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1.
对四套具不同特点的方解石质原岩断层构造岩应用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和阴极发光显微镜开展了系统研究。它们都表现出相似的变形显微构造特点与变形作用,宏观碎裂结构与微观糜棱状结构。碎屑颗粒或者变形的原岩颗粒具有发育的晶内变形显微构造(变形双晶、扭折和微破裂等),基质颗粒为弥散的极细粒物质。透射电镜下的微构造表现为反映脆性变形与晶质塑性变形共存的位错 相似文献
2.
冀东太古宙高级变质区深部构造相韧性变形条带的成因及演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冀东太古宙片麻岩中的条带状构造极其发育,经研究认为它们是深部构造相韧性变形带的主要结构构造特征。按成因类型将其划分为变余沉积条带、变质分异条带、复合条带和构造置换条带等。并研究了不同成因条带的组成特征、形成演化及识别标志。这一研究对认识下部地壳构造特征具有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
辽吉古裂谷内带顺层构造片岩的变形构造与变形机制 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文从变形构造,尤其是变形显微构造研究入手,探讨了广泛发育于辽吉古裂谷内带的泥质构造片岩的形成与演化。对石榴石、石英和黑云母的变形亚结构及岩石变形构造分析揭示出,构造片岩的形成主要包含了伸展环境下出现的剪切作用、挤压作用以及扩散蠕变过程。同时还应用变形轨迹图展示了构造片岩的形成及形成后的改造过程。 相似文献
4.
新生代玄武岩中的下地壳包体,由于从下地壳被快速携带至地表,因此保留了下地壳的直接信息.华北北部汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中除了含有丰富的幔源包体之外,还含有许多下地壳麻粒岩包体.本文的主要目的是通过对该区下地壳麻粒岩包体的变形显微构造和位错亚构造特征的详细研究,探讨下地壳的变形特征和变形机制.光学显微镜下观测表明,下地壳麻粒岩包体的低温(＜800℃)样品中确实发育显微破裂,但变形双晶、变形条带、扭折带也同样发育,动态重结晶作用也开始出现.随着温度、压力的升高,变形双晶、变形条带、变形纹、扭折带和重结晶新晶粒等塑性变形特征占主导地位,而显微破裂则主要表现为由塑性失配引起的显微破裂以及流体包裹体面.而明显不同于Ivrea带地体麻粒岩,在这些包体中未发现与韧性剪切有关的变形显微构造特征.透射电镜观测表明,包体中的斜长石和辉石颗粒普遍发育自由位错、位错列、亚晶界、新晶界、变形双晶、包裹体列和出溶片晶等位错亚构造.上述观测结果表明,下地壳变形作用以塑性变形为主而不是准脆性变形,其变形机制主要为位错的滑移和攀移机制,其中包括机械双晶作用和动态重结晶作用. 相似文献
5.
长石显微变形机制研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩石的变形机制研究一直以来都是构造地质学研究的主题,特别是基于矿物变形的显微构造研究是流变学研究的基础。从近地表到下地壳,岩石的变形从脆性破裂逐渐过渡至韧性蠕变,这些变形过程会被记录在岩石中,形成相应的显微构造。一般来讲,从低温低压至高温高压的变形环境,单一矿物的显微变形机制经历从微破裂、到矿物的溶解-沉淀、到位错蠕变、到动态重结晶作用、到颗粒边界滑移或扩散蠕变等的连续转变,它们之间的转换往往是过渡并且相互影响的,通常也会耦合发生。长石是地壳中含量最丰富的造岩矿物,因此长石的变形行为会直接影响地壳的流变学性质,研究长石的显微变形机制对理解地壳流变学特性至关重要。长石还是一种非常特别的矿物,主要分为斜长石和碱性长石两个端元,由于它们所属晶系的不同,有着差异的变形行为,然而这两个系列的长石在一定的温压条件下又是可以相互转化的,这些物理差异性和化学行为的复杂性造就了长石非常复杂的显微变形特性。本综述从岩石的显微变形机制讲起,随后概述了长石的显微变形特征,尝试归纳不同温度条件下长石的显微变形表现,对比斜长石和钾长石的异同,总结不同显微变形机制对长石结晶学优选方位的影响,最后简单介绍了一下国际上显微变形研究方法和技术的进展。 相似文献
6.
