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河南省夏玉米产量预报方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用河南省农业气象产量预报业务系(WAPFOS)，分析了夏玉米产量与光照、降水、气温等影响因子的关系，结果表明，旬降水量、旬日照时数和旬平均气温与夏玉米产量关系密切，是直接影响产量的重要因素。在此基础上，建立了预报模型。 相似文献
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利用850 hPa逐日温度进行旬平均后,其旬际差值Δt与地面旬平均温度的变化趋势非常接近,因此提出一个利用ECMWF 850 hPa逐日温度预报值来制作中期旬平均温度的客观预报方法。经业务使用,该方法具有较好的预报能力。 相似文献
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河南省小麦病虫害气象预测预报模型研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
根据1988-2005年河南省小麦病虫害总发生面积,结合对应年旬气象资料、温雨系数,采用相关统计分析方法,得出关键旬光温水气象因子和温雨系数的相关系数,确定关键气象因子.根据关键气象因子和温雨系数的参与时间,建立了长期、中期和短期共8个预报模型.经过历史资料的回代检验,发现9月上旬和10月中旬两个模型预测面积准确度在80%以上的历史符合率占72%和78%;12月上旬、2月下旬、4月下旬和5月上旬,模型预测面积准确度在80%以上的历史符合率均在89%以上.对等级进行预测时发现历史完全符合率在70%左右,但总体趋势较好,其预报等级与实际等级差的绝对值最多为1,未发生偏轻预报为偏重或偏重预报为偏轻的现象.本模型能根据最新气象数据的参与时效,对小麦病虫害的发生发展进行滚动预报,且效果良好. 相似文献
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对2013—2014年EC-thin和T639模式山东省旬温度预报产品进行检验分析,结果表明:模式旬平均温度预报产品预报准确率高于旬最高、旬最低温度预报产品,模式阈值K为2℃的预报准确率均比K为1℃高30%左右。EC-thin模式较T639模式预报旬平均温度预报效果最好,平均误差最小。EC-thin模式预报旬最高温度偏低,预报旬最低温度偏高。对于旬平均温度预报,订正后的T639模式预报准确率在鲁中西部地区略优于EC-thin模式,其他区域均为EC-thin模式较优。EC-thin模式旬最低温度预报产品在鲁西北东部和半岛部分地区预报效果最好,在鲁西北西部和鲁西南部分地区预报效果最差。旬最高温度预报产品在鲁西北东部和鲁东南地区预报效果最好,鲁中西部和半岛东部地区预报效果最差。去除平均误差的订正方法对模式旬温度预报准确率的提高有一定效果,但不能明显改善。 相似文献
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集合预报产品释用方法的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
提出一种动力与统计相结合的集合预报产品的动力统计释用方法，该方法从大尺度大气动力学方程组出发，考虑中期旬尺度的大气环流特征，采用简单的斜压模式，推导出旬降水距平百分率与旬环流形势场的关系，从而建立了旬降水距平百分率预报方程，与相当正压的月降水距平百分率预报方程相比，更符合常规天气预报业务中对实际大气的动力学和天气学意义的考虑，试报结果表明，动力与统计相结合的方法对旬尺度动力延伸集合预报产品的释用具有明显的效果。 相似文献
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本文根据对数据总体非线性特征可用逐段线性化来逼近的原理，同时在考虑预报系统中预报对旬场和预报因子场的整体性和突跳性的基础上，获得一种场对场的复全门限统计预报模型。应用该模型对具有明显突跳性的云南五月雨量场进行必预报，结果较为理想。 相似文献
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对于短期气候时间尺度预报来说, 短期内尚无有效方法提高数值预报产品精度, 建立一种能综合有效利用全场信息的非线性释用方法, 通过统计释用提高短期气候的预报准确率, 是一条可行的途径。通过CCA-BP法建立的典型因子, 可以代表因子场与站点预报要素之间的大部分协方差关系, 使因子与站点要素相关性大为提高, 进而通过神经网络技术 (BPNN) 建立非线性预报模型, 实现上述目标。以平潭、福州站10月旬平均温度、降水距平百分率预报为例, 分别使用CCA-BP-BPNN模型和插值模型对1983-2001年资料建立预报方程, 对2002-2005年的试报结果表明:解释预报对数值预报产品做了较大修正,使预报产品具有一定的使用意义及参考价值。从各项评价指标来看,CCA-BP-BPNN模型优于插值模型。该方法为提高短期气候数值预报产品的释用精度提供了一个值得参考的途径。 相似文献
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夏玉米是河北省主要粮食作物之一, 其生长发育及产量形成受气象条件影响很大, 开展玉米产量动态预报对河北省农业生产和粮食安全具有重要意义。该文结合夏玉米生理特性, 建立了夏玉米气候适宜度模型, 利用此模型借助于SPSS统计软件, 计算了1972—2005年河北省8个市夏玉米生育期内逐旬气候适宜度, 以此为基础, 建立了河北省8个市夏玉米不同时段产量预报模型。结果表明:夏玉米气候适宜度与产量相关显著; 1972—2005年历史预报检验和2006—2007年预报试验平均准确率分别为88.8%和96.8%, 能够满足业务服务需要。 相似文献
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倒春寒的划分和预报服务探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文利用预报区域1960～1995年春季逐日气象资料,分析得到了倒春寒天气的客观划分标准、气候特点、主要影响系统及其形势特征。采用较新特色的折扣回归模型,建立了三、四月份各旬倒春寒的集成预报方程;利用短期预报资料,研制出若干预报判据和消空指标,建立了短期预报回归方程,并编制出具有一定特色的预报服务系统。经1997年实际应用,倒春寒天气的预报准确率在经验预报的基础上提高20％左右。 相似文献
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Roman Mendelevitch 《Climatic change》2018,150(1-2):57-72
The achieved international consensus on the 1.5–2 °C target entails that most of current fossil fuel reserves must remain unburned. A major contribution has to come from coal as both the most abundant and the most emission-intensive fuel. Currently, a majority of climate policies aiming at reducing coal consumption are directed towards the demand side. In the absence of a global carbon-pricing regime, these policies are prone to carbon leakage and other adverse effects. Supply-side climate policies present an alternative and increasingly discussed approach