共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Salvador E. Lluch-Cota Eugenio A. Aragón-Noriega David Aurioles-Gamboa Richard C. Brusca Roberto Cortés-Altamirano Alfonso Esquivel-Herrera Michel E. Hendrickx Hugo Herrera-Cervantes Miguel Lavín Daniel B. Lluch-Cota Silvio G. Marinone Sofia Ortega-García Alejandro Parés-Sierra Mauricio Ramírez-Rodríguez Richard A. Schwartzlose Arturo P. Sierra-Beltrán 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,73(1):1-26
The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions. 相似文献
2.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(9-10):531-545
The wide variety of goods and services provided by the coastal zone (food, medicines, nutrient recycling, control of flooding, typhoon protection) account for its many uses (fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, human settlements, harbors, ports, tourism, industries). Aquaculture now provides a third of total fisheries production. Half of the total aquaculture yield comes from land-based ponds and water-based pens, cages, longlines and stakes in brackish water and marine habitats. But the opportunities for employment, income and foreign exchange from coastal aquaculture have been overshadowed by negative environmental and social effects. The environmental impacts include: mangrove loss, bycatch during collection of wild seed and broodstock, introductions and transfers of species, spread of parasites and diseases, misuse of chemicals, and release of wastes. The socioeconomic impacts include: privatization of public lands and waterways, loss of fisheries livelihoods, food insecurity, and urban migration. The paper gives recommendations on the attainment of responsible and sustainable aquaculture with emphasis on herbivorous and omnivorous species, polyculture, integration with agriculture and mangroves, and self-regulation in the form of codes of conduct and best management practices. Recommended approaches include holistic Integrated Coastal Zone Management based on stakeholder needs, mechanisms for conflict resolution, assimilative capacity of the environment, protection of community resources, and rehabilitation of degraded habitats, to improvements in the aquaculture sector pertaining to management of feed, water, and effluents. 相似文献
3.
天津厚蟹对盐度和温度的耐受性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了天津厚蟹Helice tientsinensis对盐度和温度的耐受性。天津厚蟹对盐度的耐受能力极强,在温度9~34℃盐度为0的淡水介质中均能存活96h以上;在10℃、20℃及30℃的高渗介质中暴露96h后,天津厚蟹全部存活的盐度分别是65、56和50,全部死亡的盐度分别为83、74和68。天津厚蟹对低温的耐受力较强,在0、30和50盐度水平下,耐受低温的能力差别较大,能耐受96h的最低温度分别是9℃、2℃和6℃。天津厚蟹对高温也有较强的耐受能力,在0、30和50盐度水平下,分别在34℃、36℃和35℃下能耐受96h;盐度50温度38℃时,在开始的24h内无死亡,但48h后死亡率急剧上升,同样规律也出现在30和0溶液中,前者温度是39℃,后者为35℃。研究结果还表明盐度和温度的交互效应显著,二者的交互作用对天津厚蟹的存活亦有显著性影响(P0.05),温度升高(从10℃到20℃再到30℃)致使其耐盐能力显著下降,而盐度的剧烈变化(从30到50或从30到0)也致使其耐温能力显著下降。 相似文献
4.
广东省的湿地:功能、价值、利用和湿地丧失的缓解措施 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
广东的湿地生态系统包括基塘系统、红树林、湿生植被和水生植被等4种生态系统，是特别而有经济价值的植被类型，这些湿地类型分别在支持生物地化循环、保堤护田护村、调节气候、净化环境、生物多样性保育、提供能源、提供生物学科学教育基地和生态旅游地、生产多样化的社会经济原料和产品等方面有着独特而重要的作用。但随着社会的发展．其面积在减少，质量不断下降。结构破坏直接导致了功能的下降和丧失。自1950年起，广东省在其湿地的保护和管理方面陆续实施了统一规划管理、设立自然保护区、开发湿地生产模式、防治湿地污染、保护湿地环境、建设人工湿地、恢复湿地系统、建立湿地信息系统等一系列举措，并取得了一定的收效，但效果仍不理想。要从根本上解决广东湿地的保护和利用问题，一方面要在恢复生态学的指导下深化退化湿地的恢复研究，按照湿地生态系统在空间尺度上的条带分布规律和时间尺度上的演替规律。因地制宜、因时制宜地进行湿地恢复研究；另一方面要进一步加强科研工作者、政府以及民众三者在湿地保护和合理利用方面的合作，建立专门机构，通过法律和行政手段进行统一规划、管理，同时对湿地保育研究、教育给予政策上的倾斜、支持。 相似文献
5.
