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受全球气候变化影响,澜沧江-湄公河流域气象水文干旱发生了较大变化,预测未来流域干旱的时空变化与传播特征是应对气候变化、开展澜湄水资源合作的基础。利用SWAT模型通过气陆耦合方式模拟了澜沧江-湄公河流域历史（1960—2005年）和未来时期（2022—2050年,2051—2080年）的水文过程,采用标准化降水指数和标准化径流指数预估并分析了流域未来气象水文干旱时空变化趋势。结果表明:①澜沧江-湄公河流域未来降水呈增长趋势,气象干旱将有所缓解,但降水年内分配不均与流域蒸发的增加,将导致水文干旱更为严峻,干旱从气象到水文的传播过程加剧;②水文干旱具有明显的空间异质性,允景洪和清盛站的水文干旱最为严重,琅勃拉邦、穆达汉和巴色站次之,万象站最弱;③未来流域水文干旱事件发生频次略有减少,但其中重旱、特旱事件占比增加,极端干旱将趋多趋强,且空间变化更加显著。 相似文献
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澜沧江-湄公河流域汛期洪灾频发,气候变化极有可能进一步加剧该区域洪水的量级和发生频率,需要上下游合作共同应对。建立了澜沧江-湄公河全流域分布式水文及水库调度模型,模拟1991-2005年全流域13条支流和5个干流防洪控制断面的逐日天然流量过程,在此基础上模拟全流域已建、在建和规划水库的联合调度过程,分析防洪作用。结果表明:①全流域水库联合调度对湄公河5个主要断面均有显著的防洪作用,在完全按照防洪目标对水库进行调度的情况下可将200年一遇洪水减至20~50年一遇。②湄公河左岸支流的防洪能力远高于右岸,具有较高防洪能力的支流有澜沧江、南乌河、南俄河、南屯河、濛河、色公河和桑河。③对不同断面起主要防洪作用的支流不同:在琅勃拉邦上游,澜沧江、南乌河起主要作用;在那空帕农断面,南俄河与南屯河加总的防洪作用与澜沧江基本相等;在巴色下游,濛河和色公河的作用均超过澜沧江。澜湄合作机制为上下游防洪合作提供了重要契机,研究成果可为流域国协商建立联合防洪调度机制提供参考。 相似文献
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变化环境改变河流水文节律,影响流域水资源的开发利用;澜沧江-湄公河是位于东南亚源于中国西南的跨境河流,科学厘清澜沧江径流变化原因是实现澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水利益共享的重要基础工作。基于1961—2020年允景洪水文站的实测径流量资料,采用数理统计与水文模拟相结合的研究途径,诊断径流序列的变异特征,定量分析气候变化和人类活动对径流及其年内分配的影响。结果表明：(1) 1961—2020年允景洪站实测年径流量呈显著性减少趋势,其中,1—5月径流量呈增加趋势,6—12月径流量呈减少趋势;实测年径流量在2008年发生突变。(2) RCCC-WBM模型能够较好地模拟基准期(1961—2008年)的天然径流量过程,模拟相对误差小于1%;模拟的人类活动影响期间(2009—2020年)天然径流量约为371.8 mm,较基准期偏少6.8%,这是气候变化引起的。(3)水利工程建设运行是澜沧江最主要的人类活动,是水库蓄水运行期(2009—2013年)径流减少的主要原因;气候变化对水库稳定正常运行期(2014—2020年)径流减少贡献更大,约为61.7%。(4)水库运行调度使得2014—2020年汛期(6—... 相似文献
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西南河流源区是中国的水资源战略储备区,但其未来水资源演变趋势不明,为厘清气候变化下的径流变化规律以开展适应性利用,国家自然科学基金委于2015年启动了“西南河流源区径流变化和适应性利用”重大研究计划,本文对重大研究计划的总体情况和主要进展进行综述。重大研究计划实施以来取得了一系列研究成果:构建了西南河流源区天空地一体化监测体系,有效提升了西南河流源区的监测能力;创新了高原寒区径流水源组成的多元综合解析方法,揭示了高原寒区典型径流水源的形成机理及气候驱动下流域下垫面与水文系统的协同变化机理;创建了综合冰雪冻土寒区水文过程和示踪过程的分布式同位素水文模型,揭示了雅鲁藏布江径流变化的历史规律和未来趋势;提出了河流全物质通量概念,开展了大量取样检测,揭示了高原河流生源物质循环及生物响应规律,量化了澜沧江梯级水库运行的环境累积效应;发展了多目标互馈系统理论,从水量、水能、水质3个方面创新了梯级水库适应性利用技术,为西南水电消纳、澜沧江-湄公河水资源合作等国家重大需求提供了支撑。 相似文献
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为探究重要国际河流湄公河支流NamLik河在NamLik1-2水库建设后下游的生态水文情势变化,基于水库下游Hinheup水文站1980—2018年日平均流量数据、流域ERA5再分析气象数据以及NamLik流域地理信息数据,采用IHA＿RVA法定量分析水库运行后河流水文情势改变;基于SWAT模型分析了气候变化和水库调度对水库下游径流年内分配变化的贡献率。结果表明：（1）NamLik1-2水库建库后下游水文情势发生较大改变,整体水文改变度达79%,属于高度改变;下游河道流量年内分配变化显著,月均流量指标的水文改变度达到70.4%。（2）基于SWAT模型对无水库情景的天然径流还原结果,计算得到水库对径流汛期减少和枯季增加的贡献率分别为142%和71%,而气候变化的相应贡献率分别为-42%和29%,水库运行是引起下游径流年内分配变化的主要原因。 相似文献
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近年来伴随气候变化地表径流呈极端化分布，为水电生态调度带来了挑战。为探究气候变化对电站发电和生态调度的影响、发电和生态目标间协调关系对气候变化的响应，以澜沧江下游梯级电站为例，结合多模式多情景未来径流预估结果及水库发电调度模型，针对发电及生态效益目标实施了单/多目标最优化。结果表明:在气候变化影响下，未来澜沧江径流总量将有所增加，水文变率将显著增强，河道生态所受影响也将增大；电站发电保证率及生态流量破坏率指标受不同调度方案的影响程度较气候变化影响更高，未来发电和生态效益的冲突依然存在；气候变化导致的水文变率增强可加剧发电与生态效益间的冲突，导致保持现有发电效益的同时增大对河道生态的影响。 相似文献
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近年来伴随气候变化地表径流呈极端化分布，为水电生态调度带来了挑战。为探究气候变化对电站发电和生态调度的影响、发电和生态目标间协调关系对气候变化的响应，以澜沧江下游梯级电站为例，结合多模式多情景未来径流预估结果及水库发电调度模型，针对发电及生态效益目标实施了单/多目标最优化。结果表明：在气候变化影响下，未来澜沧江径流总量将有所增加，水文变率将显著增强，河道生态所受影响也将增大；电站发电保证率及生态流量破坏率指标受不同调度方案的影响程度较气候变化影响更高，未来发电和生态效益的冲突依然存在；气候变化导致的水文变率增强可加剧发电与生态效益间的冲突，导致保持现有发电效益的同时增大对河道生态的影响。 相似文献
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冰川作为固体水库以“削峰填谷”的形式显著调节径流丰枯变化,冰川的水文调节功能对于中国西北干旱区至关重要。使用现有VIC-CAS模型模拟得到中国西部寒区2014—2100年径流预估数据,从趋势和波动变化相结合的视角,基于径流变差系数法,构建了冰川水文调节指数（GlacierR）,分析了9个寒区流域冰川径流变化的稳定性,详细剖析了历史时期（1971—2010年）和未来到21世纪末这些流域冰川水文调节功能的强弱变化。结果表明：历史时期及RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,除长江流域外,青藏高原其余流域的冰川径流减小时间节点为2020s,西北内陆河流域则为2010s。历史时期及RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下至21世纪末,尽管西部寒区大部分流域的冰川径流呈减少趋势,但波动幅度减小或无明显变化,冰川径流稳定性增强或无变化。总体上,西北内陆河流域的冰川水文调节功能较高,青藏高原流域的冰川水文调节功能较低。RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,至21世纪末,西部寒区各流域冰川水文调节功能均呈现减弱趋势,西北内陆河流域减弱更加显著,如RCP4.5情景下,木扎提河冰川水文调节功能降幅达25.4%,而青藏高原各流域的冰川水文调节功能一直处于较低水平。从年代际变化来看,1970s—2010s是寒区流域冰川水文调节功能较强的时期,1980s和2000s两个时段冰川水文调节功能尤强;RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,未来到21世纪末,冰川调节功能明显减弱。减弱的时间节点不同,最早为1970s,最晚为2020s。 相似文献