to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. In this article, I employ a numerical model of the international steam coal market to examine two supply-side policies that are currently discussed in academic literature and by policy-makers, alike: (1) a production subsidy reform introduced in major coal-producing countries and (2) a globally implemented moratorium on new coal mines. The model simulates global patterns of coal supply, demand, and international trade, with endogenous investment in coal production and transportation capacities. I find that mere production subsidy removal, while associated with a small positive total welfare effect, leads to a minor reduction of global emissions. By contrast, a mine moratorium induces a much more pronounced reduction in global coal consumption by effectively limiting coal availability and strongly increasing prices. Depending on the specification of reserves, the moratorium can induce a coal consumption path consistent with the 1.5–2 °C target. 相似文献
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通过对山西省210余个年产量在90万吨以上的煤炭生产单位进行调查,确定西山煤电为重点调查对象。接受调查的人员主要为各单位总工、矿长、调度、技术人员、一线工人和财会人员,调查内容包括降水、雷电、高温、湿度、大风等对煤炭的影响。结果表明,2003年至2007年西山煤电的产量从2708．9万吨增加到3360万吨,产值由65亿增加到101亿,生产总值年年攀升,气象服务增加或节省的产值也在逐年增加。山西省煤炭行业对气象敏感度的综合评价为敏感,其中对气象雷电预警、降水灾害预警、连阴雨等尤其敏感。预警天气提前3h～6h通知即可做好防范。 相似文献
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该文在对平流扩散方程积分的基础上, 建立了对初始浓度有记忆力, 并对非相邻地区的浓度有感受力的箱格预报模式, 该模式的框架可用于各种时、空间尺度或多尺度的空气污染预测、预报.文中还定义了物理意义明确的空气污染潜势指数PPI以反映大气通风扩散稀释和干、湿沉降清除大气污染物的总能力, 结合天气预报模式和箱格预报模式则可进行空气污染潜势预报.给出了对源强和浓度监测要求灵活的空气污染指数PSI的预报公式和方法.在仅使用常规浓度监测资料的条件下, 检验了该文的基本方法, 其结果看来是可接受的. 相似文献
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沙尘天气定量分级方法研究与应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用已有的关于能见度与沙尘浓度统计反演关系的研究成果,对沙尘天气进行了定量分级研究.利用2004、2005年春季3～5月沙尘天气地面气象观测资料,采用沙尘天气的强度分类与反演的沙尘浓度分级的统计方法,建立了不同沙尘天气(扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴)对应的沙尘浓度等级,并通过对2006年沙尘天气的实例分析,验证了该种分级方法的可用性.通过由能见度反演的观测结果与沙尘数值预报模式的对比分析,探讨了沙尘数值预报业务模式产品的天气学释用方法,建立了不同强度沙尘天气与沙尘数值模式输出的浓度之间的定量分级关系. 相似文献
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The development of coal mine methane (CMM) projects is subject to various kinds of risk, one of these being their highly variable methane content. In this study, a new methodology is proposed to reflect the impact of this uncertainty on a negotiated Certified Emission Reduction (CER) price, which is based on the available information. To simulate a process of price negotiation the Rubinstein-Ståhl bargaining game is utilized, where a buyer’s discount factor is unknown. It is assumed that a buyer’s willingness to accomplish price negotiations depends on the CER uncertainty. The bargaining model has been extended by introducing dependence of its three parameters on the probability of a failure to fulfil the contracted CER amount. To quantify this probability, we develop a conditional distribution given information on the point estimate of methane amount for the project under consideration, and on the distribution of available estimates from coal mines having similar characteristics. The proposed approach is applied to a particular CMM capture and utilization project in Anhui province, China. The results indicate that the uncertainty influence is significant, particularly when the credibility of a seller increases, i.e. the probability of a failure to fulfil the project decreases. The analysis can be of use to both negotiating parties at an early stage of a comprehensive CMM project planning. 相似文献
