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1.
Ishitsuka Kazuya Kobayashi Yosuke Watanabe Norihiro Yamaya Yusuke Bjarkason Elvar Suzuki Anna Mogi Toru Asanuma Hiroshi Kajiwara Tatsuya Sugimoto Takeshi Saito Ryoichi 《Natural Resources Research》2021,30(5):3289-3314
The temperature distribution at depth is a key variable when assessing the potential of a supercritical geothermal resource as well as a conventional geothermal resource. Data-driven estimation by a machine-learning approach is a promising way to estimate temperature distributions at depth in geothermal fields. In this study, we developed two methodologies—one based on Bayesian estimation and the other on neural networks—to estimate temperature distributions in geothermal fields. These methodologies can be used to supplement existing temperature logs, by estimating temperature distributions in unexplored regions of the subsurface, based on electrical resistivity data, observed geological/mineralogical boundaries, and microseismic observations. We evaluated the accuracy and characteristics of these methodologies using a numerical model of the Kakkonda geothermal field, Japan, where a temperature above 500 °C was observed below a depth of about 3.7 km. When using geological and geophysical knowledge as prior information for the machine learning methods, the results demonstrate that the approaches can provide subsurface temperature estimates that are consistent with the temperature distribution given by the numerical model. Using a numerical model as a benchmark helps to understand the characteristics of the machine learning approaches and may help to identify ways of improving these methods.
相似文献2.
Soil salinization, caused by salt migration and accumulation underneath the soil surface, will corrode structures. To analyze the moisture-salt migration and salt precipitation in soil under evaporation conditions, a mathematical model consisting of a series of theoretical equations is briefly presented. The filling effect of precipitated salts on tortuosity factor and evaporation rate are taken into account in relevant equations. Besides, a transition equation to link the solute transport equation before and after salt precipitation is proposed. Meanwhile, a new relative humidity equation deduced from Pitzer ions model is used to modify the vapor transport flux equation. The results show that the calculated values are in good agreement with the published experimental data, especially for the simulation of volume water content and evaporation rate of Toyoura sand, which confirm the reliability and applicability of the proposed model. 相似文献
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呵叻高原是世界上最大的钾盐矿床之一,老挝万象盆地是呵叻高原北部沙空那空盆地的一个次级盆地,通芒矿区则是万象盆地钾盐矿床的重要组成部分。近期,大量钾盐地质勘探工作的实施为该地区钾盐沉积的研究提供了良好条件和物质基础。研究表明,含盐地层包括上、中、下3个盐段,巨厚钾镁盐主要富集在塔贡组下盐段。盐类矿物主要包括石盐、光卤石、钾石盐、水氯镁石、溢晶石、硬石膏等,还包括一些碳酸盐和硼酸盐矿物。矿石类型以光卤石矿为主。含盐层位的Br含量、Br×103/Cl比值在剖面上的变化指示了成盐期卤水不断蒸发浓缩,最终形成了具有重要经济价值的钾镁盐矿床。与世界其它海相及陆相钾盐矿床对比表明,通芒矿区钾盐沉积具有明显的海相特征,成盐成钾物质应该来自海水。 相似文献
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根据野外考察和室内研究资料 ,总结了库木库里盆地盐湖分布 ,卤水化学成分 ,盐类矿物组成 ,盐湖沉积特征 ,盐湖地质地理背景和盐湖形成演化自然环境 相似文献
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《Basin Research》2018,30(Z1):479-496
Analysis of current temperature data in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago results in the recognition of two major thermal regimes. High temperature regions are observed where salt diapirs and salt cored anticlines are present. Low temperature fields are observed along the western and southern basin margins and around Cornwall‐Amund Ringnes islands, where regional Mesozoic aquifers are exposed to surface, connected to basin boundary faults, or regional unconformities. Meteoric and Holocene sub‐glacial water recharge are inferred to be responsible for the low geothermal regime and low formation water salinity. Neither exhumation associated with the Eocene “Eurekan” orogeny nor volcanic intrusion associated with opening of Amerasia Basin in late Jurassic‐early Cretaceous have been interpreted to be a significant influence on the present day temperature field, although thermal indicators show evidence of elevated thermal alteration of organic matter pointing to earlier, but now dissipated, thermal anomalies. 相似文献