超高压变质岩是大陆深俯冲作用的产物。超高压变质岩在深俯冲和快速折返过程中,经历了长距离地构造搬运和构造力的作用。其构造变形主要集中在韧性剪切带中,并发生强烈地塑性流变。研究超高压变质构造岩的显微构造及其变形机制对于深入了解大陆壳岩石在深俯冲过程中的流变学行为有十分重要的意义,山东仰口的超高压韧性剪切带中榴辉岩质和花岗质糜棱岩记录了超高压变形的历史。在超高压条件下的稳定矿物绿辉石、多硅白云母、兰晶石和钾长石具有不规则波状消光、亚晶界、核幔构造和动态重结晶等显微构造特征,TEM 研究揭示了大量的位错构造,表明位错蠕变是其主要的变形机制。在花岗质糜棱岩中,金红石在刚性矿物的压力影中沉积,细粒的石榴石条带平行片理延伸,都说明超高压变形过程中有流体存在,流体助力的物质扩散迁移是又一个重要的变形机制。依据现有的流变学定律估算的流变应力应该在几十兆帕以上。 相似文献
7.
本区金矿化产于太古界结晶基底之上的中元古界熊耳群陆相火山岩中，成矿断裂集中分布在4条带上，断裂构造具多期活动特征，存在两类不同的变形，韧性变形在宏观上表现为强片理化带，显微构造十分发育，脆性变形具张性特征，与矿化关系密切，本对这两类变形的产物－糜棱岩和同生石英脉的显微构造，地球化学特征和形成机制，含金性等方面进行了详细研究。 相似文献
8.
变形岩石的体积损失和流体—岩石相互反应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
介绍了近年来国外在研究压溶作用导致的变形岩石体积损失和变形过程中流体作用的主要成果。包括如下几方面：运用有限应变测量方法对压溶变形作用进行定量分析；不同变形域之间化学成分的分异，以及流体传质作用的规律；流体一岩石相互反应的显微构造，显微化学判据；支运用稳定同位素体研究流体，岩石反应的同位素平衡关系及变形变质过程中的水／岩比率。 相似文献
9.
安徽青阳地区早古生代地层的韧性变形及形成机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
安徽省青阳地区早古生代地层普遍发生了较强烈的韧性变形，主要变形形迹有：滑脱断层、顺层劈理、小型韧性剪切带、流变褶皱、石香肠等，显微构造分析也显示岩石的韧性变形、强烈的构造置换作用．岩石的构造变形达中－下部构造层次上部，其形成机制为重力滑覆成因． 相似文献
10.
胶东新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境：显微构造和EBSD组构约束 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
新城金矿床是典型的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿,矿体形态和规模都严格受到断裂破碎带控制,是探讨复杂构造-流体耦合成矿系统控矿构造变形环境研究的理想选区。断裂破碎带中构造岩既是构造变形行为的载体,也是相应变形环境的受体。论文在新城金矿详细露头构造解析的基础上,系统采集该矿床控矿断裂破碎带定向构造岩样品,进行显微构造和EBSD组构分析。研究区构造岩显微构造特征主要表现为韧性变形和脆性变形。韧性变形有波状消光、带状消光、亚晶粒、动态重结晶、核幔构造、丝带构造、碎(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、机械双晶、蠕英结构、云母鱼等;脆性变形有书斜构造和显微裂隙等。长石(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、蠕英结构和石英颗粒边界迁移动态重结晶、丝带构造等矿物变形特征表明断裂带成矿前以高温韧性变形为主;石英波状消光、亚晶粒、亚颗粒旋转和膨凸动态重结晶、方解石机械双晶、长石显微裂隙充填物等矿物变形反映成矿期兼有中低温韧性变形和脆性变形;压剪性穿晶裂隙则反映出成矿后主要是低温脆性变形。根据差应力、应变测量和EBSD组构分析,将新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境可以分为3个构造期:成矿前在NW-SE向挤压作用下发生韧-脆性左行剪切变形,600~700℃,差应力61.37~111.09MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为2.295~3.978,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.466~1.599,反映矿区为高温中高压高应变带变形环境,应变速率较大;成矿期为NW-SE向逐渐NEE-SWW向转变的挤压作用,发生压剪性脆性变形,200~500℃,差应力65.91~135.68MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为1.403~2.204,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.321~1.378,反映矿区成矿期为中低温中高压低应变带变形环境,反应速率较小;成矿后在NWW-SEE向挤压作用下发生压剪变形,150~300℃,反映低温低压脆性变形环境。 相似文献
11.