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为解决城市边界层中大气O3浓度的预报问题，选用一种简明有效的光化学反应方案建立光化学模式, 并与大气平流扩散的箱格预报模型进行了嵌套，从而将大气化学过程引入到城市空气污染数值预报系统 (CAPPS) 中。同时，根据实际需要研究了VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) 浓度及NOx源排放量等参数缺测时，根据前期监测浓度采用遗传算法反演未知参数的具体方法。利用2001年9月8~17日在北京舞蹈学院监测的O3、NOx资料及相应的气象数据，用改进后的CAPPS模式进行了单箱预报试验。预报试验结果表明，嵌套后的模式对O3浓度的变化具备一定的预报能力。 相似文献
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We explore the relationship between political ideology and public attitudes towards a range of energy technologies (namely: biomass, coal, shale (or coal seam) gas, natural gas, carbon capture and storage, hydroelectricity, nuclear, solar thermal and photovoltaic, wave and wind energy). Our empirical analysis draws on the results of two similar nationally representative public surveys that were conducted in Australia and the UK in 2017. Our findings suggest that political ideology is significantly associated with public attitudes towards energy technologies. Specifically, supporters of left-leaning political parties tend to be more supportive of renewables and opposed to biomass, shale (coal seam) gas, nuclear and fossil fuel energies compared to right-leaning individuals. We also create an alternative ideological proxy to capture the relative emphasis that parties place on the environment and economy and find that supporters of environmentally focused parties generally express similar energy preferences to left-leaning individuals and economy-focused respondents align with right-leaning attitudes. Our findings are robust to different choices of proxy. 相似文献
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To stop global warming at well below 2° C, the bulk of the world’s fossil fuel reserves will have to be left in the ground. Coal is the fossil fuel with the greatest proportion that cannot be used, and various advocacy groups are campaigning for a ban on the opening of new coal mines. Recently, both China and the USA implemented temporary moratoria on the approval of new coal mining leases. This article examines whether these coal mining bans reflect the emergence of a global norm to keep coal under the ground. To that end, we review recent coal mining policies in the four largest coal producers and explain them comparatively with a framework based on interests, ideas and institutions. We find that the norm of keeping coal in the ground remains essentially contested. Even in those countries that have introduced some form of a coal mining moratorium, the ban can easily be, or has already been, reversed. To the extent that the norm of keeping coal in the ground has momentum, it is primarily due to non-climate reasons: the Chinese moratorium was mostly an instance of industrial policy (aiming to protect Chinese coal companies and their workers from the overcapacity and low prices that are hitting the industry), while the USA’s lease restrictions were mainly motivated by concerns over fiscal justice. We do not find evidence of norm internalisation, which means that the emerging norm fails to gain much traction amid relevant national actors and other (large) coal producing states. If proponents of a moratorium succeed in framing the issue in non-climate terms, they should have a greater chance of building domestic political coalitions in favour of the norm. 相似文献
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为检验臭氧卫星资料同化对臭氧分析场和预报场的影响,基于集合平方根滤波(ENSRF)理论,结合通用地球系统模式(CESM),构建了CESM-ENSRF同化预报系统。系统构建过程考虑了卡尔曼滤波同化中的关键问题:利用全场随机扰动对初始场加扰,结合一般协方差膨胀和松弛协方差膨胀方法实现协方差膨胀,使用五阶距离相关函数进行协方差局地化。将构建的系统用于微波临边探测器(MLS)臭氧廓线数据的同化,分析臭氧卫星资料同化对模式预报的影响。结果表明:构建的CESM-ENSRF同化系统有效实现了臭氧资料同化,臭氧卫星资料同化对臭氧分析场和预报场精度有较大改进。 相似文献