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ABBIE TINGSTAD 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(2):165-171
A fundamental concern in the practice of experimental research is how to ensure that laboratory simulations model field conditions as closely as possible, thereby providing useful information about natural and built environments. Salt weathering is one research area where studies conducted in the laboratory have fostered a significant portion of the knowledge, but the results of many experiments are difficult to apply to field sites because they focus on the salt weathering process itself, rather than the situation at a particular site. The design of the experiment reported in this paper, which simulates salt weathering along a hard-rock coast near Swansea, Wales, incorporates the results of previous work that demonstrated the critical importance of the salt solution, rock properties, and environmental conditions in determining the rate and nature of salt weathering. SEM images demonstrate the development of incipient weathering zones with characteristics specific to the type of salt solution used, a result that may have implications for the origins of larger-scale weathering features. Samples also gained mass due to the uptake of salt. This work is useful both for understanding a process that helps to shape hard-rock coasts, and in highlighting the importance of experimental design in salt-weathering research. 相似文献
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The island of Surtsey, Iceland, was formed in 1963 by a volcanic eruption. Since then, it has served as a unique natural laboratory for scientists interested in primary succession. In this study we investigated the state of the soil microfauna succession in 1995. We examined locations on the island with different vegetation types (unvegetated soil, soil with one or two plant species, and bird colony soil with a diverse vegetation). We recorded at least 16 nematode taxa and 13 flagellate taxa. Most of these were not reported in previous surveys from Surtsey. On the location with unvegetated soil, ciliates and nematodes were absent and only amoebae and heterotrophic flagellates were found. Most of the protozoan populations we examined were unable to survive salinity levels corresponding to seawater. We therefore conclude that many of soil protozoa populations on Surtsey arrived to the island as airborne cysts brought there from nearby land. However, in the bird colony soil with a high input of salts from the bird droppings, several flagellate species survived and multiplied at seawater salinity. This indicates that the bird colony soil harbours microhabitats where marine flagellate populations have been established. 相似文献
10.
Thibault Duretz Riccardo Asti Yves Lagabrielle Jean-Pierre Brun Anthony Jourdon Camille Clerc Benjamin Corre 《Basin Research》2020,32(4):652-667
The preshortening Cretaceous Pyrenean Rift is an outstanding geological laboratory to investigate the effects of a pre-rift salt layer at the sedimentary base on lithospheric rifting. The occurrence of a pre-rift km-scale layer of evaporites and shales promoted the activation of syn-rift salt tectonics from the onset of rifting. The pre- and syn-rift sediments are locally affected by high-temperature metamorphism related to mantle ascent up to shallow depths during rifting. The thermo-mechanical interaction between décollement along the pre-existing salt layer and mantle ascent makes the Cretaceous Pyrenean Rifting drastically different from the type of rifting that shaped most Atlantic-type passive margins where salt deposition is syn-rift and gravity-driven salt tectonics