洛南-栾川断裂带是秦岭造山带中一条著名的断裂带,是华北板块与秦岭造山带的地质分界线,其走向近东西,断裂带发育有宽坪岩群和陶湾岩群等岩石,洛南-栾川断裂带的构造作用过程及其演化对这些岩石的变形起了重要作用。因此,分析断裂带岩石的变形特征及其形成条件对于探讨洛南-栾川断裂带的构造环境以及分析古板块汇聚边界变形有重要意义。本文以洛南-栾川断裂带栾川段为主要研究对象,通过室内外变形研究及多种测试分析,认为洛南-栾川断裂带基本走向为290°,倾角为58°～89°,糜棱面理、矿物生长线理和褶皱普遍发育,具有由南向北的俯冲兼有左行平移的运动学特征。断裂带内岩石变形强烈,变形矿物主要为石英、方解石、黑云母和白云母。变形机制：石英以膨凸式和亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶为主,方解石以机械双晶和亚颗粒旋转变形为主,云母变形以应变滑劈理为主。在宽坪岩群北侧和陶湾岩群南侧主要为塑性变形,在陶湾岩群北侧主要为脆性变形。分别对应于洛南-栾川断裂带第2期由南向北的俯冲走滑构造活动和第4期由北向南的脆性逆冲推覆构造活动。通过方解石机械双晶、多硅白云母压力计、黑白云母Ti温度计、斜长角闪温度计等方法分别对洛南-栾川断裂带（栾川段）的形成环境进行了分析,得到矿物变形温度为440℃～509℃, 压力为0.4～1.4 GPa, 差异应力为0.27～0.426 GPa, 即韧性剪切带的形成环境属中温、中压条件。因此,本文认为洛南-栾川断裂带（栾川段）变形环境为中温、中压,相当于地壳浅层的构造变形环境。 相似文献
12.
陕西镇安金龙山矿区构造演化及剪切带对金矿的控制作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作者着重阐析了金龙山矿区变形发展４个阶段的几何学特征及变形机制，指出变形期对应于３个成矿期次。在对先存层状岩石的褶皱剪切带特征及序列进行了分析后，对由韧性剪切变形到脆性剪切变形过程中产生的金矿床进行了构造类型划分。 相似文献
13.
上海三维形变监测GPS试验网的建立 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文结合上海三维形变ＧＰＳ试验网的建立、探讨了应用ＧＰＳ建立高精度控制制的有关问题。结果表明，采用仪器墩强制对中、天线指比、观测时间超过３小时，测得的长度不超过４ｋｍ的基线，有望达到毫米级的精度。 相似文献
14.
Yakov M. Reznik 《Engineering Geology》1998,50(3-4):319-327
Footing settlements depend not only on physical and mechanical properties of base soils, but also on applied load intensities and their distributions with depth, as well as on footing rigidity, shape and dimensions. An analytical expression relating rigid bearing plate and/or footing settlements to thicknesses of deformation (active) zones, which form below footing bottoms, has been previously offered by the author. The results of tests performed with 0.5, 1.0 and 4.0 m2-area square footings, constructed on undisturbed clayey soils and containing data describing active zone development, were collected from literature and analyzed. This paper presents graphical relationships between square footing settlements, active zone thicknesses and footing dimensions, which are verified by published test results performed with experimental square footings, having areas different than the ones selected for statistical analyses. 相似文献
15.
S. Mazzoli 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1995,84(4):781-793
Analysis of strain in Jurassic argillites forming part of the folded and thrusted sedimentary succession of the Lagonegro basin (southern Italian Apennines) has been carried out using ellipsoid-shaped reduction spots as strain markers. Most of the determined finite strain ellipsoids are of oblate type and show a peculiar distribution of the maximum extension direction (X), with maxima either subparallel or subperpendicular to the local fold axes. Using the strain matrix method, two different deformation histories have been considered to assist the interpretation of the observed finite strain pattern. A first deformation history involved vertical compaction followed by horizontal shortening (occurring by a combination of true tectonic strain and volume loss), whereby all strain is coaxial and there is no change in the intermediate axis of the strain ellipsoid. By this type of deformation sequence, which produces a deformation path where total strain moves from the oblate to the prolate strain field and back to the oblate field, prolate strain ellipsoids can be generated and may be recorded where tectonic deformation has not been large enough to reverse pretectonic compaction. This type of deformation history may be of local importance within the study area (i.e. it may characterize some fold hinge regions) and, more generally, is probably of limited occurrence in deformed pelitic rocks. A second deformation sequence considered the superposition of pre-tectonic compaction and tectonic strain consisting of initial layer-parallel shortening followed by layer-parallel shear (related to flexural folding). Also in this instance, volume change during tectonic deformation and tectonic plane strain have been assumed. For geologically reasonable amounts of volume loss due to compaction and of initial layer-parallel shortening, this type of deformation history is capable of producing a deformation path entirely lying within the oblate strain field, but still characterized by a changeover, during deformation, of the maximum extension axis (X) from a position parallel to the fold axis to one perpendicular to it. This type of deformation sequence may explain the main strain features observed in the study area, where most of the measured finite strain ellipsoids, determined from the limb regions of flexural folds, display an oblate shape, irrespective of the orientation of their maximum extension direction (X) with respect to the local structural trends. More generally, this type of deformation history provides a mechanism to account for the predominance of oblate strains in deformed pelitic rocks. 相似文献
16.
