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ICP-MS测定海水中溶解态痕量重金属——直接稀释法 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
海水水质监测是环境监测中的重要一环[1]。海水中痕量重金属元素地球化学研究现今仍面临两大挑战:一是痕量重金属元素有机和无机形态分析,二是海水中痕量重金属元素的含量测定[2]。海水的含盐量为35 g/dm3左右,基体中除了大量的NaCl外,还含有相当量的SO42-,Ca2+,Mg2+等离子及有机质。由于海水中溶解态重金属元素的含量基本上都在微克每立方分米量级或更低,在传统的分析方法中这部分元素含量的测定或受到严重的光谱干扰、或低于仪器检测限,定量分析相当困难。 相似文献
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秋季黄海和东海海域沉降颗粒物及其地球化学组成 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水体中的颗粒物对于海水中物质的迁移有着重要的作用,已有的研究表明,海水中溶解态元素和颗粒物之间的相互作用决定了微量元素和常量元素在海洋中的分布[1].虽然近岸水体只占全球海洋表面的小部分,但河流搬运的陆源物质最终将通过近岸水体进入外海,目前普遍认为海岸带在物质迁移过程中起着极为重要的过滤器作用[2~3].黄海和东海作为具有宽阔陆架的边缘海,每年大量来自陆地的物质在这里沉积、迁移,其海域内的沉降颗粒物不仅是陆源入海物质的主要组成部分,也是人类活动入海污染物的主要载体. 相似文献
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2006年夏冬季长江口、杭州湾及邻近海域表层海水溶解态重金属的平面分布特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用2006年夏、冬季两个航次采集的长江口、杭州湾及邻近海域表层海水水样,分别采用石墨炉无火焰原子吸收分光光度法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法,测定了海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Cd、总Cr的含量以及溶解态Zn的含量,研究了该海域表层海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和总Cr的平面分布状况,结果表明:(1)夏季表层海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和总Cr的平均质量浓度分别为0.90、0.54、5.80、0.080和0.46 μg/dm3;冬季则分别为1.01、0.81、9.32、0.070和0.31 μg/dm3,上述重金属元素含量基本达到国家一类海水水质标准,仅夏、冬季Pb的部分站位以及冬季Zn的部分站位达到国家二类海水水质标准.(2)表层海水溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度总体平面分布规律为:冬季高于夏季;Cd和总Cr的质量浓度总体平面分布规律为:夏季高于冬季.(3)影响近岸海域表层海水溶解态重金属分布的因素比较复杂,入海径流和排污口等输入海域的重金属对海水表层的重金属分布具有决定性的作用,同时,盐度、pH值、悬浮颗粒物质、营养盐等也是重要的影响因子. 相似文献
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海水中溶解镉的浓度范围一般在0.01-0.6微克/升之间[1].镉的污染毒性是众所周知的,研究痕量元素镉在海洋食物链中的转移变化过程,对人们研究污染物在海洋的扩散以及海洋环境的自净能力均有积极意义。近年来,国内出现了不少各有特色的用于水质测定的较好的阳极溶出伏安法[2,3],但直接测定海水中痕量镉均有困难。 相似文献
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研究海水中微量元素在悬浮颗粒上的吸附作用,对于海洋地球化学、海洋环境化学以及海洋资源的提取利用等都有重大的意义。水合氧化物颗粒对微量元素的吸附作用是海洋环境中微量元素的主要控制因素之一。有关水合氧化物与海水界面上微量元素的吸附及其反应机理研究已有不少报道,但吸附机理仍是目前研究的焦点。 元素在海水中的生物化学、地球化学行为不仅与该元素在海水中的含量,而且与该元素在海水中的不同存在形态密切相关。近年来,对海水中微量元素的存在形态研究颇多,但尚未涉及海水中铜存在形态的吸附作用。 相似文献
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近十多年来，国内外对海水中重金属的研究比较重视．研究海水中重金属时，不仅要测定它的含量，进而研究其分布变化规律，而且更需要了解它的存在形态和形式，这对研究元素的迁移过程及其对生物的影响都是重要的。对锌、铅及镉在海水中的无机络 相似文献
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海水中颗粒态有机质是指悬浮于海洋中的有生命和无生命的微粒，一般以0．45微米孔径滤膜过滤来区分溶解态和颗粒态，截留在滤膜上的为颗粒态物质。近年来在测定有机质时，则多用孔径为1—2微米的玻璃纤维滤膜来收集。海水中颗粒态有机质以无生命的有机碎屑为主，活物质(如浮游生物)仅为极少量。 相似文献
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研究溶解有机碳(DOC)在海水和黄河水所组成的混合水中的迁移转化行为,结果表明,海水和已过滤黄河水混合时,DOC呈近似的保守性;海水与未过滤的黄河水混合时,DOC呈明显的非保守性。通过研究沉积物对DOC的解吸过程,发现沉积物在盐水中能解吸出DOC,随着盐度的增大,其解吸量也迅速增大。因此可以认为,DOC在河口区的非保守行为是DOC的絮凝和颗粒物的解吸共同作用的结果。 相似文献
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Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
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Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
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Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
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