has been postrift. To unravel the dynamic evolution of the Cretaceous Pyrenean Rift, we carried out a set of numerical models of lithosphere-scale extension, calibrated using the available geological constraints. Models are used to investigate the effects of a km-scale pre-rift salt layer, located at the sedimentary cover base, on the dynamics of rifting. Our results highlight the key role of the décollement layer at cover base that can alone explain both salt tectonics deformation style and high-temperature metamorphism of the pre-rift and syn-rift sedimentary cover. On the other hand, in the absence of décollement, our model predicts symmetric necking of the lithosphere devoid of any structure and related thermal regime geologically relevant to the Pyrenean case. 相似文献
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F. Ghassemzadeh J. Sherwood M. C. Geddes W. D. Williams 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1997,6(3):269-278
The analysis of nitrate in seawater and hypersaline waters should take account of a significant “salt effect”. Procedures
developed for fresh water and marine waters must be applied cautiously to highly saline waters. The most widely used standard
method for the determination of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in fresh and marine waters involves the quantitative reduction of nitrate by the Cd column technique followed by colorimetric
procedures. In our study, three approaches to estimate NO3-N in highly saline waters were examined. The first involved dilution. This approach overcame the salt effect but dilution
limited the detection of low concentrations of nitrate in highly saline waters. The second involved the use of standard nitrate
solutions in saline water. This method is not recommended because of nitrate impurities in AR grade salts. The third- and
preferred approach-involved the use of standard additions. “Spikes” of a known volume of NO3-N standard solution were added to natural saline waters. Nitrate values estimated by the stadard addition method were used
to calculate an equation for salt error correction at different salinities applicable to waters with the same relative ionic
composition as seawater. This could then be used to correct nitrate determinations in highly saline waters where standards
made in distilled water were used for calibration. Many previously published data for NO3-N in saline water used methods of analysis which do not take account of salt error and are therefore probably in error. 相似文献
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宣达盐盆富钾富矿卤水产于四川盆地东北部黄金口背斜群南段付家山构造近高点,以深层卤水形式赋存于3260m左右的下三叠统嘉陵江组五段和中统雷口坡组一段(T1j5-T2L1)盐系的碳酸盐岩储层中。卤水与海水蒸发系列相比,K+含量异常高,达25 96g L,超过海水钾盐沉积阶段,也超过综合利用和单独开采品位,为国内外罕见的液态钾矿资源。且富含I-,B3+,Li+,Rb+,Sr2+等多种有用组分,品质优异,构成优质化工原料水,为一种综合性富钾富矿液态矿藏,经济价值极高。卤水为沉积变质水和固态钾盐溶滤水的复合成因。开发利用将可为农业提供优质钾肥,缓解我国钾盐资源不足,并可提供多种短缺的化工产品,对固态钾盐找矿具有重要现实意义。 相似文献
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The Astrakhan Arch (ASAR) region contains one of the largest sub‐salt carbonate structures of the Pricaspian salt basin (located to the northwest of the Caspian Sea), where prospects for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in the Devonian to Carboniferous deposits are considered to be high. We evaluate the regional vertical temperature gradient within stratigraphic units based on the analysis of 34 boreholes drilled in the region. To show that the thermal gradient is altered in the vicinity of salt diapirs, we study measured temperatures in six deep boreholes. We develop a three‐dimensional geothermal model of the ASAR region constrained by temperature measurements, seismic stratigraphic and lithological data. The temperatures of the sub‐salt sediments predicted by the geothermal model range from about 100 °C to 200 °C and are consistent with the temperatures obtained from the analysis of vitrinite reflectivity and from previous two‐dimensional geothermal models. Temperature anomalies are positive in the