著名生物学家童第周、曾呈奎、张玺奠基的中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,面向国际学科前沿、国家重大需求和国民经济主战场;刘瑞玉、吴尚懃、张福绥、郑守义为代表的科学家和一批批优秀学科带头人努力攀登,攻坚克难,前仆后继,薪火相传,为我国海洋生物学学科的系统、全面发展做出了重要建树和奠基性贡献,夯实了海洋科学技术发展的根基。近30多年,可为海洋生产力及其可持续性提供解决方案的海洋生物技术受到国内外普遍重视,海洋研究所为国家海洋生物高技术发展战略出谋划策,并在关键技术突破上发力,引领了海洋生物技术的创新发展。在实现产业化,推动蓝色生物产业的征途上,海洋研究所为世界最大的海洋增养殖产业发展壮大做出突出贡献,直接催生了海藻、贝类和对虾三次养殖浪潮的兴起,带动了基础性、战略性海水增养殖种业发展;此外,海洋研究所在海洋药物、海洋生物制品的研究与开发以及着力挖掘和提升海洋生态系统服务功能和价值上,成果斐然,有力支撑了蓝色生物新型产业的发展。新近,海洋研究所牵头筹建的中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心必将为建设海洋强国,铸造蓝色辉煌注入强劲活力。 相似文献
6.
在大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈等多圈层相互作用下,全球范围内海洋生物多样性中心的地理位置、物种组成结构和优势度都呈动态变化.迄今,海洋生物多样性中心的形成与演变机制在生态、遗传和分子等层面正逐步得到解析.在生态层面,学界涌现出了物种形成中心、物种汇聚中心、物种重叠中心和物种保存中心等重要科学假说,解析了生物多样性分布格... 相似文献
7.
西湖凹陷中-下始新统宝石组油气地质与勘探潜力 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
西湖凹陷是东海陆架盆地油气勘探潜力最好的凹陷之一。通过西湖凹陷宝石一井中下始新统宝石组井震资料,厘定了影响油气资源计算结果较大的关键参数,如烃源岩厚度、有机质油气产率、排聚系数等;建立了构造、沉积、孔隙度与油气生、运、聚模型,编绘了西湖凹陷宝石组生油岩厚度图、有机碳、Ro、生油气强度等值线图;采用BASIMS 4．5盆地综合模拟系统重现了西湖凹陷宝石组的地史、热史、生烃史、排烃史和运聚史,分析了宝石组空间展布特征与生、储、盖、圈、运、保等地质条件,提出并建立了宝石组合油气系统。利用多种方法定量计算的宝石组生烃量和资源量与西湖凹陷已证实的主力烃源岩系平湖组相似,认为宝石组是西湖凹陷又一重要烃源岩及油气勘探目的层系,拥有巨大的油气勘探潜力。 相似文献
8.
为促进我国海岛的生态保护和开发利用,实现新时代海岛的可持续发展,文章概述海岛生态系统的特性以及我国相关立法过程和管理措施;重点围绕我国海岛生态保护和开发利用实践,以南麂列岛、獐子岛和舟山群岛为例,分别分析保护修复、生态利用和绿色开发3种海岛生态发展模式。研究结果表明:保护修复型以保护区建设和管理、生物资源及其生境修复为主,生态利用型以坚持生态理念、提升产业科技含量、重视环境保护和生态建设以及科学规划和管理为主,绿色开发型以制定规划、构建合理产业体系、发展循环经济以及加强基础设施和人才建设为主;3种模式的共同点为海岛资源的优化配置,可交叉选择和综合应用。在此基础上,提出海岛生态发展的6点建议,即完善法律制度体系、发展绿色能源技术、加强动态监视监测和大数据整合、建立全链条标准化体系、培养和引进专业人才以及推动应对全球挑战的国际合作。 相似文献
9.