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汉江流域未来降水径流预测分析研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文应用统计降尺度法将全球气候模式和VIC分布式水文模型进行耦合,研究未来A2气候情景下汉江流域降水径流变化情况.首先应用基于光滑支持向量机的统计降尺度法在全球气候模式CGCM2和HadCM3的A2气候情景下,分别预测未来汉江流域日降水、气温过程,然后将预测降水过程作为VIC模型的输入,模拟预测未来汉江流域径流过程.研究结果表明,在CGCM2气候模式下,2020s(2011～2040年)时期汉江流域径流小于基准年,2050s(2041～2070年)时期与基准年基本相当,2080s(2071～2100年)时期大于基准年;在HadCM3气候模式下,2020s时期汉江流域径流小于基准年,2050s和2080s时期均比基准年增加;降水、气温预测结果与径流基本一致. 相似文献
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采用统计学方法及集合经验模态分解、小波分析、水文模型等多种方法,在对气象水文、湖泊岩芯、树木年轮、气候模式数据进行深入分析的基础上,研究了西南河流源区径流变化规律与历史丰枯规律及其驱动机制,分析了未来气候变化影响下的径流演变趋势。结果表明:三江源地区的径流近50 a整体表现为上升趋势,雅鲁藏布江流域除尼洋河外的其他区域年径流量整体呈不显著下降趋势,气候变化是导致三江源、雅鲁藏布江和怒江流域径流变化的主要原因,其中降水是引起径流变化最关键的因子;主要河流径流不同时间尺度的丰枯演变规律为,雅鲁藏布江中游全新世洪水事件呈现出早晚全新世频繁、中全新世相对较少的特征,近500 a怒江流域重建径流序列存在10个丰水期和10个枯水期,丰枯序列变化主要受季风环流和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)活动的影响;在未来15~60 a,全球持续增温将使西南河流源区平均年径流深相比近30 a增加6%~14%,而极端径流呈现出“干更干、湿更湿”的变化特征,同时生态因子对径流变化的影响不可忽视。 相似文献
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Evaluation of CHIRPS and its application for drought monitoring over the Haihe River Basin,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Feng Gao Yuhu Zhang Xiulin Ren Yunjun Yao Zengchao Hao Wanyuan Cai 《Natural Hazards》2018,91(1):155-178
To establish the drought index objectively and reasonably and evaluate the hydrological drought accurately, firstly, the optimal distribution was selected from nine distributions (normal, lognormal, exponential, gamma, general extreme value, inverse Gaussian, logistic, log-logistic and Weibull), then the Optimal Standardized Streamflow Index (OSSI) was calculated based on the optimal distribution, and last, the spatiotemporal evolution of hydrological drought based on the OSSI series was investigated through the monthly streamflow data of seven hydrological stations during the period 1961–2011 in Luanhe River basin, China. Results suggest: (1) the general extreme value and log-logistic distributions performed prominently in fitting the monthly streamflow of Luanhe River basin. (2) The main periods of hydrological drought in Luanhe River basin were 148–169, 75–80, 42–45, 14–19 and 8–9 months. (3) The hydrological drought had an aggravating trend over the past 51 year and with the increase in timescale, the aggravating trend was more serious. (4) The lower the drought grade was, the broader the coverage area. As for the Luanhe River basin, the whole basin suffered the mild and more serious drought, while the severe and more serious drought only cover some areas. (5) With the increase in time step, the frequency distribution of mild droughts across the basin tended to be concentrated, the frequency of extreme droughts in middle and upper reaches tended to increase and the frequency in downstream tends to decrease. This research can provide powerful references for water resources planning and management and drought mitigation. 相似文献
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中国水库数目众多,密集的水库运行和调蓄影响着陆地水循环和陆气间的水分能量交换过程,给高强度开发地区水文规律认知和水文模拟及预报带来了挑战。围绕这一问题,本研究以鄱阳湖流域及流域内千余座水库为研究对象,从水库水量平衡方程、水库蓄泄规则、多阻断扩散波汇流等方面构建了水库群参数化方案,并从地表水、地下水、蒸散发、能量通量等角度实现了其与陆面水文双向耦合模式（CLHMS）的动态耦合。结果表明:所构建的水库群参数化方案可以较好地模拟水库的蓄泄过程,提高了耦合模式在鄱阳湖流域的径流模拟精度;水库群可以使赣江、信江、抚河丰水期径流减少3.7%~6.0%,枯水期径流增加5.9%~12.6%,多年平均径流减少0.6%~1.5%;在空间分布上,水库群对流域中部和北部径流的调蓄作用相对显著。本研究所改进的陆面水文模式可以为高强度人类活动影响下气象、水文、水资源交叉领域的研究提供分析工具和模型基础,从而支撑变化环境下区域水资源的可持续利用。 相似文献
