was utilized as a tracer of particulate organic carbon (POC) export in the northwestern South China Sea (SCS) on the basis of the data collected at four stations during a spring cruise.Depth profiles of dissolved and particulate 234 Th activities were measured in the upper 60 m,showing a significant deficit relative to 238 U over the investigated stations.A stratified structure of 234 Th-238 U disequilibrium was in general observed in the upper 60 m water column,indicating that the euphotic zone of t...  相似文献   

18.
Uncertainties in the determinations of particulate organic carbon flux from measurements of the disequilibrium between 234Th and its mother isotope uranium depend largely on the determination of the organic carbon to 234thorium (OC : 234Th) ratio. The variability of the OC : 234Th ratio in different size fractions of suspended matter, ranging from the truly dissolved (< 3 or 10 kDa) fraction to several millimeter sized marine snow, as well as from sediment trap material was assessed during an eight-day cruise off the coast of California in Spring 1997. The affinity of polysaccharide particles called TEP (transparent exopolymer particles) and inorganic clays to 234Th was investigated through correlations. The observed decrease in the OC : 234Th ratio with size, within the truly dissolved to small particle size range, is consistent with concepts of irreversible colloidal aggregation of non-porous nano-aggregates. No consistent trend in the OC : 234Th ratio was observed for particles between 1 or 10 to 6000 μm. Origin and fate of marine particles belonging to this size range are diverse and interactions with 234Th too complex to expect a consistent relationship between OC : 234Th ratio and size, if all categories of particles are included. The relationship between OC and 234Th was significant when data from the truly dissolved fraction were excluded. However, variability was very large, implying that OC flux calculations using different collection methods (e.g. sediment trap, Niskin bottles or pumps) would differ significantly. Therefore a large uncertainty in OC flux calculations based on the 234Th method exist due to individual decisions as to which types or size classes of particles best represent sinking material in a specific area. Preferential binding of 234Th to specific substance classes could explain the high variability in the relationship between OC and 234Th. At 15 m, in the absence of lithogenic material, the OC : 234Th ratio was a function of the fraction of TEP or TEP-precursors in OC, confirming that acidic polysaccharides have a high affinity for 234Th and that TEP carry a ligand for 234Th. Preferential binding to TEP might change distribution patterns of 234Th considerably, as TEP may sink when included in large aggregates, or remain suspended or even ascend when existing as individual particles or microaggregates. In the presence of lithogenic matter, at depths below 30 m, the ratio between 234Th and OC was linearly related to the ratio between alumino silicates and C. The affinity of inorganic substances to 234Th is known to be relatively low, suggesting that a coating of acidic polysaccharides was responsible for the apparently high affinity between 234Th and lithogenic material. Overall, OC : 234Th ratios of all material collected during this investigation can best be explained by differential binding of 234Th to both TEP and TEP-precursors, as well as to lithogenic minerals, which were very abundant in an intermediate nepheloid layer between 50 and 90 m.  相似文献   

19.
利用元素及同位素地球化学方法研究了冲绳海槽中部沉积物岩芯中有机碳及磷的地球化学特征及影响因素。结果表明，冲绳海槽沉积速率（16.5~32.5 cm/ka）变化小，不是沉积物中有机碳埋藏的重要影响因素。相对于全新世氧化性底水环境，末次盛冰期/冰消期冲绳海槽缺氧底水环境提高了沉积物对有机碳的埋藏效率。冲绳海槽沉积物中各形态磷的相对含量与其他边缘海沉积物中的相似。交换态磷（Ex-P）含量低、变化小。末次盛冰期/冰消期缺氧底水环境下铁氧化物的还原溶解导致铁结合磷（Fe-P）释放以及自生磷矿物（Au-P）的形成。全新世氧化性底水条件有利于铁氧化物的有效再生及对磷的再吸附，但不利于Au-P的保存。总有机碳（TOC）和有机磷（Org-P）之间良好的相关性表明TOC埋藏对Org-P含量的重要控制作用。冲绳海槽沉积物中碎屑磷（De-P）含量低于长江口及东海陆架沉积物中的含量，这与陆源碎屑向外海传输减弱有关。在约9.3 ka BP（岩芯200 cm深度），TOC、Fe-P、Org-P、De-P以及FeHR均出现的极小值可能由物质坡移造成。  相似文献   

20.
利用高精度的电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对2014年1月长江口表层水中溶解铀浓度及其234U/238U比值、2013年3月长江口表层沉积物中各矿物组分的铀含量及其234U/238U比值进行了测定,研究了其空间分布特征和影响因素。结果表明:除了长江径流和海水之外,长江口还有其他的溶解铀来源。水体中过剩铀与悬浮颗粒物浓度呈现显著相关性（r2=0.96）。对长江口表层沉积物进行的序列提取实验进一步表明,水体中悬浮颗粒物或沉积物中可解吸态和碳酸钙结合态铀可以在河口区域释放进入水体,而铁锰氧化物和有机物结合铀比较稳定,不受河口区混合过程的影响。每千克颗粒物或沉积物能够释放约2 μmol颗粒态铀,使其转化为溶解态。然而,铁氢氧化物和细颗粒物的絮凝吸附作用也可使溶解铀同时从河口水体中清除。在低盐度区,铀的清除和添加过程速率相近,使溶解铀呈现暂时的"伪保守"现象:颗粒态释放的铀具有明显低的234U/238U比值,导致水体的234U/238U低于保守混合值。在中高盐度区域,溶解铀呈现明显的富集现象。但是由于水相和颗粒相中的铀交换,可释放颗粒态铀的234U/238U接近溶解铀的234U/238U比值,从而导致水体的234U/238U比值呈现出保守性。长江口颗粒物的铀释放通量为（3.48±0.41）×105 mol/a,约占输入的总颗粒态铀通量（1.80±0.17）×106 mol/a的19.3%。长江口输入东海的溶解铀总通量（河流溶解态铀与河口添加铀之和）为（2.68±0.13）×106 mol/a,约为世界河流入海铀通量的11.7%。  相似文献   

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