uppermost portions of salt diapirs as well as within the salt‐withdrawal basins at the depth of 3.5 km depth and are negative beneath the diapirs. Two areas of positive temperature anomalies in the sub‐salt sediments are likely to be associated with the deep withdrawal basins above and with the general uplift of salt/sub‐salt interface in the southern part of the study region. This implies an enhancement of thermal maturity of any organically rich source rocks within these areas. The surface heat flux in the model varies laterally from about 40 to 55 mW m?2. These variations in the heat flux are likely to be associated with structural heterogeneities of the sedimentary rocks and with the presence of salt diapirs. The results of our modelling support the hypothesis of oil and gas condensate generation in the Upper Carboniferous to Middle Devonian sediments of the ASAR region. 相似文献
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极端干旱沙漠中无沙埋干扰时几种固沙植物栽植试验研究 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
沙埋干扰是沙漠地区乡土植物生存繁殖的必要条件。在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,无沙埋干扰地段大多是高矿化度地下水埋深较浅的地段,这些地段盐渍化较重。7a定点观测和试验表明,塔里木沙漠公路沿线丘间地栽植固沙植物逐渐死亡的主要因素不是沙层水分和沙层盐分,而是高矿化度地下水埋深太浅(0.8~1.0 m),即这类地段植物死亡的原因主要是由于植物长期吸收高矿化度地下水使得体内盐分积聚过多无法调节而造成的。因此,在干旱区高矿化度地下水埋深太浅的地段,无沙埋干扰时建立固沙植被应谨慎。 相似文献
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青海湖位于青藏高原的东北部 ,是一个典型的大陆微咸水湖。其湖水盐度为 1 4 0 7g/L ,水化学类型为硫酸钠亚型 ,化学组成不同于海水。该湖水为CaCO3所饱和 ,正在析出文石。为了揭示其湖水演化的趋势、析盐顺序和各种盐类形成的条件 ,曾在湖的南岸采集了大量湖水进行了蒸发实验和冷冻—蒸发实验。蒸发实验的结果表明 :首先析出水菱镁矿 ,随着湖水继续浓缩进一步析出石盐、无水芒硝、白钠镁矾、软钾镁矾、泻利盐、钾石盐和光卤石。冷冻—蒸发实验的结果是 :首先析出水菱镁矿 ,然后是芒硝、三水菱镁矿、石盐、泻利盐、光卤石和水氯镁石。这些实验的最终母液在室内保存了 1— 2月 ,均析出了硼酸盐。上述实验的析盐顺序和结晶途径与海水明显不同 ,而与某些青藏高原盐湖和我国东部某些第三纪古湖盆相似 ,如柴达木盆地的大浪滩干盐湖和山东的大汶口盆地等。因此 ,这些实验结果对于阐明青海湖湖水的演化趋势、青藏高原盐湖的形成和演化、以及大陆湖盆钾盐和其它盐类矿产资源的形成都是非常重要的 相似文献
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塔克拉玛干沙漠盐土荒漠形成演变及对沙丘性状的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
本文着重研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠盐土荒漠的形成演变，表明了盐土荒漠多形成于地下水位较高的区域。在盐土荒漠形成初期，盐分含量低，表聚性不明显；在中期阶段，盐分已有明显的表聚性，但盐壳厚度不大；到了高级阶段，它已形成坚硬的盐壳，盐分含量很高。在盐土荒漠与沙丘形成的复区内沙丘的含盐量较高，同时在盐土荒漠的演变中，坚硬的盐壳减缓了地表侵蚀和沙丘的形成。 相似文献
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Nicholas C. Pepin 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1997,79(1-2):121-137
Changes in annual frost frequency and annual frost accumulation associated with a variety of temperature change scenarios are mapped for northern England. Estimates of future changes are obtained through application of analytical theory to convert predictions of mean daily minimum temperatures and their inter-diurnal variability to accumulated frost degrees and frost frequency. The baseline climate is provided by regression analysis of surface data involving up to ten terrain variables. Future scenarios include warm and cold analogues, maritime and continental airflow scenarios, arbitrary warming and two general circulation model (GCM) simulations: UKHI (United Kingdom Meteorological Office High Resolution GCM Equilibrium Experiment) and GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies). Considerable contrasts emerge between scenarios, with substantial reductions in frost frequency and accumulation in the two GCM 2 *CO2 simulations. This is to be expected in a maritime area where small changes in temperature have a large influence on parameters involving threshold temperatures. Increases in frost occur under the continental airflow scenario. Changes in frost do not necessarily complement those in accumulated warmth, and therefore indices combining possible changes in warmth and frost are helpful. 相似文献
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通过蒙新高原典型盐湖区的解剖研究，查清了代表性盐湖盆地的相环境及其沉积建造，将盐湖盆地环境的变化形式划分为沉陷型、抬升型和改造型，并归纳了盐湖盆地相环境分异与盆地地质构造之间的关系，为开发大陆干旱区主地的盐湖和卤水资源及其环境演化的理论提供了依据． 相似文献
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通过蒙新高原典型盐湖区的解剖研究，查清了代表性盐湖盆地的相环境及其沉积建造，将盐湖盆地环境的变化形式划分为沉陷型、抬升型和改造型，并归结了盐湖盆地相环境分异与盆地地质结构之间的相互关系，为开发大陆干旱区盆地的盐湖和卤水资源及其环境演化的理论研究提供了依据。 相似文献