Hydromechanical coupling in geologic processes 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
Earth's porous crust and the fluids within it are intimately linked through their mechanical effects on each other. This paper
presents an overview of such "hydromechanical" coupling and examines current understanding of its role in geologic processes.
An outline of the theory of hydromechanics and rheological models for geologic deformation is included to place various analytical
approaches in proper context and to provide an introduction to this broad topic for nonspecialists.
Effects of hydromechanical coupling are ubiquitous in geology, and can be local and short-lived or regional and very long-lived.
Phenomena such as deposition and erosion, tectonism, seismicity, earth tides, and barometric loading produce strains that
tend to alter fluid pressure. Resulting pressure perturbations can be dramatic, and many so-called "anomalous" pressures appear
to have been created in this manner. The effects of fluid pressure on crustal mechanics are also profound. Geologic media
deform and fail largely in response to effective stress, or total stress minus fluid pressure. As a result, fluid pressures
control compaction, decompaction, and other types of deformation, as well as jointing, shear failure, and shear slippage,
including events that generate earthquakes. By controlling deformation and failure, fluid pressures also regulate states of
stress in the upper crust.
Advances in the last 80 years, including theories of consolidation, transient groundwater flow, and poroelasticity, have been
synthesized into a reasonably complete conceptual framework for understanding and describing hydromechanical coupling. Full
coupling in two or three dimensions is described using force balance equations for deformation coupled with a mass conservation
equation for fluid flow. Fully coupled analyses allow hypothesis testing and conceptual model development. However, rigorous
application of full coupling is often difficult because (1) the rheological behavior of geologic media is complex and poorly
understood and (2) the architecture, mechanical properties and boundary conditions, and deformation history of most geologic
systems are not well known. Much of what is known about hydromechanical processes in geologic systems is derived from simpler
analyses that ignore certain aspects of solid-fluid coupling. The simplifications introduce error, but more complete analyses
usually are not warranted. Hydromechanical analyses should thus be interpreted judiciously, with an appreciation for their
limitations. Innovative approaches to hydromechanical modeling and obtaining critical data may circumvent some current limitations
and provide answers to remaining questions about crustal processes and fluid behavior in the crust.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
17.
Structural vergence within the Western Subprovince of the Lachlan Fold Belt is towards the hinterland rather than the foreland, in contrast to many well-known orogenic belts. High angle-reverse faults and upright folds verge eastwards, away from the Australian craton, towards the inferred centre of orogenic and magmatic activity. We designed a series of analogue models to test the anomalous vergence in the western Lachlan Fold Belt, particularly the interaction of a stable Australian craton with Tasman Line geometry, interacting with weaker oceanic or transitional lithospheric material. We found consistently that vergence direction in the models was towards the hinterland, not the foreland, as in the western Lachlan Fold Belt, irrespective of the way the model was deformed. Strength gradients between the oceanic and cratonic lithosphere control the deformation patterns. An important result of the models is that they demonstrate that fold belts with different vergences can be generated without the requirement of subducting oceanic lithosphere. 相似文献
18.
19.
We report a new driving mechanism for vertical-axis rotation in fold belts: during directed folding, there always are layers which are tilted oblique to the regional shortening direction. These layers are geometrically incompatible with fold closure and must become accommodated towards parallelism with the other layers in the course of further shortening. Accommodation is achieved through vertical-axis rotations of the layers towards the shortening direction. A revision of palaeomagnetic data sets from fold belts shows that (1) incompatible layers occur in almost all data sets, reflecting a certain degree of non-cylindrical folding, and (2) a parallelisation of the layers by true vertical-axis rotations occurred when folding became intense. Layer parallelisation is a potential source of disturbance for palaeomagnetic and tectonic interpretation. It can be the explanation for some of the frequent outliers in palaeomagnetic data sets, and a basic model for the rotation pattern of palaeomagnetic directions. 相似文献