甲壳类作为增殖放流的重要组成部分,可以有效地养护、补充自然海域的渔业资源。文章基于2017—2021年浙江省甲壳类增殖放流数据及相关文献资料,系统梳理了甲壳类放流种类与数量、放流资金等的年间变化趋势及放流海域、放流规格的空间、数量分布,结果显示：浙江省2017—2021年甲壳类增殖物种有日本对虾（Penaeus japonicus）、三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）、中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）等6个种类,共计放流522 045.5万只,投入资金3 320.2万元,其中放流量、投入资金最多的是日本对虾,放流量最少的是拟穴青蟹,投入资金最少的是葛氏长臂虾,放流区域涉及温州、宁波、台州、舟山等市,各区域间的放流布局不平衡,且主要集中在小、中规格。文章将对浙江近海甲壳类放流物种存在的效果评估工作不足、个别增殖物种放流效果不佳、甲壳类放流储备物种少等问题提出针对性建议,以期为今后完善科学的增殖放流管理提供依据。 相似文献
10.
湖泊水库湖流模拟系统 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在系统研究湖泊、水库各项水动力影响因素的基础上,建立了湖流模拟系统,其中包括水流叠加波浪后波流的共同作用、波浪剩余动量流、风作用剪应力、风吹流以及悬移质扩散分布等。数值模拟中还采用了几种处理技术,并对ADI法进行了双向双步扫描改进。在引滦入津输水工程中的于桥水库湖流计算预报的应用表明,计算结果与现场实测吻合良好,具有计算精度高、收敛快、稳定性好、通用性强等优点。 相似文献
11.
我国热带生物海岸的现状及生态系统的修复与重建 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
评述了以红树林和珊瑚礁为代表的我国热带生物海岸的分布及其面积、生物群落的破坏、海岸保护与管理、科学研究等各个方面的现状，以及生态系统修复与重建技术研究进展，指出热带生物海岸及其上的红树林、珊瑚礁热带海岸生态系统具有特殊的资源价值和生态效益，对热带海岸社会经济可持续发展的十分重要；另一方面对日益频繁的人类开发活动和自然环境变异十分敏感和脆弱，而且其直接经济价值相对较低而通常易于被忽视，随着我国自然环境变异十分敏感和脆弱，而且其直接经济价值相对较低而通常易于被忽视，随着我国社会经济近20年来的快速发展，导致热带海岸地区人口、资源、环境压力加剧，热带生物海岸红树林和珊瑚礁资源已经受到生态破坏性开发活动的极大破坏而急需保护。尽管政府采取了保护管理的各种措施，包括相关法律、自然保护区、科学研究、生态系统修复与重建的实验、研究和推广，但是总体上衰退的趋势尚未扭转，热带生物海岸在我国河口海岸生态环境变异和资源可持续利用研究中具有特别重要要的意义，应该加强我国热带生物海岸的调查、监测、评估、研究，以适应热带生物海岸和相关生态系统的保护、管理、恢复、重建和可持续发展的紧迫要求。 相似文献
12.
Donald M. Anderson 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(7):342-347
Virtually every coastal country in the world is affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs, commonly called “red tides”). These phenomena are caused by blooms of microscopic algae. Some of these algae are toxic, and can lead to illness and death in humans, fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and other oceanic life, typically as a result of the transfer of toxins through the food web. Sometimes the direct release of toxic compounds can be lethal to marine animals. Non-toxic HABs cause damage to ecosystems, fisheries resources, and recreational facilities, often due to the sheer biomass of the accumulated algae. The term “HAB” also applies to non-toxic blooms of macroalgae (seaweeds), which can cause major ecological impacts such as the displacement of indigenous species, habitat alteration and oxygen depletion in bottom waters.Globally, the nature of the HAB problem has changed considerably over the last several decades. The number of toxic blooms, the resulting economic losses, the types of resources affected, and the number of toxins and toxic species have all increased dramatically. Some of this expansion has been attributed to storms, currents and other natural phenomena, but human activities are also frequently implicated. Humans have contributed by transporting toxic species in ballast water, and by adding massive and increasing quantities of industrial, agricultural and sewage effluents to coastal waters. In many urbanized coastal regions, these inputs have altered the size and composition of the nutrient pool which has, in turn, created a more favorable nutrient environment for certain HAB species. The steady expansion in the use of fertilizers for agricultural production represents a large and worrisome source of nutrients in coastal waters that promote some HABs.The diversity in HAB species and their impacts presents a significant challenge to those responsible for the management of coastal resources. Furthermore, HABs are complex oceanographic phenomena that require multidisciplinary study ranging from molecular and cell biology to large-scale field surveys, numerical modelling, and remote sensing from space. Our understanding of these phenomena is increasing dramatically, and with this understanding comes technologies and management tools that can reduce HAB incidence and impact. Here I summarize the global HAB problem, its trends and causes, and new technologies and approaches to monitoring, control and management, highlighting molecular probes for cell detection, rapid and sensitive toxin assays, remote sensing detection and tracking of blooms, bloom control and mitigation strategies, and the use of large-scale physical/biological models to analyze past blooms and forecast future ones. 相似文献
13.