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Urbanisation and climate change can have adverse effects on the streamflow and water balance components in river basins. This study focuses on the understanding of different hydrologic responses to climate change between urban and rural basins. The comprehensive semi-distributed hydrologic model, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), is used to evaluate how the streamflow and water balance components vary under future climate change on Bharalu (urban basin) and Basistha (rural basin) River basins near the Brahmaputra River in India based on precipitation, temperature and geospatial data. Based on data collected in 1990–2012, it is found that 98.78% of the water yield generated for the urban Bharalu River basin is by surface runoff, comparing to 75% of that for the rural Basistha basin. Comparison of various hydrologic processes (e.g. precipitation, discharge, water yield, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration) based on predicted climate change scenarios is evaluated. The urban Bharalu basin shows a decrease in streamflow, water yield, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration in contrast to the rural Basistha basin, for the 2050s and 2090s decades. The average annual discharge will increase a maximum 1.43 and 2.20 m3/s from the base period for representative concentration pathways (RCPs) such as 2.6 and 8.5 pathways in Basistha River and it will decrease a maximum 0.67 and 0.46 m3/s for Bharalu River, respectively. This paper also discusses the influence of sensitive parameters on hydrologic processes, future issues and challenges in the rural and urban basins. 相似文献
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Under the current condition of climate change, droughts and floods occur more frequently, and events in which flooding occurs after a prolonged drought or a drought occurs after an extreme flood may have a more severe impact on natural systems and human lives. This challenges the traditional approach wherein droughts and floods are considered separately, which may largely underestimate the risk of the disasters. In our study, the sudden alternation of droughts and flood events (ADFEs) between adjacent seasons is studied using the multivariate L-moments theory and the bivariate copula functions in the Huai River Basin (HRB) of China with monthly streamflow data at 32 hydrological stations from 1956 to 2012. The dry and wet conditions are characterized by the standardized streamflow index (SSI) at a 3-month time scale. The results show that: (1) The summer streamflow makes the largest contribution to the annual streamflow, followed by the autumn streamflow and spring streamflow. (2) The entire study area can be divided into five homogeneous sub-regions using the multivariate regional homogeneity test. The generalized logistic distribution (GLO) and log-normal distribution (LN3) are acceptable to be the optimal marginal distributions under most conditions, and the Frank copula is more appropriate for spring-summer and summer-autumn SSI series. Continuous flood events dominate at most sites both in spring-summer and summer-autumn (with an average frequency of 13.78% and 17.06%, respectively), while continuous drought events come second (with an average frequency of 11.27% and 13.79%, respectively). Moreover, seasonal ADFEs most probably occurred near the mainstream of HRB, and drought and flood events are more likely to occur in summer-autumn than in spring-summer. 相似文献
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Modelling the response of an alluvial aquifer to anthropogenic and recharge stresses in the United States Southern Great Plains 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper uses Visual MODFLOW to simulate potential impacts of anthropogenic pumping and recharge variability on an alluvial