ArA,EPA和DHA在水生动物中应用的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
ArA,EPA和DHA是水生动物卵巢中卵磷脂、精子中的磷脂酰乙醇胺以及卵母细胞等的主要组成成分,能够影响产卵率、受精率、卵径大小、卵黄囊的体积、孵化率及存活率等,这三种必需脂肪酸在细胞结构、物质代谢和能量调节等方面具有重要作用,能够维持细胞通透性,增强消化酶活性,从而促进水生动物的生长;还能够影响细胞吞噬能力及呼吸爆发强度,并可以通过控制与免疫相关的酶活性以及类二十烷的产生而增强水生动物机体的免疫能力;其中的ArA可以通过调节皮质醇以及其他未知途径调节水生动物抵抗各种应激的能力。对这三种高度不饱和脂肪酸对水生动物生长、繁殖、免疫功能的影响和抗应激能力以及三者之间的关系作了综述并提出了问题和展望,以期对水产养殖提供理论参考。 相似文献
14.
南黄海NT2孔沉积地球化学及其物源 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对苏北岸外南黄海陆架区NT2孔岩心进行了地球化学分析和物源判别。南黄海NT2孔化学成分分布表现出一定的分层性,常微量元素组成的垂向变化可自上而下分为5层,常微量元素的R-型聚类分析表明初步可分成5个聚类,R-型因子分析反映常微量元素主要受4个因子控制。研究发现南黄海NT2孔沉积物物源主要为长江和黄河,NT2孔上部0～5·50和5·50～19·40m沉积物以长江源为主,19·40～27m沉积物以黄河源为主,底部54·60m以下沉积物以长江源为主,其间夹近28m厚的沉积物则以长江源为主。结果表明黄河在中更新世中晚期已开始对南黄海陆架沉积作用有明显的影响,长江从晚更新世早期到现代一直对南黄海陆架起着主要作用。 相似文献
15.
对胶州湾底层水溶解氧、总氮、总磷、溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、铁及孔隙水中溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、铁和沉积物粒度、有机碳进行了分析。结果显示除铵氮外,孔隙水浓度明显高于底层水中浓度,其中硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、活性磷酸盐、铁在孔隙水中的浓度分别为在底层水中浓度的17.8、9.3、12.5、7.7倍,暗示孔隙水中的物质可能向上覆水体扩散。在横向上,底层水及孔隙水中硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、铵氮、活性磷酸盐都呈东岸高西岸低的分布规律,在西南部出现低值。Fe在底层水及孔隙水中的分布规律为东低西高,然而在沉积物中则与此正好相反。氮、磷、铁主要补给源有河流输入、工业生活污染排放、海洋生物自身分解以及孔隙水的释放。影响氮、磷、铁分布的主要因素为物源、河流输入及水动力条件,同时受到沉积物粒度的制约。相关分析显示,溶解氧、有机碳、铁对水体中磷及氮的分布具有某种制约作用。 相似文献
16.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(2-4):283-317
The Amatique Bay is an estuarine ecosystem with great ecological and socioeconomics value due to its diversity of environments, biotic resources and the human activities it supports. However, until the mid-1990’s, the absense of planning and use of ecological criteria in its development have resulted in the environmental deterioration of the ecosystem and its resources. In this constribution the most important ecological aspects of the ecosystem, its economical development, environmental problems, and guidelines for its management are analyzed, putting the ecosystem as focus for planning and management of the Atlantic Coast of Guatemala. The approach enables the analysis of the sectorial levels including tourism, hunting and fishing, agriculture and livestock farming, urbanization, oil-related activities, ports and means of communications, and finally the integration of these activities into the ecosystem and habitats in the region providing management guidelines. In conclusion, it is recommended that the integrated management plan for the Atlantic Coast of Guatemala be grounded in a development strategy based on scientific knowledge, integrating the ecosystem, the economics, and the policy, geared towards the solutions of the priority problem and definition of planning and development policies. 相似文献
17.
计量检定和海上标校试验是目前船载观测设备在室内和室外开展测量精度评价的2种常用手段。为进一步推进我国计量检定和海上试验建设发展,文章系统归纳和总结室内计量检定和海上标校试验的原理、特点和工作现状,分析当前各自存在的问题,并提出具体建议。研究结果表明：军、地对于船载观测设备计量检定和海上标校试验的需求越来越迫切,我国虽已基本建成海洋设备计量技术规范体系,并强化海试全过程的质量控制,但仍存在计量标准、评价体系、维修保障和室外检定手段不足,海上试验环境和比测精度不确定以及缺少标准化海上试验设施和平台等问题;计量检定机构应综合分析计量要素的特点、社会效益和难易程度等,研究并制定行之有效的标准规范和保障措施;还应充分发挥海上试验的综合检验评价功能,研究完善比测校准方法,建设标准化的海上试验设施和平台。 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs) are rapidly increasing. Due to their sheer size, complex socio-political realities, and distinct local cultural perspectives and economic needs, implementing and managing LSMPAs successfully creates a number of human dimensions challenges. It is timely and important to explore the human dimensions of LSMPAs. This paper draws on the results of a global “Think Tank on the Human Dimensions of Large Scale Marine Protected Areas” involving 125 people from 17 countries, including representatives from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, academia, professionals, industry, cultural/indigenous leaders and LSMPA site managers. The overarching goal of this effort was to be proactive in understanding the issues and developing best management practices and a research agenda that address the human dimensions of LSMPAs. Identified best management practices for the human dimensions of LSMPAs included: integration of culture and traditions, effective public and stakeholder engagement, maintenance of livelihoods and wellbeing, promotion of economic sustainability, conflict management and resolution, transparency and matching institutions, legitimate and appropriate governance, and social justice and empowerment. A shared human dimensions research agenda was developed that included priority topics under the themes of scoping human dimensions, governance, politics, social and economic outcomes, and culture and tradition. The authors discuss future directions in researching and incorporating human dimensions into LSMPAs design and management, reflect on this global effort to co-produce knowledge and re-orient practice on the human dimensions of LSMPAs, and invite others to join a nascent community of practice on the human dimensions of large-scale marine conservation. 相似文献
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2017年8月中国科学院海洋研究所在西太平洋低纬度海区的卡罗琳洋脊CM4海山开展了多学科综合调查,发现该海山山体表面分布着大量的铁锰结壳。本文对该海山的5个铁锰结壳样品进行了矿物学和地球化学研究,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子光谱及质谱(ICP-OES、ICP-MS)等测试技术分析了铁锰结壳的矿物组成、主微量元素和稀土元素含量,并进一步探讨了铁锰结壳的成因类型。结果表明,该海山铁锰结壳的矿物组成以水羟锰矿为主,含有少量钡镁锰矿、水钠锰矿、针铁矿、纤铁矿、石英和方解石。该海山铁锰结壳的Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu元素平均含量分别为24.24%、15.14%、0.16%、0.34%、0.01%。与全球各大洋海山区铁锰结壳相比,该海山样品的Cu含量很低。该海山铁锰结壳的稀土元素(REY)含量相对偏低,总体为轻稀土(LREE)富集;稀土(REY)配分模式显示相对平坦的特征,呈明显的Ce正异常,轻微的Y负异常和Ho正异常。样品的矿物组成、元素比值、元素组合等都表明该海山铁锰结壳属于水成成因,未受明显的成岩作用影响。 相似文献