aquifer in semi-arid northwestern Oklahoma. Groundwater withdrawal from the aquifer is projected to increase by more than
50% (relative to 1990) by the year 2050. In contrast, climate projections indicate declining regional precipitation over the
next several decades, creating a potential problem of demand and supply. The following scenarios were simulated: (1) projected
groundwater withdrawal, (2) a severe drought, (3) a prolonged wet period, and (4) a human adjustment scenario, which assumes
future improvements in water conservation measures. Results indicate that the combined impacts of anthropogenic pumping and
droughts would create drawdown of greater than 12 m in the aquifer. Spatially, however, areas of severe drawdown will be localized
around large-capacity well clusters. The worst impacts of both pumping and droughts will be on stream–aquifer interaction.
For example, the projected aquifer pumpage would lead to a total streamflow loss of 40%, creating losing stream system regionally.
Similarly, a severe drought would lead to a total streamflow loss of >80%. A post-audit of the model was also carried out
to evaluate model performance. By simulating various stress scenarios on the alluvial aquifer, this study provides important
information for evaluating management options for alluvial aquifers. 相似文献
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Evaluation of risk of hydrological droughts by the trivariate Plackett copula in the East River basin (China) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
East River, one of the major tributaries of Pearl River, is the major source of water supply for mega-cites within and in the vicinity of the Pearl River Delta, China. The availability and variability of water resources of the East River basin are therefore of practical importance. This study aims to investigate the probabilistic behavior of hydrological droughts in the East River basin using the trivariate Plackett copula. Daily streamflow data for the period of 1975–2009 from 3 hydrological stations in the East River basin are analyzed. Defining hydrological droughts by drought severity, duration, and minimum flow, secondary return periods are computed. Results show that the Plackett copula satisfactorily models bivariate and trivariate probability distributions of correlated drought variables. Results of risk evaluation show an increasing drought risk from the upper to the lower East River basin. This result is important for basin-scale water resources management in the East River basin. 相似文献
19.
Oxygen isotope ratios in streamflow of the Missouri River basin vary geographically due to differences in source precipitation and the integration of waters from upstream regions. Average '18O values in the Missouri River main stem systematically increase from less than -17 in the headwaters to about -9 in the lower basin. Seasonal variations at a given location result from fluctuations in meteoric precipitation, residence time in reservoirs and groundwater systems, evaporation, and snowmelt. Average water chemistry values are successfully predicted for the upstream stations of two reaches on the lower Missouri River based on changes in discharge along each reach and water quality measurements collected at the downstream stations. Source regions for some dissolved ions found in the lower Missouri River are also identified. Sodium and sulfate originate predominantly from the basin above Sioux City, Iowa, while nitrate is largely derived from agricultural regions below Sioux City. 相似文献